PAPER 2 (SECTION B & SECTION C)

1. Definition question (Section B & Section C) [ 1 Mark]

2. Explain simple phenomenon (Section B & Section C) [ 4 Marks]
3. Compare between two diagram (Section B) [ 5 Marks]
4. Explain modification or improvement (Section B) [ 10 Marks]
5. Investigate the best characteristics (Section C) [ 10 Marks]
6. Calculation (Section C) [ 5 Marks]

Total marks for section B = 20 Marks Total marks for section C = 20 Marks

PAPER 2 (SECTION B & SECTION C)

CHAPTER PAGE
HEAT 2
LIGHT 17
WAVES 35

1
HEAT
PAPER 2 (SECTION B & SECTION C)

1. Definition questions (Section B & Section C) [1 Mark]

1. Heat : Internal energy of an object that is being

transferred from hot object to cold object.

2. Temperature : The degree of hotness of a substance

3. Melting point : Is the temperature in which a solid substance

change to liquid at atmospheric pressure

4. Thermometric properties ; Physical property of a substance which is sensitive

to and varies linearly with temperature changes of
the material.

5. Thermal equilibrium : Thermal equilibrium means two bodies which are in

contact are at the same temperature and the net
transfer of heat between the two bodies is zero.

6. Specific heat capacity : Quantity of heat energy required to increase the

temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1° C.

7. Heat capacity : Quantity of heat energy required to increase the

temperature of the substance by 1° C.

8. Specific latent heat : Quantity of heat energy required to change the

phase of 1kg of the substance at constant
temperature.

9. Latent Heat : Quantity of heat energy required to change the

phase of the substance at constant temperature.

10. Specific latent heat fusion : It is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of
the substance from the solid phase to the liquid
phase at constant temperature.

11. Specific latent heat : It is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of

vaporisation the substance from the liquid phase to the gaseous
phase at constant temperature.

2
2. Explain simple phenomenon (Section B & Section C) [4 Marks]

1. State how a liquid-in-glass thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature of a sick
person. Explain heat transfer that takes place at each stage of measurement.
 The temperature of the sick person is higher than the temperature of the
thermometer.
 Heat will transfer from the sick person to the thermometer until they achieved
thermal equilibrium.
 The mercury inside the thermometer will expand at this time until thermal
equilibrium
 At thermal equilibrium the temperature of the sick person is the same as the
temperature of the thermometer.
 At this time, net transfer of heat is zero and the mercury inside the
thermometer will shows the temperature of the sick person.

2. Explain, in terms of thermal equilibrium, how a thermometer which is placed into the ice reads at the
temperature of 0°C.
 The temperature of ice is lower than the temperature of the thermometer.
 Heat will transfer from the thermometer to the ice until they achieved thermal
equilibrium.
 The mercury inside the thermometer will contract at this time until thermal
equilibrium
 At thermal equilibrium the temperature of the ice is the same as the
temperature of the mercury in the thermometer.
 At this time, net transfer of heat is zero and the mercury inside the
thermometer will shows the temperature of the ice 0°C.

3. Explain why the body of a cooking pot is made of good heat conductor whereas the handle of the pot
is made of poor heat conductor.
 Good heat conductor has a smaller specific heat capacity.
 Hence the body of the cooking pot can be heated up very fast.
 Poor heat conductor has a larger specific heat capacity.
 Hence the handle may absorb a great amount of heat without a high increase in
temperature.

4. Relate the temperature increase of a substance to its specific heat capacity. Use this relationship to
explain why a piece of iron becomes hotter than a piece of wood of the same mass when both absorb
the same amount of heat.
 Substance with higher specific heat capacity requires more heat to change the
temperature of 1°C.
 The higher the specific heat capacity, the smaller the temperature change.
 Specific heat capacity of wood is higher than iron.
 That is why the change of temperature of wood is less than iron for same mass
and same heat absorb.

3
5. Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool when he is under a rotating fan.
 When a fan is rotating, there is a movement of air.
 The sweat absorbs heat from the body and evaporates.
 Heat absorb from the body is specific latent heat of vaporization.
 When there is air movement, the rate of evaporation increases
 The body feels cool after the removal of heat from sweating.

6. Explain about sea breeze

 During the day the sun heats the surface of land faster than the surface of
the sea. This is because the specific heat capacity of the land is lower than of
water.
 When the air above the land is heated up by the hot sand, it expands and
rises upwards creating a region of low pressure. The cool air which is at higher
pressure above the surface of the sea moves towards the land.
 As a result the wind blows from the sea towards the land in the day time. This
air movement is called a sea breeze.

7. Explain about land breeze

 During the night the land cools faster than the sea. This is because the
specific heat capacity of the land is lower than of water.
 The air above the surface of the sea which is at a higher temperature, expand
and creating a region of low pressure. The cool air which is at higher pressure
above the surface of the land move towards the sea.
 As a result the wind blows from the land towards the sea in night time. This
air movement is called a land breeze.

4
3. Compare between two diagram (Section B) [5 Marks]

1. Diagram 1 and diagram 2 below shows the heating curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid
substance are heated respectively. The melting point of the substance is 78 °C.

Diagram 1

Diagram 2

Based on the information and the observation on diagram 1 and diagram2, compare the mass, the
time taken to reach the melting point and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid
completely.
Relate the mass and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely to make a
deduction on the relationship between the mass and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the
substance.
 Diagram 1 and diagram 2 are the same substance, so they have the same
specific heat capacity and the same specific latent heat.
 The mass of substance in diagram 1 is less than the mass in diagram 2.
 So the heat capacity of diagram 1 is less than diagram 2.
 So the latent heat of diagram 1 is less than diagram 2.
 Time taken to reach the melting point in diagram 1 is less than diagram 2.
 Time taken to change into liquid completely in diagram 1 is less than diagram 2.
 The greater the mass the longer the time taken by the same substance to
reach melting point and to change into liquid completely.
 The greater the mass the greater the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the
substance.

5
2. Figure below shows two test tubes containing aluminium dust and copper dust of the same mass but
having different specific heat capacity. Both the test tubes are heated with the same rate for a same
period of time.

Table below shows some important data for aluminium and copper dust.

Temperature before Temperature after Specific heat capacity /

heating / °C heating / °C J kg-1° C-1
Aluminium dust 35 50 900
Copper dust 35 70 380

Using the information given in the table, compare the temperature rise and the specific heat capacity
of aluminium and copper. Relate the amount of heat supplied with temperature rise for aluminium
and copper dust. Hence state the relationship between specific heat capacity and the amount of heat
required for the same temperature rise of substance.
 Aluminium is heated up slower rate than copper.
 Specific heat capacity for aluminium is higher than specific heat capacity of
copper.
 For the same amount of heat supplied, aluminium has a smaller temperature
rise.
 Aluminium required more heat for the same temperature rise.
 Amount of heat required for the same temperature rise increases when the
specific heat capacity of a substance increases.

6
3. Diagram 1 below shows two frying pans M and N that are made of different material with different
specific heat capacity, are used to boil the same volume of water.
Diagram 2 below shows the time taken for the water to boil. When boiling, the frying pan and the
water are in thermal equilibrium.

Diagram 1

Diagram 2
Using diagram 1 and diagram 2, compare the specific heat capacity of the frying pan, the time taken
for the water to boil and the change in temperature. Relate the specific heat capacity of the frying pan
with the time taken for the water to boil.
 Specific heat capacity of M is higher than specific heat capacity of N.
 Time taken to boil in M is longer than N.
 Change in temperature is the same.
 When the specific heat capacity is higher, the rate change in temperature is
smaller.
 When the specific heat capacity is higher, time to boil is longer.

7
4. Explain modification or improvement (Section B) [10 Marks]

1. Diagram below shows a design of central heating system used in cold country to heat and keep houses
warm.

Suggest and explain how to build a house central heating system which can function effectively based
on the following aspects:
a) The specific heat capacity of the liquid.
b) The boiling point of the liquid.
c) The properties of material used for transmission pipe.
d) The size of the fan used to blow the heat from radiator.

Aspects Explanation
 High specific heat capacity of  Absorb more heat energy to
liquid increase temperature.
 High boiling point of liquid  Not easily change into vapour.
 Low rate of rusting material for  Long lasting, not easily rust.
pipe
 Strong material pipe  Not easily break.
 The size of the fan must be big  To blow large amount of heat.

8
2. Diagram below shows parts of the ice box used to store ice.

You are required to modify the ice box so that it can kept the ice for longer period without melting
and easy to carry.
State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects:
a) The specific heat capacity of the inner box.
b) The type and density of the material X in between the double walled tube.
c) The density of the outer box
d) The colour of the outer box.
Aspects Explanation
 High specific heat capacity of  Small change in temperature.
inner box Not easily increase temperature.
 Material X is made of good heat  Prevent heat from flow out
insulator
 Low density of material X  Light weight
 Low density of outer box  Light weight
 Shiny colour of outer box  Reflect heat from outside

3. Diagram below shows food being fried in a wok of cooking oil.

Suggest and explain how the food to be fried can be cooked in a short time based on the following
aspects of the material of the wok and the cooking oil.
Material of the wok Cooking oil
 Specific heat capacity  Specific heat capacity
 Thermal conductivity  Boiling point
 Melting point

Aspects Explanation
 Specific heat capacity of the wok  Temperature increase faster, can
must be low. heat up faster.
 Thermal conductivity of the wok  Can conduct heat faster.
must be high.
 Melting point of the wok must be  Can withstand high temperature.
high.
 Specific heat capacity of the oil  Temperature increase faster, can
must be low. heat up faster.
 Boiling point of oil must be high.  It will not vaporise easily.

9
4. Diagram below shows the cross-section of a pressure cooker.

You are required to give some suggestions to design a pressure cooker which can cook food in a
shorter time. Using the knowledge on heat, pressure and the properties of materials, explain the
suggestions based on the following aspects:
a) Material used for the base of the pot.
b) Material used for the handle of the pot.
c) Thickness of the wall of the pot.
d) Safety of the pressure cooker.
e) Way to prevent leakage of steam.

Aspects Explanation
 Material used for the base must  Temperature increases faster,
be low specific heat capacity heat up easily.
 Material used for the handle of  Temperature increases slower,
the pot must be high specific does not heat up easily.
heat capacity
 Thick wall  Can withstand high pressure
 With pressure released valve  Release pressure if the pressure
for safety too high.
 To prevent leakage of steam,  Produce air tight space in the
place rubber strip below the lid pressure cooker.

10
5. Investigate the best characteristics (Section C) [10 Marks]

1. Table below shows the characteristics of five thermometers P, Q, R, S and T.

Thermometer Freezing point Boiling point Colour of liquid Thickness of
of liquid used used glass walled
bulb
P -39 °C 357 °C Opaque Thin
Q -22 °C 220 °C Colourless Thick
R -114 °C 78 °C Clear red Thin
S -114 °C 78 °C Clear red Thick
T -40 °C 25 °C Colourless Thin
A research project is carried out on the weather of a region with the surrounding temperature is
between -65 °C to 20 °C. Explain the suitable characteristic of the thermometer to be used for the
research project.

Aspects Explanation
 Freezing point of liquid used must  To prevent liquid from freezing at
be below -65 °C. -65 °C.
 Boiling point must be higher than  To prevent liquid from vaporises at
20 °C. 20 °C.
 Colour of liquid used should be  Easy to observe the reading of
opaque or clear red. thermometer.
 Thin glass bulb  More sensitive to heat.

R is chosen. Because it has freezing point less than -65°C, boiling point more than
20°C, clear red in colour and thin glass wall bulb.

11
2. Diagram below shows the arrangement of the apparatus to determine the specific heat capacity of
aluminium block.

Table below shows the materials that are able to be use in the arrangement of the apparatus. You are
assigned to investigate the materials shown in the table.
Set of Material
apparatus Plate X Liquid Y Material Z Power of
immersion heater
P Wood Water Tissue 12 W
Q Asbestos Alcohol Plain Paper 48 W
R Wood Oil Plain Paper 24 W
S Asbestos Oil Tissue 48 W
T Copper Water Tissue 24 W

Explain the suitability of each material in table, then determine the most suitable set of apparatus to
be used to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium. State the reason for your answer.

Aspects Explanation
 Plate should be asbestos  A good heat insulator
 Liquid Y - oil  Does not evaporate easily, good
heat contact between
thermometer and the aluminium
block.
 Material Z – tissue  Reduce heat loss to the
surrounding.
 High power immersion heater  Can increase the temperature
faster.

S is chosen. Because of its plate X is asbestos, liquid Y is oil, material Z is tissue

and high power of immersion heater.

12
3. You are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the design of a car engine radiator is
in diagram below.
Explain the suitability of each feature in diagram below and then determine the most suitable car
engine radiator to be used.
Give a reason for your choice.

P The features of cooling liquid

 Boiling point 100 °C
 Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg
-1
-1
°C

Q The features of cooling liquid

 Boiling point 100 °C
 Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-1
°C-1

R The features of cooling liquid

 Boiling point 100 °C
 Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-1
°C-1

S The features of cooling liquid

 Boiling point 78 °C
 Specific heat capacity 2450 J kg-1
°C-1

T The features of cooling liquid

 Boiling point 78 °C
 Specific heat capacity 2450 J kg-1
°C-1

Aspects Explanation
 Liquid high specific heat capacity  Heats up slowly, can absorb more
heat.
 Liquid high boiling point  Will not boil easily.
 Big fan  To cool down more areas of the
engine.
 Large number of fin blades  Increase the surface area that
can be cooled down by the fan.

R is chosen. Because of its high specific heat capacity, high boiling point, big fan
and large number of fin blades.

13
4. Diagram below shows a thermos flask used to maintain the temperature of a hot drink for a long time.

Table below shows the characteristics of four different thermos flasks.

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the thermos flasks and determine the most suitable
thermos flask to be used for the purpose of maintaining the temperature of the hot drink. Give
reasons for choice.

Double walled tube

Thermos flask Stopper Space P Made of Coated by
W Hollow plastic Vacuum Glass Shiny paint
X Hollow plastic Vacuum Copper Black paint
Y Solid plastic Air Glass Black paint
Z Solid plastic Air Copper Shiny paint
Additional information:
Specific heat capacity of glass = 840 J kg-1 °C-1
Specific heat capacity of copper = 387 J kg-1 °C-1

Aspects Explanation
 Stopper must be made of hollow  Can trapped air
plastic.  As plastic and air are poor heat
conductors, less heat loss through
the stopper.
 Space P is vacuum.  So that heat from the hot drink
cannot pass through the vacuum to
the outside of the flask by
conduction or convection.
 The double wall tube is made of  Glass is poor heat conductor and
glass. will reduce the rate of heat loss to
the outside.
 The double wall tube is coated  Shiny paint will reflects heat from
with a shiny paint. the wall of the thermos flask.

Most suitable is thermos flask W because it has hollow plastic stopper, a vacuum
space, a double-walled tube made of glass which is coated with a shiny paint.

14
6. Calculation (Section C) [5 Marks]

1. Diagram below shows a thermometer which is not calibrated has a mercury column of length, Lo is 5.0
cm when the temperature is 0°C and L100 is 25.0 cm when the temperature is 100°C.The mercury
column, L is 12.0 cm when put into liquid X.

i) Determine the temperature of liquid X.

 35° C

ii) Determine the value of the temperature of liquid X in Kelvin.

 308 K

iii) What is the length of the mercury column from the bulb at temperatures 30° C?
 11 cm

2. Diagram below shows a metal block, M of mass 500 g heated in boiling water of temperature 100°C
for a long time. The metal block M is then quickly transferred into 200 g of water at 30°C in a
polystyrene cup. The water is stirred until thermal equilibrium is achieved.

i) Calculate the final temperature of the water in the polystyrene cup.

[Specific heat capacity of M = 800 J kg-1 °C-1]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1 °C-1]
 52.58 °C

ii) State one assumption that you have made in (b)(i)

No heat loss to surroundings or absorbed by the polystyrene cup.

15
3. A solid substance, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated using an immersion heater of 240 V, 0.1 kW. Graph
below shows the heating curve of the solid.

Calculate
i) The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance.
 312 000 J kg-1

ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance in liquid state.

 1 028.57 J kg-1° C-1

16
LIGHT
PAPER 2 (SECTION B & SECTION C)

1. Definition questions (Section B & Section C) [1 Mark]

1. Real image : Is the image which can be seen and captured on a

screen.

2. Virtual image : Is the image which can be seen but cannot be

captured on screen.

3. Refraction : Refraction of light is the changing in the direction

of light as it crosses the boundary with different
optical densities.

4. Focal length : Distance between optical centre and focal point.

5. Focal point for curved mirror : Is a point where all light that is parallel to
principle axis will be reflected to for concave
mirror or reflected from for convex mirror.

6. Focal point for lens : Is a point where all light that is parallel to
principle axis will be converged to for convex lens
or will be diverged from for concave lens.
7. Power of lens :

8. Critical angle : Critical angle is the incident angle in the denser

medium when the refracted angle is 90°.

9. Total internal reflection : When a ray of light travels from a denser medium
to less dense medium and the incident angle is more
than the critical angle between the medium then
light is totally reflected back at the denser medium

17
2. Explain simple phenomenon (Section B & Section C) [4 Marks]

1. Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed toward hot sun rays.
 Parallel light rays from the hot sun at infinity pass through a convex lens.
 Light ray are focused after passing through a convex lens.
 Light rays are converged onto a very small area called the focal point of the
lens.
 At that point, the intensity of light is great and the light energy causes an
increase in temperature.
 When the spot on the paper becomes hot enough, the paper starts to burn.

2. Explain why the diamond is sparkling when the ray of light pass through.
 Diamond has a very high refractive index because it is very dense.
 Its critical angle is small due to high density.
 Diamonds are cut so that angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
 Total internal reflection occurs when incident angle is more than the critical
angle.
 Total internal reflection easier to occur inside diamond compared to any other
transparent medium because it has small critical angle, this cause diamond to
sparkle.

3. A watchmaker is someone who makes or repair watches. When servicing a watch, he often uses a
convex lens on one side of his eyes as magnifying glass. Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image
is formed by the convex lens. Mark clearly, the object, the optical centre, O and focal point, F of the
lens, the focal length and the image formed.
 The convex lens acts as magnifying glass.
 Object must be place near to the lens, less than the length of the focal
length.
 Image produces is upright, magnified and virtual.
 Ray diagram:

18
4. Convex mirror are commonly used in shops to observe activities such as shop lifting in the shop. They
are placed at the corners of the ceiling. With the help of diagram, explain the images seen from a
convex mirror.
 Image produces is upright, diminish and virtual.
 Can cover wider area.
 Ray diagram :

5. Wire cables have been replaced by optical fibers in the field of communication. Explain the
operational concept and the advantages of using optical fibers by using suitable concept of physics.
 Optical fiber is made up of a group of very fine fibers.
 The inner core denser and high refractive index than the surrounded layer
cladding.
 Light enter through the inner core and totally reflected because the
incident angle is more than the critical angle and travel from denser
medium.
 Light will propagate along the fiber in a zig zag path by undergoing a
series of total internal reflection until it comes out through the other end.


 advantages - Lighter, smaller and flexible.

- Able to transmit more signals simultaneously and swiftly.

19
6. You are given a convex lens. Describe how the power of the lens can be determined. State the
relationship between power and focal length of a lens.
 The lens is directed to a distance object such as tree.
 The screen is adjusted behind the lens until a sharp image formed.
 Distance object will form image on focal point.
 The distance between the lens and the screen is measured as the
focal length of the lens.

 Power of the lens is determine by using the formula 1/f.

 The shorter the focal length the more the power of the lens.

7. Figure below shows a cross section of a parabolic reflector used in a car headlamp. The headlamp has
two bulbs, X and Y. Bulb X is located at the focal point of the reflector while bulb Y is above bulb X.

Explain what happens to the light rays from the bulb when only:
i) Bulb X is switched on.
 When bulb X is switched on, the light rays are reflected in parallel by the
parabolic reflector because the bulb is at the focal point. This enables any
object that is far away to be seen clearly.

ii) Bulb Y is switched on.

 When bulb Y is switch on, the light rays are reflected downwards by the
parabolic reflector. This enables any object that is nearby to be seen
clearly.

20
8. While travelling on a bus on a hot day, you see a pool of water on the road in front of you. However,
as you reach that particular location, you find that the pool does not exist. Using your knowledge of
the propagation of light in medium of different densities, explain this occurrence.
 The layer of air near the ground is hotter.
 The layer of air near the ground is less dense.
 Light from the sky passing the layers of air is refracted away from the normal
line.
 The light ray undergoes total internal reflection when the incident angle is
greater than the critical angle.
 The light enter the observer eye and the observer see the sky on the road as
a pool of water

9. Diagram below shows a photograph of a concave mirror producing upright and magnified image.

Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image formed as shown in diagram above.
 Object must be place near to the concave mirror, less than the length of
the focal length.
 Image produces is upright, magnified and virtual.
 Ray diagram:

21
3. Compare between two diagram (Section B) [5 Marks]
1.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Using diagram 1 and diagram 2 below compare the incidence angle, refractive angle and the density
when the ray passing through the crystal and the diamond. Relate the incidence angle and the
refractive angle to make a deduction to a relevant physics concept.
 Incident angle in diagram 1 and diagram 2 is equal.
 Refracted angle is diagram 1 smaller than the refracted angle in diagram 2.
 The density of diamond is greater than crystal.
 Denser medium smaller refracted angle, effect of refraction is more.

2.
Situation I : An object that is located high above the wall can be seen using periscope.
Situation II : A small fish on one side of a rock is able to see a big fish on the other side
of the rock.

Situation I Situation II
Based on the observation in situation I and II, state the common characteristic of both situations.
Relate the characteristics to form a physical concept. State the physical concept.
 Both from denser medium to less dense medium.
 Both at incident angle more than critical angle.
 Both light are totally reflected.
 When light travel from denser medium and the incident angle is more than the
critical angle – light is reflected totally.
 Total internal reflection.

22
3. Figure below show the parallel rays of light directed toward the curved mirrors, J and K. CP is the
radius of curvature and F is the focal point of the mirrors.

Using the figure above, compare the curvature of mirrors J and K and the effects on reflected rays.
State the relationship between the curvature of the mirrors and their focal lengths.
 Mirror J has less curvature than mirror K.
 Distance of F from mirror J is more than the distance of F from mirror K.
 Focal length of mirror J is longer than focal length of mirror K.
 J has greater radius of curvature compare to mirror K.
 When the curvature increase the focal length decreases.

4. Diagram below show the light rays from two identical objects passing through the convex lenses, J and
K. Both the lenses produce virtual images. F is the focal point for each lens.

With reference to the diagram above, compare the thickness of the lenses, the focal length and the
size of the image produced by the lenses J and K. Relate the size of image with the focal length to
make a deduction regarding the relationship between the power of the lens and the focal length.
 Lens J is thicker than lens K.
 The focal length of lens K is longer than that of lens J.
 The size of image produced by lens J is bigger than that produced by
lens K.
 When the focal length increases, the size of the image decreases.
 When the focal length decreases, the power of the lens increases,
the size of image increase.

23
5. Figure below shows the light rays from two identical objects passing through the convex lenses A and
B of same power. Both the lenses produce real images. F is the focal point for each lens.

With reference to the figure above, compare the object distance and the size of image produced by
the lenses. Relate the size of the image with the object distance to make a deduction regarding the
relationship between the object distance and the image size.
 Both lenses have the same thickness
 The focal length of both lenses is the same
 Both lenses produced magnified image
 The object distance of lens A is nearer than the object distance of lens B
 The image produced by lens A is bigger than the image produced by lens B
 The smaller the object distance, the bigger the image produced.

6. Diagram below show the identical objects located at different positions in front of identical concave
mirrors. Real images with different sizes are produced.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Using diagram 1 and diagram 2 show the identical objects located at different positions in front of
identical concave mirrors. Real images with different sizes are produced.
 Object distance in diagram 1 is nearer than the object distance in diagram 2.
 Image size formed by diagram 1 bigger than the image size formed by diagram
2.
 Image distance formed by diagram 1 further than diagram 2.
 The shorter the object distance, the further the image distance and the
bigger the image.
 When the object distance is shorter, the magnification scale is bigger.

24
4. Explain modification or improvement (Section B) [10 Marks]
1. You are given two convex lenses, P and Q, with focal lengths 40 cm and 5 cm respectively. Both the
lenses are used to build a simple astronomical telescope at normal adjustment.
a) Using the two lenses, explain how you are going to build the simple astronomical telescope.
b) Suggest modifications that need to be done on the telescope to produce clearer and bigger images.
 TO BUILD
Aspects Explanation
 P is used as the  For telescope focal length of objective lens
objective lens must be longer than the focal length of
and Q is used as eyepiece.
the eyepiece.
 The distance of  Distance of lenses must be equal to the sum of
the lenses is length of objective lens and eyepiece.
45cm. The total
distance of both
lenses.
 Magnification of 
the telescope is
8. The ratio of
40cm to 5 cm.
 Ray Diagram

 MODIFICATION
Aspects Explanation
 Increase the  To allow more light to enter the telescope so
diameter of the that image brighter.
objective lens.
 Increase the focal  To get higher magnification, so that image
length of the bigger.
objective lens and
reduce the focal
length of eyepiece.

25
2. You are given two convex lenses, R and S, with focal lengths of 40cm and 10cm respectively. Both the
lenses are used to build a compound microscope. Using an appropriate physics concept, suggest and
explain suitable modifications or ways to enable the microscope to increase its efficiency and to form
a brighter and clear image. Your modifications can be emphasized on the following aspects:
a) The selection of lens as objective lens and as eyepiece.
b) The position of the object.
c) The position of the eyepiece.
d) Additional optical device on the microscope.
e) Condition of the place to store the microscope.

Aspects Explanation
 S is used as the objective lens  For microscope focal length of
and R is used as the eyepiece. objective lens must be shorter
than the focal length of
eyepiece.
 The object must be place  To produce real, inverted and
between the f0 and 2f0. f0 <u<2f0 magnified image.
 The eyepiece is adjusted so that  To produce virtual, inverted
the image from the objective lens and magnified image.
is at the position less than the
distance of focal length of the
eyepiece.
 Add concave mirror in front of  More light from the object can
the objective lens and place the be converge to the objective
object at the centre of the lens to produce brighter image.
concave mirror.
 Store in cool and dry place  To avoid fungus in the lenses.

26
3. You are given two pieces of plane mirror to make a periscope.
a) Using this mirror and other material, describe how you would make the periscope.
 A box is constructed by using cardboard as shown in the figure below.
 Two plane mirrors are place at 45° inclination at corners of the cardboard
box.

 A virtual image that is upright and same size as the object will be formed
after reflection by plane mirror B.

b) Explain why the image observed through the periscope using plane mirrors is not very clear.
 Image is blurred because of refraction that causes images to overlap.

c) Suggest modification that can be made to the periscope to produce clearer and brighter images.
 Using a 45° prism lens to replace plane mirror to prevent overlapping
images.
 A box is constructed by using cardboard as shown in the figure below.
 Two 45° prism inclination is place at corners of the cardboard box.

27
4. Diagram below shows a ray diagram of a slide projector.

The slide projector is needed in your school hall. You are required to modify the slide projector so
that it can produce clearer image and can be seen by 800 students.
Suggest an explain based on the following aspects:
a) The power of the bulb used.
b) The position of the bulb from the concave mirror.
c) The curvature of the concave mirror.
d) The position of the slide from the projector lens.
e) Position of the screen from the projector.

Aspects Explanation
 Use a higher power bulb.  Higher intensity of light.
 The bulb must be place at the  So that the light will be
centre of curvature of the reflected back to the centre
concave mirror. of curvature.
 More curvature  More light can be reflected
toward the slide.
 The slide must be placed  To produce real and magnified
between f and 2f of the lens. image.
f <u<2f
 Increase the distance.  Larger image can be produced.

28
5. Investigate the best characteristics (Section C) [10 Marks]

1. Diagram below shows four simple compound microscopes, J, K, L and M with different specifications.
You are required to determine the most suitable simple compound microscopes to examine a small
specimen.

Microscope J
Eyepiece +20D
Objective lens +14D
Distance between two lenses > f0 + fe
Position of the specimen u < f0

Microscope K
Eyepiece +14D
Objective lens +20D
Distance between two lenses = f0 + fe
Position of the specimen u < f0

Microscope L
Eyepiece +20D
Objective lens +14D
Distance between two lenses = f0 + fe
Position of the specimen f0 < u < 2f0

Microscope M
Eyepiece +14D
Objective lens +20D
Distance between two lenses > f0 + fe
Position of the specimen f0 < u < 2f0

29
 Study the specification of the microscopes based on the following aspects:
i) Power of eyepiece
ii) Power of objective lens
iii) Distance between eyepiece and objective lens
iv) Position of the specimen
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable microscope. Give a reason
for your choice.
Aspects Explanation
 Lower power lens for eyepiece  Lower power means longer focal
length. Focal length eyepiece must
be longer than the focal length of
objective lens
 Higher power lens for objective  Higher power means shorter focal
lens length. Focal length objective lens
must be shorter than the focal
length of eyepiece.
 Distance between two lenses must  To produce magnified image.
be more than summation of focal
length objective lens and the
eyepiece. Distance > f0 + fe
 Position of the specimen must be  So that the image produce by the
in between the f0 and 2fo. objective lens is real, inverted and
f0 < u < 2f0 magnified.
M is chosen because power of the eyepiece is lower than the power of objective
lens, distance between the lenses is greater than f0 + fe and the position of the
specimen is between f0 and 2fo.

2. A photographer is taking part in the bird watching competition held in Sabah. The light condition of
the jungle is dim and the birds are flying fast. The table below shows the type of lens and the
conditions of the camera that can be used.
Camera Type of Lens Focal Length Diaphragm Shutter Speed
Opening exposure time
A Convex Long Large 1/1000
B Concave Long Large 1/500
C Plano-Convex Short Small 1/1000
D Convex Short Small 1/20
E Concave Short Large 1/100
Explain the suitability of each conditions of the camera used by the photographer. Determine the
most suitable condition of camera used and give reasons for your choice.
Aspects Explanation
 Convex lens is used  Produce real image
 Longer focal length is preferred  Higher magnification for far object
 Large opening of diaphragm is  Allow more light to enter or
preferred produce brighter image
 Shutter speed exposure time  Avoid multiple images formed and
should must be short, means the increase sharpness of the image.
shutter speed is fast. smallest
A is chosen because convex lens with longer focal length is used with bigger opening
of the diaphragm and higher shutter speed.

30
3. The optical fiber can be used in telecommunications and medicine. You are asked to investigate the
characteristics of optical fibres for used in these fields as shown in table below.
Optical Fibre Features of Comparison Flexibility Purity of inner
optical fibre between core
refractive index
of the inner
core, ni and the
outer cladding,
n0.
P Single fine ni > n0 High Very high
optical fibre.
Q Bundle of fine ni < n0 Low Low
parallel optical
fibres.
R Bundle of fine ni > n0 High Very high
parallel optical
fibres.
S Single fine ni > n0 Low High
optical fibre.
T Bundle of fine ni < n0 High High
parallel optical
fibres.
Explain the suitability of each feature of optical fibre in the table above for use in telecommunications
and medicine. Determine the most suitable optical fibre that is capable of carrying the largest number
of signal simultaneously. Give reasons for your choice.

Aspects Explanation
 A bundle of fine parallel optical Capable of carrying thousand of

fibre. data signals simultaneously.
 ni > n0  Produces total internal reflection
when light travels inside the
optical fibre.
 High flexibility  Can be used for long distance
transmission.
 An inner core with very high purity  Signal can travel over a long
distance without losing information.
R is chosen because it has a bundle of fine parallel optical fibres, the ni > n0, high
flexibility and an inner core with very high purity.

31
4. Presbyopia is an inability of the eye to adjust the focusing of far and near objects. This usually
happens when we get old, where the ciliary muscle is less able to change the shape of the eye lens to
focus the image on the retina, as shown in figure below.

As an optician, you have three designs of lenses X, Y and Z in your shop. The cross-section of X, Y and Z
are shown in figure below.

Design X Design Y Design Z

i) Choose the most suitable design of lens to correct the sight of a person with
presbyopia and explain the suitability of the design.
ii) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable.
iii) Which type of glass is most suitable to make the lens chosen in (b) (i)?
Either low or high refractive index glass can be used to make the lenses.
Give reasons for your choice.
Aspects Explanation
 Type of lens is diverging  Can be used to focus the image from a
lens distance object onto the retina.
 Type of lens is converging  Can be used to focus the image from a
lens near object onto the retina.
 Most suitable for making  Contains both diverging and converging
the lens is design Y lenses
 Design X is not suitable  Design X does not allow the image of
distance object to be focused onto the
retina, so distance object cannot be
seen clearly.
 Design Z is not suitable  Design Z does not allow the image of
near object to be focused onto the
retina, so near object cannot be seen
clearly.
 Glass with a high  This produces a lighter and thinner
refractive index is lens.
suitable to be used to
make the lens.

32
6. Calculation (Section C) [5 Marks]

Diagram below shows Ali standing at the side of a pond. Ali can see the image of the fish and the image of
the dragon-fly in the water as shown by the ray diagram.

i) Calculate the angle .

[Refractive index of water is 1.33]
 = 60°

ii) Calculate the angle α.

 α = 58.75°

1. A camera has a convex lens of focal length 5cm is used to capture an object of 1 m in height and 4 m
from the camera.
i) Determine the image distance from the camera.
 5.063 cm

ii) Calculate the height of image produced in the camera.

 1.27 cm

iii) State the characteristics of image formed in the camera.

 Real, inverted and diminish.

33
2. Diagram below shows the student used a slide projector to display a large sharp image on the screen.

Based on diagram, calculate:

i) The linear magnification of the image, M
 m = 3

ii) The focal length of lens, f

 f = 15 cm

iii) The power of the lens, P

 6.67D

34
WAVES
PAPER 2 (SECTION B & SECTION C)

1. Definition questions (Section B & Section C) [1 Mark]

1. Wave : Is the transfer of energy from one location to

another location without the transfer of matter.
2. Transverse Wave : A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of
particles in the medium is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
3. Longitudinal Wave : A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibration
of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction
of propagation of the wave.
4. Frequency : Number of complete oscillation made by the vibrating
system in one seconds
5. Period : Is the time taken to complete one oscillation
6. Amplitude : Amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of
a medium particle from its stationary position
7. Wavelength : Shortest distance between two consecutive crests or
two consecutive trough
8. Damping : Damping is the decrease in the amplitude of an
oscillating system with time.
9. Natural Frequency : Natural frequency is a system that oscillates freely
without the action of an external force.
10. Resonance : Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillates
at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by
external force resulting it to oscillate at maximum
amplitude.
11. Monochromatic Light : The light with one wavelength.
12. Coherent Source : Source that have the same frequency/same amplitude
A and in phase (same phase)
13. Electromagnetic Wave : Electromagnetic waves consist of a combination of
oscillating electrical and magnetic fields perpendicular
to each other.
14. Sound Wave : Sound wave is a mechanical and longitudinal wave.

35
2. Explain simple phenomenon (Section B & Section C) [4 Marks]

1. Figure below shows the arrangement of the apparatus for an experiment to study a wave
phenomenon.

Explain how the dark and light bands are formed on the screen.
 The water waves formed are like convex and concave lenses.
 This cause the parallel light rays from the lamp to converge at the crest
forming bright spots and diverged at the trough forming dark regions.


2.

Explain what happens to the plain water wave before and after passing through the shallow water.
You can use a diagram to explain your answer.
 When the wave passing through shallow water/convex area, the wavelength
and speed decrease
 After the wave passing through shallow water/convex area, the circular waves
converge at focal point and then diverge from the focal point

36
3. Diagram below shows the pattern of sea waves when approaching the beach.

i) Name the phenomenon shown in diagram above.

 Refraction of water waves
ii) Explain in term of wave phenomena, why the water waves follow the shape of the beach as it
approaches the shore
 The water waves are moving from deep to shallow area.
 The wavelength decrease as moves to shallow area
 The speed decrease as move to the shallow area
 The direction of the waves bend towards the normal which is the shape
of the beach

4. Diagram below shows a train in a tunnel. The sound waves from the train can be heard loudly and
clearly at night.

The distance of the loud sound waves are further apart at the top than at ground level.
Explain why this situation occurs and state how this leads to the sound being loud and clear.
 Sound travel faster in hot air.
 When speed of sound fast, the wavelength large.
 At night time air layer near the ground is colder than the air layer above it.
 At night time sound travel faster at layer further from ground because the
air layer is hotter, so the wavelength is larger.
 When sound travel to the higher layer, it will be refracted away from normal
line because it travel faster.
 As it travel higher the incident angle will increase and the sound will be
reflected back down in the path of curve towards the ground.
 At night time less sound wave disappear to the sky compared to day time.
That is why sound is clearer at night.

37
5. Diagram below shows a harbour protected by two concrete walls. Explain, using principles of physics,
how the concrete walls can protect the harbour from strong waves.

 As the waves pass through the opening between the concrete blocks, the
waves begin to spread.
 This is cause the energy of the waves at the opening spreads to a wide area
and reduces the strength of the waves.
 Thus the amplitude of the wave diffracted becomes smaller.
 This will protect the ships and boats at the harbour from big waves.

6.

When a high pitch sound is generated only student C can hear the sound clearly. When a low pitch
sound is generated all the three student can hear the sound clearly. Explain this situation.
 High pitch sound has high frequency and short wavelength.
 The larger the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
 Diffraction is obvious when the wavelength large.
 High pitch sound is not diffracted properly by the corner because it has
short wavelength. That is why only student C can hear high pitch sound
because he is near to the audio frequency generator.
 A low pitch sound has low frequency and longer wavelength. The sound can be
diffracted better by the corner. All the student can hear the sound clearly.

38
3. Compare between two diagram (Section B) [5 Marks]

1. Diagram 1 shows the side view of two water tanks. When the motors on the wooden dippers are
switch on, the wooden dippers oscillate on the surface of the water and produce water waves.

Diagram 1
Diagram 2 shows the aerial view of the propagation of the waves into region P and Q.

Diagram 2
Based on the Diagram 1 and Diagram 2:
 Compare the wavelength of the waves in region P and region Q.
 Compare the change of speed of the waves in region P and region Q.
 Compare the depth of water region P and region Q.
 Compare the angle of deviation when the waves move into region P and into region Q

 Wavelength at region P is longer than the wavelength at region Q.

 The change of speed at region P is less than the change of speed at region
Q.
 Region P is deeper than region Q.
 The angle of deviation at region P is smaller than the angle of deviation at
region Q.
 The smaller the change in speed, the smaller the angle of deviation

39
2. Figure 1 and figure 2 below shows plane waves produced by linear dipper oscillating in a ripple tank
passing through gaps formed by two straight barriers. Figure 1 shows waves passing through a wide
gap and figure 2 shows waves passing through a narrow gap.

Figure 1 Figure 2
i) Using figure 1 and figure 2, compare the wave patterns and the wavelength of the waves
before and after they pass through the gaps.
 In figure 1, the size of the gap is much bigger than the wavelength of
the water waves.
 In figure 2, the size of the gap is smaller than the wavelength of the
water waves.
 The waves emerging from the big gap have plane wavefronts.
 The waves emerging from the small gap have circular wavefronts.
 When a wave passes through a gap, the wave bends. The smaller the
gap, the bigger the bending of the wave.
ii) Name the wave phenomenon shown in figure 2.
 Diffraction of water waves.

3. Diagram below shows the red fringes formed in a Young’s double slit experiment.

Diagram below shows the green fringes formed when the red light of wavelength 7.0 x 10-7 m is
replaced by the green light of wavelength 5.0 x 10-7 m.

Based on the diagrams, compare the wavelength of the light source used, the distance between two
consecutive fringes formed by the respective light and the distance between two consecutive fringes
of red light and green light. Relate the wavelength of the light with the distance between two
consecutive fringes. Name the wave phenomenon involved.
 The wavelength of red light is larger than green light.
 The distance between two consecutive fringes formed by both the light is
constant throughout the fringes.
 The distance between two consecutive fringes of red light is larger than that
of green light.
 When the wavelength increases, the distance between two consecutive fringes
increases.
 The wave phenomenon is interference.

40
4. Diagram A and Diagram B below shows the experiment of sound waves. Both loud speakers in each
situation act as two coherent sources of sound waves.

Diagram A Diagram B
Based on the diagram A and diagram B, compare the distance between two loud speakers, the
distances between two consecutive loud sounds and the frequency of the sound waves. State the
relationship between the distance between two loud speakers and the distance between two
consecutive loud sounds. Name the physics concept involved.
 Distance between two loud speakers in diagram A is less than the distance
between two speakers in diagram B.
 Distance between two consecutive loud sounds in diagram B is less than the
distance between loud sounds in diagram A.
 Frequency of sound waves in diagram A and diagram B are equal.
 The bigger the distance between two loud speakers, the smaller the distance
between two consecutive loud sounds.
 Interference of sound waves.

5. Figure below shows the traces on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope when two audio signals
are connected to the same cathode ray oscilloscope with the same oscilloscope settings.

Sound P Sound Q

Compare the frequency and amplitude of the two sound waves. Relating the frequency and
amplitude of the two sounds with their loudness and pitches, deduce a relevant physical concept.
 Amplitude of P is higher than amplitude of Q.
 Frequency of Q is higher than frequency of P.
 Higher frequency sound wave has a higher pitch. Therefore Q has a higher
pitch than P.
 Higher amplitude sound wave has a louder sound. Therefore, P has a louder
sound than Q.

41
4. Explain modification or improvement (Section B) [10 Marks]

1. Echo is an important sound phenomenon in our life. Anyway, the effect of echo is disturbing. Using
suitable physics concept, suggest and explain suitable design or method to build a quality concept
hall.
 Soft board or thick curtains are used to cover the hard wall.
 This soft surface can absorb the sound and hence reduce the reflection of
sound.
 The reflection of sound will produce the interference of sound.
 Wall with holes or placed with things with holes such as soft egg carton can
reduce this effect.
 Normally two loud-speakers are fixed in the concert hall. The loudspeaker
act as coherent sources for the constructive and destructive interference.
This cause certain areas only receive weak sound.
 The seats are arranged at the antinodal places so that strong sound signal
can be heard.
 The glass window used should not be easily broken. The sound with high
frequency might break the glass in the hall due to resonance.

2. Diagram below shows sonar (sound navigation and ranging) system used to detect a shoal of fish in
deep sea.

Suggest the modifications should be done on the systems so that enable it to function effectively.
Explain your modifications on the following aspects:
 Type of wave transmitted
 Frequency of wave
 Wavelength of wave
 The phenomenon of wave involved
 The equipment required
Aspects Explanation
 Ultrasonic waves  High frequency and high energy
waves.
 High frequency  High energy, able to travel in
deep sea and be reflected and
be detected.
 Short wavelength  Less diffracted so less energy
loss.
 Reflection of waves  To produced echo and receive
back by detector.
 Transmitter  To transmit wave
 Receiver  To receive wave

42
3. Diagram 1 shows the use of a type of wave to obtain an image of a foetus. A transducer transmits the
waves into the womb. The transducer is moved on a layer of gel applied on the skin of the mother.
The rebounding echoes of the waves are detected to form a picture of the foetus on a computer
monitor.

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain how a clearer image of the foetus can be obtained.
Your answer should include the following aspects:
 The type of wave
 The frequency of the wave
 The amplitude of the wave
 The use of the layer of gel
Aspects Explanation
 Ultrasound  Safer
 Can differentiate between layers of
different soft tissues
 High frequency  Can penetrate into mother’s womb
to scan the foetus
 Small amplitude  Does not harm the foetus
 Allow the transducer to move easily  Reduce frictional force
on the skin  Produce better sound contact
 Helps the sound waves to transmit between the transducer and the skin
into the body

43
5. Investigate the best characteristics (Section C) [10 Marks]

1. You are assign to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats and the characteristics of
the retaining wall as shown in the diagram below based on the following aspects:
 The location to keep the boat
 Material used for the retaining wall
 The height of retaining wall
 Size of slit

Design Design
P Q

Design Design
R S

Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and determine the
most suitable design to keep the boat safely.

Aspect Explanation
Bay Waves is calmer
Concrete retaining wall Stronger and lasting
High wall Prevent high wave
Smaller opening of retaining wall Diffraction more obvious and energy
decrease

P is chosen because at bay, concrete retaining wall, high wall and smaller slit.

44
2. Table below shows the specification of five waves P, Q, R, S and T that can be used to determine the
position of a shoal of fish.
Name of waves Type of waves Frequency / Hz Speeds / ms-1 Penetrating
power
P Transverse High 3 x 108 Low
Q Longitudinal Low 330 Moderate
R Transverse High 330 Low
S Longitudinal High 1500 High
8
T Transverse Low 3 x 10 High

You are required to determine the most suitable waves. Study the waves based on the following
aspects:
i) The type of the waves transmitted
ii) The frequency of the waves
iii) The speed of the waves
iv) Penetrating power of waves

Aspects Explanations
 Longitudinal  Because sonar is a sound waves which
is a longitudinal wave
 High frequency  Has high energy
 Can penetrate deeper into the sea
 High speed  Can travel faster
 High penetrating power  Can penetrate through medium easily

S is chosen because the waves are longitudinal, high frequency, high penetrating
power and has high speed.

45
3. Diagram below shows a wireless network at an office.

You are required to investigate the characteristics of the wireless router and the wave transmitted as
shown in table below.
Router Types of waves Frequency of Number of Position of
transmitted waves antenna of router
transmitted router
P Microwaves High 3 On table

Q Radio wave High 3 At high position

of the wall
R Radio wave Low 1 On table

S Microwave Low 1 At high position

of wall

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the wireless router and the wave transmitted.
Determine the most suitable wireless router which can transmit the signal most effectively. Give
reason for your choice.
Aspects Explanations
 Radio wave  Longer wavelength easier to diffract.
 Higher frequency  More energy can go further.
 Greater number of antenna  Stronger signal transmitted.
 Higher position  Less obstacle able to transmit
further.

Q is chosen because it is radio wave, higher frequency, greater number of antenna

and placed at higher position.

46
4. Figure below shows a radar system at an airport. Signals are transmitted from the radar system to
determine the position of a helicopter. The table below shows the specifications of four radar
systems P, Q, R, and S that can be used to determine the position of a helicopter.

Radar System P Q R S
Diameter of the parabolic (m) 12 9 7 10
Distance of the signal receiver from Less than Same as Same as Less than
the center of the parabolic disc the focal the focal the focal the focal
length length length length
Types of wave transmitted Microwave Microwave Radio wave Radio wave
Height of the parabolic disc from the Low High Low High
ground
Determine which among the four radar systems is the most suitable. Explain the suitability of the
aspects.

Aspects Explanation

 Large diameter  Receives more signals

 The distance of the signal  Distant signals which travel in
receiver from the centre of the parallel lines will be reflected and
parabolic disc is the same as the focused onto the signal receiver at
focal length. the focal point.
 The types of wave transmitted  Have high frequency, high energy
should be microwave. and large information-carrying
capacity.
 The height from the ground should  The signal is not blocked.
be high.

Q is chosen. Because large diameter parabolic, receiver at the focal point,

microwaves as the waves transmitted and high from the ground.

47
5. Diagram below shows a guitar with 6 strings. The sound of a music note from a guitar depends on the
strings of the guitar. Each string has its own natural frequency.

Table below shows the characteristics of strings P, Q, R and S. explain the suitability of the
characteristics of strings to be used in a guitar that can produce high pitch sound and will not break
easily when it is strummed.
Determine the most suitable string to be used and justify your choice.
String Density Tension Length of string String material
(cm)
P Small Low 90.0 Nylon
Q Small High 70.0 Steel
R Medium Medium 70.0 Nylon
S High Medium 90.0 Steel

Aspects Explanations
 Low density  Lighter
 Less massive string, wave travel
faster and frequency higher
 High tension  High frequency hence high pitch
 Smaller length of the string  Produce higher frequency
 Has small wave length
 Steel  Produce bright sound
 Prolong and retain their tone
longer

Q is chosen. Because it has low density, high tension, smaller length of the string
and it’s made of steel.

48
6. Calculation (Section C) [5 Marks]

1. Diagram below shows a water waves experiment in a ripple tank.

i) Calculate the frequency of water waves at Region Q if the speed of the waves at Region Q is
0.25 m s-1.
 16.67Hz

ii) Then calculate the wavelength of the water waves at Region P, if the wave speed decreases to
012 m s-1.
 0.007m

2. If the time taken for the return of the wave is , calculate the depth of the shoal of fish below the
boat if the speed of sound in water is 1500 ms-1.
 50 m

3. In Young’s double slit experiment, a light of wavelength 633 nm passes through two slit which are 0.5
mm apart. Vertical fringes are observed on a screen placed 4 m from the slits.
i) Calculate the distance between two adjacent bright fringes.
 5.064 x 10-3m

ii) What will happen to the distance between two adjacent bright fringes if a light of shorter
wavelength is used
 Decrease

49