FINALTERM EXAMINATION

Spring 2009-STA630-
Research Methods (Session - 2)
Marks: 80

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Who, among the following, wrote the book "Research Methods for Business"?
Zikmund, W.
Sekaran, U.
Dessler, G.
Neuman, W.C.

REFERENCE

• 1. Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business Research Methods. Mason, Ohio: South

Western.
• 2. Sekaran, U. (2004) . Research Methods for Business
New York: John Wiley & Sons

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

On which of the following, Scientific knowledge mostly relies?
Identification of events
Logical understanding
Prior knowledge
All of the given options
(page 4)

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence?
Opinion
Speculation
Empiricism
Rationalism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

All of the following are true statements about action research EXCEPT;
Data are systematically analyzed.
Data are collected systematically.
Results are generalizable.
Results are used to improve practice.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.cw/index.html

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to
ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of the following
types of research?
Evaluation
Experimental
Applied
Basic
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9865/2525631.cw/index.
html

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the problem with using strict definitions of important concepts?

They take the focus away from accurate measurement.

They prevent the researcher from assessing alternative ways of viewing a
concept.
They prevent a consistent approach being achieved with business research.
They prevent research from being truly objective.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch16/

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
Discontinuous variable

http://www.vustudents.net
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Intervening variable
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc2.htm

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the difference between measures and indicators?
Measures are unambiguous quantities, whereas indicators are devised
from common sense understandings.
Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than
measures.
Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators
of a concept.
Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and
value laden.

REF
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch06/

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?
Characteristics of nominal scale
Rank the object
Does not provide magnitude of object
Provide rate

(PAGE 53)
Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Measurement reliability refers to which of the following?
Accuracy of the scores
Dependency of the scores
Consistency of the scores
Comprehensiveness of the scores.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=RBJh8J8lRakC&pg=PA16&dq=Measurement+rel
iability+refers&hl=en&ei=0tQtTaicFMfDswbIv_XlBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=resul
t&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Measurement%20reliability%20ref
ers&f=false

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements might assist response rates?
Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work
colleagues.
Please make sure that the questionnaire is completed with a fountain pen.

http://www.vustudents.net
Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of
positivism prior to completing the questionnaire.
Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped
addressed envelope and place in the mail out tray.
REF:
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch09/
Q#3

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Why it is important to avoid ambiguous terms while designing questions?
Respondents may not understand the question.
Respondents may operate with a different frame of reference.
Respondents may think the question is less important.
Respondents may have to ask for help when completing the questionnaire.
An ambiguous term such as 'often' or 'management' may mean different things to different
respondents.

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a double-barrelled question?
How satisfied you are with the performance appraisal system?
How satisfied you are with investment levels in new and existing software
packages?
How satisfied you are with the organisation's marketing strategy?
How satisfied you are with the levels of customer satisfaction?
REF:
Page 78
Double-barrelled questions are ones that ask about two things. This question should in fact be split
into two, one about existing software and one about new software.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The small scale trial run of a particular item is called ______________.
Test Run
Pilot test
Post hoc test
T test
REF:
Page 80

Pilot testing also called pre-testing means small scale trial run of a particular component;

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following terms describes an interview protocol in which the topics
and questions to be addressed are identified, but the order in which the questions
can be asked is not stipulated?

http://www.vustudents.net
Unstructured
Partially structured
Semistructured
Structured

REF:
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9870/2526923.cw/content/index.
html

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The most important characteristic of the sample in survey research is that it is:

Representative of the target population.

Convenient to access.
Easily observed in naturalistic settings.
Large enough to compare differences between subgroups.

REF:
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381619.cw/index.html

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT something a researcher will have to consider while
thinking about their sample size?
Time and cost.
Non-response.
Length of questionnaire.
Heterogeneity of population.

http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch07/

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A correlation coefficient of -0.45 is generally considered to be;
No correlation
Low
Moderate
High
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381655.cw/index.html

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
What is a researcher doing when he removes the variance explained by one
variable in order to understand the correlation between two other variables?

Statistical significance
Attenuation
Controlling for the variable
Multiple regression research
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381655.cw/index.html

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following best describes qualitative data analysis?
It begins after all the data has been collected.
It is an ongoing, cyclic process integrated into all phases of research.
It is an awkward, haphazard process.
It builds from abstraction to specific, concrete examples

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9871/2527149.cw/content/index.
html

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:
Analysis of covariance
Chi square
Standard deviation
Pearson "r"
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.html

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following describes the nature of qualitative data interpretation?
Reflection
Integrative
Explanatory
All of the given options

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In frequency tables total of columns and rows are called:
Body of table
Cell of table
Area of table
Marginals

http://www.vustudents.net
Page No.107: PARTS OF TABLE Include the totals of the columns and rows.
These are called marginals.They equal the univariate frequency distribution for
the variable.

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A researcher studies three groups of students who vary in level of self-
confidence. She finds that students with higher self-confidence are more popular
among their peers. The most plausible conclusion is that:

We do not know what causes self-confidence or popularity.

Self-confidence causes popularity.
Popularity causes self-confidence.
Self-confidence and popularity are related.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.ht
ml

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Educational policymakers often conclude that an intervention didn't work. Often,
however, the intervention was not implemented as intended. The validity of the
policymaker's conclusion is threatened by;
Lack of specificity of variables
Selection-treatment interaction
Treatment diffusion
Faulty data analysis procedures
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9869/2526465.cw/index.html

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Many beginner researchers believe that research involves testing, treating, and
testing again . This is an example of:
Comparison group research
Quasi-experimental research
True experimental research
Pre-experimental research
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381818.cw/inde
x.html

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following questions can be answered using content analysis?
How do managers behave in the face of employment insecurity?
How do the media report corporate re-branding exercises?
What effect does organizational size have on marketing strategy?
What are the most popular leisure activities amongst the over-50s?
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch12/

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Case study is empirical because;
It investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context.
It is retrospective study in which the researcher follows the research process
from effect to its cause.
It is a study back in time.
All of the given options
(page 158)
It investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context. It is
retrospective study in which the researcher follows the research process from effect
to its cause. It is a study back in time.

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which component of a research report contains information about the
topic studied, literature review, hypotheses, participants, instruments,
procedures, results, and discussion?
Preliminary pages
Main body
Method
Discussion
Page 161
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9872/2527359.cw/index.html
Q#3

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one of the following Test helps in the proper sequence of the questions as
wording, translation, coding and structuring?
Test Run
Pre Test
Post Hoc Test
T- Test
REF:
Page 81

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following sampling is least reliable but normally the cheapest and
easiest to conduct?
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Ref:
Page No.90: Convenience samples are least reliable but normally the cheapest
and easiest to conduct

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is a form of Non-random sampling?
Snowball sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
All of the given option
(Page 90)
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following has greatly facilitated the researcher to conduct tabulation
and statistical analysis?
SPSS
MINITAB
SYSTAT
All of the given options
Page No.104: The proliferation of computer technology in business and
universities has greatly facilitated tabulation and statistical analysis. Commercial
packages eliminate the need to write a new program every time you want to
tabulate and analyze data with a computer. SAS, Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS), SYSTAT, Epi. Info. And MINITAB is commonly used
statistical packages.

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the place of quotations in referencing?
Quotations should be given at the end.
Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source.
Quotations should be given in left margins only.
Quotations should not be given at all.
Ref: http://www.latrobe.edu.au/linguistics/resources_hons/Brochure/Para10.pdf

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to
statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to
groups in an experimental study?
Split-half
Even versus Odd numbers
Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program
Let the researcher decide which group will be the best
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm

http://www.vustudents.net
Q No 15

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The design in which one group of research participants is administered a
treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group
of research participants who did not receive the experimental treatment is known
as:
One-group posttest-only design
One-group pretest-posttest design
Posttest-only design with non-equivalent groups
Time series design
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q N26
Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is referred to as the influence of a single independent
variable?
Interaction effect
Reactive effect
Main effect
Proactive effect
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q NO 27

Question No: 39 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which of the following types of analysis can be done using secondary analysis?
The analysis of specific subgroups
Longitudinal analysis
Cross-cultural analysis
All of the given options

REF:
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/

Question No: 40 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which of the following is/are advantage(s) of the self-completed questionnaire?
Inability to confirm who completed the questionnaire
Its unsuitability for some kinds of respondents
Inability to ask many questions that are not directly relevant to the respondent
Easy to justify the answer.

http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch09/

http://www.vustudents.net
 FINAL TERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 3)
Time: 90 min
Marks: 69
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology from other kinds of
research is;
► Looking at multiple sources of data.
► Taking action based on results.
► Thinking about or analyzing data in more than one way.
► The kinds of data that are collected.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381555.cw/index.html

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of
his students, he is likely to be conducting which of the following type of research?
► Basic
► Evaluation
► Applied
► Grounded theory
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9865/2525631.cw/index.html

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
► Context review

http://www.vustudents.net
► Integrated review
► Methodological review
► Theoretical review

(PAGE 27)
THEORETICAL REVIEWS COMPARE HOW DIFFERENT THEORIES ADDRESS AN
ISSUE.
Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following functions is performed by theoretical framework?
► Elaborates the relationship among the variables.
► Explains the logic underlying these relationships.
► Describes the nature, and direction of the relationships.
► All of the given options.

(PAGE 30)
Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Panel and cohort designs differ in that:
► Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies are qualitative.
► A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households.
► Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition.
► A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort design cannot.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch02/?view=za

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following would LEAST likely be a data source for an action research study of "teachers'
questioning techniques in social studies classes"?
► Classroom observation
► Student questionnaires
► Videotaping of classes
► Students' standardized test scores
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.cw/index.html

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following represents excellent advice for conducting an interview?
► Listen more and talk less
► Don't interrupt
► Don't be judgmental about the interviewee's beliefs or views
► All of the given options
[PPT]

Qualitative Research Methods

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Why should a business researcher record and transcribe interviews?
► It overcomes all possible ethical considerations.
► The response of participants can be more readily shared with senior management.
► It allows a more thorough examination of what the interviewee has said.

http://www.vustudents.net
► It allows the researcher to demonstrate his/her technical proficiency.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch18/

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The Pearson product moment correlation is used to demonstrate the relationship between;
► Two continuous variables
► Two rank-ordered variables
► Variables that are expected to be curvilinearly related
► Dichotomous variables
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381655.cw/index.html

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:
► Analysis of covariance
► Chi square
► Standard deviation
► Pearson "r"
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.html

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Researchers organize data into all of the following, EXCEPT:
► Field
► Table
► Record
► File
(page 99)
Researchers organize data into fields, records, and files.
Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT a necessary step in conducting experimental research?
► Manipulation of an independent variable
► Selection of measuring instruments
► Creating a hypothesis stating a causal relationship between variables
► Dividing the sample into subgroups to control for extraneous variables
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381867.cw/index.html

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Testing most likely, negatively affect internal validity when:
► The information tested is attitudinal in nature
► The time between pre- and posttest is short
► The instrument is unreliable
► The participants are very low scorers
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381818.cw/index.html

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following questions can be answered using content analysis?
► How do managers behave in the face of employment insecurity?
► How do the media report corporate re-branding exercises?
► What effect does organizational size have on marketing strategy?

http://www.vustudents.net
► What are the most popular leisure activities amongst the over-50s?
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch12/

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one is not the part of non reactive research?
► Physical traces
► Archives
► Observations
► Interviews
(HANDOUT PAGE 124)

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

On which component of his field notes did Mr. Majid focused when he expressed in his notes his thoughts
and ideas about what he observed?
► Description
► Reflection
► Protocol
► Formal data
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381345.cw/index.html

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is linked with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal
mechanism?
► Historical comparative research
► Social research
► Action research
► Experimental research
(HANDOUT PAGE 147)

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Historians organize evidence usually in:
► Comparative form
► Narrative form
► Logical form
► Critical form
(PAGE 150)
HISTORIANS ORGANIZE EVIDENCE AS THEY WRITE WORKS OF HISTORY.
THEY OFTEN WRITE NARRATIVE HISTORY.

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the difference between a focus group and a group interview?
► A focus group is used to analyse group interaction, whereas a group interview is used as a straight
forward data collection tool.
► A focus group is used only for political research, whereas group interviews are more widely used in the
social sciences.
► A focus group is used at the planning stage of a research project, whereas a group interview is part of
the actual data collection.

http://www.vustudents.net
► A focus group is used to discuss a wide range of issues, whereas a group interview looks at one specific
topic.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch19/

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which component of the method section would you find a discussion of validity and reliability?
► Participants
► Instruments
► Design
► Procedures

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following sampling is least reliable but normally the cheapest and easiest to conduct?
► Purposive Sampling
► Snowball Sampling
► Convenience Sampling
► Quota Sampling
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/umersaif-486982-sample-by-umer-saif/
SLIDE 11

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following sampling is most often used during the exploratory phase of a research project and
is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly and efficiently?
► Convenience Sampling
► Quota Sampling
► Snowball Sampling
► Purposive Sampling
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=a__YI3TJQuAC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276&dq=Which+of+the+following+samp
ling+is+most+often+used+during+the+exploratory+phase+of+a+research+project+and+is+perhaps+the+best+way+of+
getting+some+basic+information+quickly+and+efficiently%3F&source=bl&ots=3F-
qoMC6Wm&sig=fwCBgAJziEabgf_qfcBL-EQxYzI&hl=en&ei=K-
YgTYTKM4Og8QPvx7WuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q
&f=false

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a form of Non-random sampling?
► Snowball sampling
► Convenience sampling
► Quota sampling
► All of the given option
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/lectures/lec7.htm

Nonrandom Sampling Techniques

http://www.vustudents.net
The other major type of sampling used in quantitative research is nonrandom
sampling (i.e., when you do not use one of the ransom sampling techniques). There
are four main types of nonrandom sampling:

 The first type of nonrandom sampling is called convenience sampling

 The second type of nonrandom sampling is called quota sampling
 The third type of nonrandom sampling is called purposive sampling
 The fourth type of nonrandom sampling is called snowball sampling

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research?
► Simple random sampling
► Systematic sampling
► Quota sampling
► Purposive sampling

It is similar to purposive sampling. Here is a list of the different types:

 Maximum variation sampling (purposively selecting a wide range of cases)
 Homogeneous sample selection (selecting a small and homogeneous case or
set of cases for intensive study)
 Extreme-case sampling (identifying the extremes or poles of some
characteristic and then selecting cases representing these extremes for
examination)
 Typical-case sampling (selecting what are believed to be average cases)
 Critical-case sampling (selecting what are believed to be particularly
important cases)
 Negative-case sampling (selecting cases that disconfirm the researcher’s
expectations and generalizations)
 Opportunistic sampling (selecting cases when the opportunity arises)
 Mixed purposeful sampling (mixing of more than one of the above sampling
strategies).

Chapter 9: Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following relates with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal
mechanism?
► Analysis
► Synthesis
► Results
► Findings
(PAGE 148)
Synthesis links specific evidence with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal
mechanism.

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
The easiest way to describe the numerical data of one variable is;
► Frequency distribution
► Normal distribution
► Poisson distribution
► Probability distribution
(PAGE 104)
THE EASIEST WAY TO DESCRIBE THE NUMERICAL DATA OF ONE VARIABLE IS
WITH A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

All of the following are ways to show a table in percentages, EXCEPT;
► By margins
► By row
► By column
► For the total
(PAGE 107)
THERE ARE THREE WAYS TO PERCENTAGE A TABLE: BY ROW, BY COLUMN,
AND FOR THE TOTAL.

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is True for survey research?
► Survey research is a subset of experimental research.
► Survey research is often used in experimental research.
► Survey research is never used in experimental research.
► Survey research is always used in experimental research.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When an interviewer unintentionally and mistakenly checks the wrong response on a checklist during an
interview, this is an example of:
► Social desirability bias
► Interviewer error
► Interviewer cheating
► Sponsorship bias
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BJil19CAGQwC&pg=PA393&dq=Interviewer+cheating&hl=en&ei
=c3YhTazRIoGaOvDHzJ0J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepag
e&q=Interviewer%20cheating&f=false

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When an interviewer asks a respondent: "Why do you shop at Liberty's department store?” this is an
example of a:
► Unstructured question
► Structured question
► Disguised question
► Social desirability question
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
All of the following are stages in the selection of a sample EXCEPT:
► Determine sample size

http://www.vustudents.net
► Analyze data
► Conduct fieldwork
► Select a sampling frame
[PPT]

GENERAL ISSUES IN SAMPLING DESIGN AND SAMPLING

PROCEDURES

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Codes are rules for _____ data.
► Classifying
► Interpreting
► Recording
► All of the given options
(PAGE 99)
ALTHOUGH CODES ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE NUMERICAL
SYMBOLS, THEY ARE MORE BROADLY DEFINED AS THE RULES FOR
INTERPRETING, CLASSIFYING, AND RECORDING DATA.
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a competitor introduces a 25% price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this
is an example of a:
► Maturation effect
► Testing effect
► History effect
► Cohort effect
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
All of the following elements of Observation is/are included in Non Reactive research EXCEPT:
► Count Behaviors
► Time Duration
► External Appearance
► Other Records
(PAGE 133)
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following element is not included for behavioral observation?
► Space
► Direction
► Frequency
► Accretion

(PAGE 126)
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The study of documents used by writers is a method of ___________.
► In-depth analysis
► Time series analysis
► Regression analysis
► None of the given options

http://www.vustudents.net
(page 129)
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a manufacturer studies his most successful retailer in depth in order to determine some better
ideas for displaying bicycles in its retail stores, this is an example of:
► An experiment
► A test market
► A case study
► Causal research

it is an in-depth analysis of a unit which could be an individual person, a

couple, a group, or an organization. It is more like a clinical analysis in
retrospect; starting from the effect and tracing the reasons back in time.
The researcher takes the history of the situation and makes use of any
other relevant information about the case to identify the factors leading to
the present situation.

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The written set of guidelines that describes an outline of topics to be covered by a focus group moderator
is called a:
► Discussion guide
► Concept test
► Case study
► All of the given options
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is a disadvantage of focus groups?
► Requires objective, sensitive, and effective moderators
► May not be useful for discussing sensitive topics
► High cost
► All of the given options
[PPT]

BRM 8e

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which section of a report gives a summary of the contents, including the purpose, description of the
participants, the results, and any conclusions being offered?
► Methodology
► Introduction
► Abstract
► Letter of transmittal
(PAGE 159)
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following characteristic of the scientific method is defined as the confirmation or refutation
of the observation through the scientific method by using sensory experience?
► Empirical

http://www.vustudents.net
► Verifiable
► Observable
► Cumulative
(PAGE 3)
Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through “sensory
experiences.” It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Basic research can also be called as
► Practical research
► Fundamental Research
► Action research
► Assessment research
basic research (also called academic research or pure research or fundamental research). Page#8
Question No: 43 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following statement is true about the peer review?
► Name of the article's author is not mentioned to avoid biases
► It should be accepted
► It should be published in a well known journal
► Name of the author should be mentioned for the further correspondence
Question No: 44 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
After making the inventory of the relevant variables the next step is to:
► Provide logic for the relationship
► Make inventory of the propositions
► Identify the relationships between the variables
► Deduce hypothesis
Question No: 45 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Theoretical framework helps to:
► Deduce the hypothesis
► Reject the hypothesis
► Test the hypothesis
► Accept the hypothesis
From the theoretical framework, then, testable hypotheses can be developed to examine whether theory
formulated is valid or not
Question No: 46 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT a method of narrowing a topic?
► Literature review
► Specifying the context
► Talk to the experts
► Pilot testing
(page 33)
Question No: 47 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The working definition of the variables is called:
► Theoretical definition
► Dictionary definition
► Operational definition
► Fundamental definition
Operational definition is also called a working definition
Question No: 48 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
Which of the following characteristic is reflected by an interval scale?
► The distance between each participant's individual scores.
► Arithematic operations can be performed after data collection
► Classify the data into exclusive categories
► All of the given options

FINALTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 2)

Marks: 80

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the folowing is the basis of the Scientific Method?
To test hypothesis in conditions that is conducive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled
conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypothesis and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned
completely.
http://www.answers.com/topic/scientific-method
http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/8/C-135

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
An inductive logic is one that:
Involves testing as explicitly defined hypothesis.
Does not allow for findings to feed back into the body of knowledge.
Uses quantitative methods whenever possible.
Allows theory to emerge out of the data.
Rationale: The usual application of inductive theory, however, is to allow theory to
emerge from our findings. We find an interesting question, we gather data on it and we
'theorise' from our findings. It may be that these 'theories' are, in reality, simply
'interesting insights' rather than 'grand theories' but they can be valuable for all that.

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is not a concept?
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch06/

Rationale: Concepts are the building blocks of theory, each of which represents a label
given to a common element of the social world. IQ is a measure of the concept of
intelligence, it is not a concept in itself.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the definition of an independent variable?
A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
A response variable.
The behavioural measure made by the experimenter.
A dependent variable that is controlled by the experimenter.

http://www.umpi.maine.edu/~stump/psysci.html

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something
else is known as:
Moderating variable
Independent variable
Categorical variable
Dependent variable
Page 19
The cause variable, or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something
else, is the independent variable.

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.
Hypothesis

http://www.vustudents.net
Results
Procedure
Sensitivity
http://www.oppapers.com/search_results.php?action=search&query=A+measure+is
+reliable+if+it+provides+consistent

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements relates to concurrent validity?
The measure apparently reflects the content of the concept in question.
A criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
A future criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through
other methods.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch06/

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied
to this statement?
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options.

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Cross cultural studies are an example of:
Comparative design.
Longitudinal design.
Experimental design.
Case study design.

http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch02/

The comparative design typically studies two contrasting cases, so that a better
understanding of social phenomena can be formed. Clearly, cross-cultural studies are a
good example, therefore, of comparative design in action.

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When constructing a questionnaire, there are few principles to which you should adhere.
Which of the following is NOT one of those principles?
Avoid using "leading" or "loaded" questions
Avoid double-barreled questions
Avoid ambiguity and confusion
Avoid arranging questions in a sequence

Page 77_78

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following statements is true about closed ended questions and open ended
questions?
A closed ended question means that the chances of unreliable post-coding is
small,whereas an open ended question means that there is a possibility of data processing
error.
A closed ended question allows for the researchers terminology to be used,
whereas an open ended question allows the respondant to use terms they are familiar
with.
A closed ended question allows for easy processing, whereas coding an open
ended question can be very time consuming.

A closed ended question has many advantages over open ended question.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch10/
Q#2
Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using social survey
research to investigate behaviour?
Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening
question.
Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are likely
to be identified.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch11/
Q#1
An advantage of social survey research is that the researcher can ensure that the
anonymity of the respondent is maintained by administering the same questions to each
individual.

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following represents excellent advice for conducting an interview?
Listen more and talk less
Don't interrupt
Don't be judgmental about the interviewee's beliefs or views
All of the given options

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381345.cw/index.html
Q#17
Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Smaller sample sizes can be used in correlation research when;
The researcher expects no relationship between the variables.
There are only two variables to correlate.
The instruments used to measure the variables have low validity and reliability.
The instruments used to measure the variables have high validity and reliability.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381653.cw/index.html

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following steps begins the analysis of qualitative data?

Reading and memoing

Describing the content and participants
Classifying and interpreting
Data management

REF:
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381427.cw/index.html
Q#10

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following could NOT be a cause of variation in high school achievement?
Reading ability
Parental involvement
Teacher expectations
College attendance
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.html
Q#11

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:
Analysis of covariance
Chi square
Standard deviation
Pearson "r"
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.html
Q#17
Ref: The correlation between two variables reflects the degree to which the variables are
related. The most common measure of correlation is the Pearson Product Moment
Correlation (called Pearson's correlation for short).

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A researcher studies three groups of students who vary in level of self-confidence. She
finds that students with higher self-confidence are more popular among their peers. The
most plausible conclusion is that:
We do not know what causes self-confidence or popularity.
Self-confidence causes popularity.
Popularity causes self-confidence.
Self-confidence and popularity are related.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.cw/index.html
Q#7

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 19 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one
Which of the following is true about validity?
A study can be internally valid but not externally valid.
A study can be externally valid but not internally valid.
A study must be both internally and externally valid.
The internal and external validity of studies are not related in any way.

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/14330216/Bias-in-Clinical-Research
Slide#3

Question No: 20 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Testing most likely, negatively affect internal validity when:
The information tested is attitudinal in nature
The time between pre- and posttest is short
The instrument is unreliable
The participants are very low scorers

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381818.cw/index.html
Q#10
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Ecological validity refers to:
The participants to whom results generalize
The instruments used to measure the independent and dependent variables
The internal validity of a study
The context to which results generalize

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9869/2526465.cw/index.html
Q#1
Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one is not the part of non reactive research?
Physical traces
Archives
Observations
Interviews
Page 124
Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which advice would you offer a novice researcher conducting his first observation?
Observe only one behavior at a time
Allow variables to emerge from the context
Record behaviors only after leaving the site
Develop a preconceived notion of what is going to help structure the observation
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9871/2526978.cw/index.html
Q#8
Rationale: Observing a single variable will help her maintain focus and develop
understanding.

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
How the Procedure for data processing and analysis can be evaluated in Pilot Testing ?
Make dummy tables
Work output of each member
Length of Questionnaire
Format Tools
Ref. Page No.82:
5. Procedure for data processing and analysis can be evaluated:
• Make dummy tables. See how can we tabulate the data and use the appropriate statistics for
purposes of interpretations.

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to
the research project?
Element
Target Population
Sampling Frame
Sampling Unit
Ref: Page No.88: Out of the conceptual variations what exactly the researcher wants to
focus on. This may also be called a target population. Target population is the complete
group of specific population elements relevant to the research project. Target
population may also be called survey population i.e. that aggregation of elements from
which the survey sample is actually selected.

Question No: 26 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the summary description of a given variable in a population?
Statistic
Observation Unit
Parameter
Sampling Unit
Ref. Page No. 89: A parameter is the summary description of a given variable in a
population. The mean income of all families in a city and thee age distribution of the
city’s population are parameters.

Question No: 27 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which of the following is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some
stage of sampling?
Parameter
Sampling Unit
Observation Unit
Statistic
Ref .Page No.89: A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for
selection in some stage of sampling. Sampling may be done in single stage or in multiple
stages.
Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
If you are going on the street and suddenly a TV reporter starts taking your interview
regarding any issue, which of the following sampling technique is used by the TV

http://www.vustudents.net
reporter?
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Ref. Page No.90: Convenience sampling (also called haphazard or accidental sampling)
refers to sampling by obtaining units or people who are most conveniently available. For
example, it may be convenient and economical to sample employees in companies in a
nearby area, sample from a pool of friends and neighbors. The person-on-the street
interview conducted by TV programs is another example. TV interviewers go on the
street with camera and microphone to talk to few people who are convenient to interview.
The people walking past a TV studio in thee middle of the day do not represent everyone
(homemakers, people in the rural areas).

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following sampling is most often used during the exploratory phase of a
research project and is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly
and efficiently?
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Ref .Page No.90: Convenience sampling is most often used during the exploratory
phase of a research project and is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information
quickly and efficiently. Often such sample is taken to test ideas or even to gain ideas
about a subject of interest.

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following sampling method is the best way to select a group of people for a
study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling
Random sampling

http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc7.htm
Q#27

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which of the following conditions, each part of the construct should be measured with
at least one indicator?
Unidimensionality
Scale
Weighing
Index Construction
(Page 102)

http://www.vustudents.net
Each part of the construct should be measured with at least one indicator. Of course, it is
better to measure the parts of a construct with multiple indicators.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following number of variables involved in Descriptive Statistics?
Bivariate
Multivariate
Univariate
All of the given options
Ref. Page No. 105 : Descriptive statistics describe numerical data. They can be
categorized by the number of variables involved: univariate, bivariate, or multivariate
(for one, two, and three or more variables).

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

All of the following are types of personal communication, except;
Letters
Memos
Telephone conversations
Emails
Page 167
Personal communication through letters, memos, telephone conversations, and the like,
should be cited in the text only and not included in the reference list since these are not
retrievable data.:

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically
equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#7

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
produced by which of the following?
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Independent variable
Confounding variable
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#23

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
Which of the following is referred to as the influence of a single independent variable?
Interaction effect
Reactive effect
Main effect
Proactive effect
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#27
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is the process of marking segments of data with symbols,
descriptive words or category?
Concurring
Coding
Coloring
Segmenting
Page 38
Coding may be the assigning of numbers or symbols before it
goes to the computer.
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc17.htm

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A census taker often collects data through which of the following?
Standardized tests
Interviews
Secondary data
Observations
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc6.htm
Q#20
Question No: 39 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one
Which one is NOT an advantage of personal interviewing?
Interviewer influence
Probing complex questions
Visual aids
High completion rate
http://free-books-online.org/mathematics/business-mathematics-statistics/research-
methods-business-mathematics-statistics/survey-research-2/

Question No: 40 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

All of the following are the characteristics of scientific methods of research, EXCEPT;
Cumulative
Deterministic
Unethical
Rationalism
Page 3 to 5

http://www.vustudents.net
 FINALTERM EXAMINATION
Fall 2009
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 1)
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, Except.

► Health care
► Business
► Government offices
► Religion
Page #1
Educators, administrators, government officials, business leaders, human service
providers, health care professionals, regularly use social research findings in their jobs.

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is false about variables?
► Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units
of measurement.
► Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
► Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
► Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number
values.
REF:
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/breakwell/downloads/mcq/mcq_03/mcq_03.htm

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
► Discontinuous variable
► Dependent variable
► Independent variable
► Intervening variable
Page 19

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?
► A quantitative study.
► A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
► A qualitative research design.
► The operational definition of the study.

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9865/2525651.cw/content/index.
html
Q#24

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?
► Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on exams at teh end of the
chapter than students not taking these quizzes.
► Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.
► Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a
traditional class.
► Students using laptops will do well.

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9865/2525651.cw/content/index.
html
Q#25

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research
studies?
► Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
► Hypotheses are never used.
► Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and
analyzed.
► Hypotheses are always stated after the research study has been completed.
REF:
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc3.htm
Q#24

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
 A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally:
► Is made prior to the literature review
► Is made after the literature review
► Will help guide the research process
► Is made before or after literature review
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc3.htm
Q#18

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an
area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of
review"?
► Integrative review
► Theoretical review
► Self-study review
► Historical review
Page 26
1. Self-study reviews increase the reader’s confidence. A review that only demonstrates
familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program.
In addition to giving others confidence in a reviewer’s command of field, it has the side
benefit of building the reviewer’s self confidence.

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Quantitative research has been criticised because:
► The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity.
► The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy.
► It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.
► It has no validity.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch06/
Q#8

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Internal consistency estimates of reliability such as the KR-20 or Cronbach's alpha are
used more frequently than other estimates such as test-retest or parallel forms because
internal consistency estimates;
► Are easily calculated.
► Require only one administration of a test.
► Are more accurate than all other types of estimates.
► Are usually higher.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381232.cw/index.html
Q#5

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following functions is performed by the Nominal scale?
► Categorize
► Distance

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Order
► Unique origin
Page 53

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Categorical measures are forms of measurement classified as;
► Measures that reflect quantitative differences.
► Measures that reflect qualitative differences.
► Measures that do not require mutual exclusivity or exhaustiveness when devising
a measuring system.
► Rationale measures.
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/breakwell/downloads/mcq/mcq_03/mcq_03.htm
Q#2

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements relates to concurrent validity?
► The measure apparently reflects the content of the concept in question.
► A criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
► A future criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
► A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed
through other methods.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch06/
Q#4

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:
► Inter-rater reliability
► Construct validity
► Internal validity
► Test-retest reliability
Page#57
Test-Retest Reliability
Used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another.
Test-Retest Reliability
 Procedure
Measure the same individuals at two points in time and then calculate the
correlation coefficient between the first and second test scores
To test the reliability of an intelligence test, the test is given to a group
of people on one day and again a week later

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The validity of a measure refers to which of the following?
► Consistency of the measurement not sure
► Particular type of construct specification
► Comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct
► Accuracy with which it measures the construct

http://www.vustudents.net
Page 57
In other words, the reliability of a measure is an indication of the stability and
consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and helps to assess the
‘goodness” of measure.
Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In which of the following types of interview, questions are already prepared?
► Telephonic interview
► Personal interview
► Unstructured interview
► Structured interview
Page 83
Information is obtained in a structured conversation in which the interviewer asks
prearranged questions and records answers, and the respondent answers.
Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research to
investigate behaviour?
► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening
question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are
likely to be identified.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch11/
Q#1

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements might assist response rates?
► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work
colleagues.
► Please make sure that the questionnaire is completed with a fountain pen.
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of
positivism prior to completing the questionnaire.
► Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped addressed
envelope and place in the mail out tray.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch09/
Q#3

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, except;
► Volumes
► Full names of the authors
► Titles
► Price
Page 29

http://www.vustudents.net
After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference (full names
of the authors, titles, volumes, issue, pages)
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The small scale trial run of a particular item is called ______________.
► Test Run
► Pilot test
► Post hoc test
► T test
Page#80
Pilot testing also called pre-testing means small scale trial run of a particular component;
here we are referring to pilot testing of the questionnaire.
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following provides insight into the complexity of using interviews?
► Potential influence of gender or cultural differences between interviewer and
interviewee
► The accuracy of the interviewee's responses
► The different semantic meanings of the language being used
► Accuracy, influences and language used
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381400.cw/index.html

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Ms. K sampled the brightest students in the fifth grade at her school. She observed them
in their classes at school and as they interacted with teachers and students when on
campus. Her observation can be characterized as which of the following?
► Historical research
► Typical case sampling
► Totally structured
► Naturalistic
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381347.cw/index.html
Q#6
Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following could indicate a statistically significant correlation?
► 0.12
► 0.34
► -0.45
► Either .34 or -.45
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381653.cw/index.html
Q#8
Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following involves getting an initial sense of the data by considering field
notes, transcripts, or observer comments?
► Data management
► Reading and memoing
► Describing the content and participants
► Classifying and interpreting
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381473.cw/index.html

http://www.vustudents.net
Q#6
Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT a strategy that can guide data interpretation?
► Pay attention to your topic or research focus as it will help guide your selection of
important parts of your data.
► Examine categories with large amounts of data as they are likely identifying
important concepts.
► Examine existing studies related to your topic to identify potential interpretative
frameworks.
► Pay attention to your preconceived notions of the meaning of the data as it reflects
a "grounded" perspective.
Q#3

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A researcher believes that the effects of a treatment will be different for males and
females. Which one is the best method to test this possible interaction?
► Single-subject design
► Factorial design
► Time-series design
► Quasi-experimental design
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381820.cw/index.html
Q#17

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The best single-subject design to use, when it would be unethical to discontinue
treatment indefinitely, would likely be:
► A-B-A-B
► A-B
► A-B-A
► Quasi-experimental
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381820.cw/index.html
Q#19

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which term technically describes a situation in which an observer's work in a first-grade
classroom disrupts the normal routines due to the curiosity of the students?
► Observer effect
► Participant effect
► Nonparticipant bias
► Observer bias
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381347.cw/index.html
Q#19
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
If the researcher promises anonymity to research participants, what can he not use?
► Questionnaires.
► Participant observation

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Self-report research
► Cross-sectional research
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html
Q#18

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which component of a research report contains information about the topic studied,
literature review, hypotheses, participants, instruments, procedures, results, and
discussion?
► Preliminary pages
► Main body
► Method
► Discussion
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9872/2527359.cw/index.html
Q#3
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following represents the correct order for five main sections of a
dissertation?
► Conclusion, Introduction, Methods, Literature Review, Results.
► Methods, Results, Conclusion, Literature Review, Introduction.
► Literature Review, Results, Methods, Introduction, Conclusion.
► Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Conclusion.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch03/
Q#10

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A focus group session is ideally for;

► 1 hour
► 1 and half hour
► 2 hours
► More than 2 hours
Page#155
For duration, a focus group session typically lasts up to an hour and a half.
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following refers to the partials replicate or reproduce the same relationship
that existed in the bivariate table before considering the control variable?

► Replication pattern
► Specification pattern
► Suppressor variable pattern
► Negative linear relationship
Page#110
The replication pattern is the easiest to understand. It is when the partials replicate or
reproduce the same relationship that existed in the bivariate table before considering the
control variable. It means that the control variable has no effect.

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?

► Random technique
► Amount technique
► Type technique
► Presence technique
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#8
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to groups in
an experimental study?

► Split-half
► Even versus Odd numbers
► Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program
► Let the researcher decide which group will be the best
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#15
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following designs does an excellent job of controlling for rival hypotheses
that threaten the internal validity of an experiment?

► Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

► Posttest-only control-group design
► Pretest-posttest control-group design
► Posttest-only design without nonequivalent groups
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#18
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
produced by which of the following?

► Dependent variable
► Extraneous variable
► Independent variable
► Confounding variable
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm
Q#23
Handouts page#112
Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
What is the particular advantage of secondary analysis to business students?

► It is less challenging intellectually

► It guarantees positive results

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► It is less expensive and less time consuming than primary analysis
► It enables students to gain experience of the workplace
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/
Q#2
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Why do many data sets used for secondary analysis, contain high quality data?

► Because the data is presented attractively

► Because rigorous sampling procedures are commonly used
► Because the data sets focus on specific regions and issues
► Because the data is kept confidential
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/
Q#3
Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following types of analysis can be done using secondary analysis?

► The analysis of specific subgroups

► Longitudinal analysis
► Cross-cultural analysis
► All of the given options
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/
Q#4
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When an interviewer unintentionally and mistakenly checks the wrong response on a
checklist during an interview, this is an example of:

► Social desirability bias

► Interviewer error
► Interviewer cheating
► Sponsorship bias

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BJil19CAGQwC&pg=PA393&dq=Interviewer+ch
eating&hl=en&ei=c3YhTazRIoGaOvDHzJ0J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Interviewer%20cheating&f=false

Question No: 42 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When an interviewer asks the respondent to state which of six salary categories
represents his gross income the previous year, this is an example of a:

► Social desirability question

► Disguised question
► Structured question
► Unstructured question

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 43 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
"Can you tell me more about what you mean by that?" is an example of:

► A mall intercept
► A probe
► A self-administered questionnaire
► All of the given options
Page 84
Question No: 44 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Interviews with respondents that take place in shopping malls are called:

► Interviewer influence
► Mixed-mode surveys
► Protesting
► Mall intercept interviews
Page 66
Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are referred to as mall intercept interviews.
Question No: 45 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A questionnaire that collects information that is valid is said to be:

► Reliable
► Relevant
► Balanced
► Accurate

Question No: 46 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

All of the following are guidelines that help prevent the most common mistakes in
designing questions EXCEPT:

► Avoid complexity
► Avoid personal questions
► Avoid leading questions
► Avoid double-barreled questions
Page #78
Question No: 47 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a respondent in a personal interview is asked questions about shopping at a
specific department store in the shopping mall, and then is asked general questions about
shopping at that mall, what type of mistake has been made in questionnaire design?

► Double-barreled effect
► Filter effect
► Loaded effect
► Order bias
Page 78
Question No: 48 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
 Which of the following is a non probability sampling technique in which an experienced
individual selects the sample based on his or her judgment about some appropriate
characteristics required of the sample member?

► Subjective sample
► Stratified sample
► Judgment sample
► Cluster sample
Judgment Sampling
• Also called purposive sampling
• An experienced individual selects the
sample based on his or her judgment
about some appropriate characteristics
required of the sample member

http://cvlearn.com/Documents/Sample%20Designs%20and%20Sampling%20Procedures.
pdf

Question No: 49 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which type of sampling is a sub sample drawn using simple random sampling within
each stratum?

► Cluster sampling
► Stratified sampling
► Systematic sampling
► Convenience sampling
Page#94
Hence in stratified random sampling a sub sample is drawn utilizing simple random
sampling within each stratum. (Randomization is not done for quota sampling).
Question No: 50 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a field interviewer records an impossible answer (e.g. birth date: 1850), this means
that the data need to be:

► Coded
► Deleted
► Edited
► None of the given options
Page#97
Editing
Occasionally, a fieldworker makes a mistake and records an improbable answer (e.g.,
birth year: 1843)or interviews an ineligible respondent (e.g., someone too young to
qualify).
Question No: 51 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
All of the following are software packages that can be used for data analysis EXCEPT:

► SPSS

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► SAS
► Excel
► Word
http://www.stattutorials.com/

Question No: 52 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When initial subjects are selected randomly and additional subjects are obtained from
recommendations of names from the initial subjects, this sampling technique is called:

► Judgment sample
► Snowball
► Convenience sample
► Cluster sample
Page#91
And also here is link
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/You_are_in_charge_of_promoting_a_new_flavor_of_toothpas
te_yet_to_be_produced_in_a_toothpaste_manufacturing_unit_Which_sampling_techniqu
es_will_you_use_to_get_the_required_data_from_a_population

Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.
While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of
introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will
represent a good cross section from the population.

Question No: 53 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When a local television station sends a crew to interview joggers in the Iqbal park on a
beautiful spring day, this represents what type of sample?

► Cluster sample
► Convenience sample
► Multistage area sample
► Systematic sample
Page#90

Question No: 54 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In a typical line graph, the _____ variable is shown on the vertical y-axis and the
_____variable is shown on the horizontal x-axis.

► Dependent; independent
► Ratio; nominal
► Independent; dependent
► Primary; secondary
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ifLei-
KbC_cC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=In+a+typical+line+graph+independent+variable+is
+shown+on+the+vertical+y-

http://www.vustudents.net
axis&source=bl&ots=nCL5LJbF3b&sig=2HUGkg9kdwDpKbOXK6uNi-
Miymk&hl=en&ei=WBEmTcLZM4_zsgbbna3WAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Line%20graphs&f=false

Question No: 55 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the
experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables?

► Confound
► Interaction
► Randomization
► Repeated measures
Page #112
Question No: 56 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which experimental design has the following symbols: O1 X O2?

► Solomon four-group design

► Static group design
► One-group pretest-posttest design
► None of the given options
Page#118

Question No: 57 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it
allows researchers to return subjects to normal?

► Manipulation check
► Cohort analysis
► Debriefing
► Deception

Question No: 58 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

All of the following elements of Observation is/are included in Non Reactive research
EXCEPT:

► Count Behaviors
► Time Duration
► External Appearance
► Other Records
Page#124
Question No: 59 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is an advantage of focus group interviews?

► Provide multiple perspectives

► Low degree of scrutiny
► Inexpensive

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Easy to use for sensitive topics
Page#156
The primary advantage of focus groups is its ability to quickly and inexpensively grasp
the core issues of the topic.
http://www.webcredible.co.uk/user-friendly-resources/web-usability/focus-groups.shtml

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 60 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is the ideal size of a focus group?

► 1-2 participants
► 3-5 participants
► 6-12 participants
► 12-20 participants
Page#152
A focus group discussion is a group discussion of 6-12 persons guided by a
facilitator, during which group members talk freely and spontaneously about a certain topic.

Question No: 61 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The written set of guidelines that describes an outline of topics to be covered by a focus
group moderator is called a:

► Discussion guide
► Concept test
► Case study
► All of the given options
http://www.answers.com/topic/focus-group
A focus group is a marketing research tool in which a small group of people (typically
eight to ten individuals) engages in a roundtable discussion of selected topics of interest
in an informal setting. The focus group discussion is typically directed by a moderator
who guides the discussion in order to obtain the group's opinions about or reactions to
specific products or marketing-oriented issues, known as test concepts.

Question No: 62 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In a prepared report, which of the following comes first?

► Title fly page

► Executive summary
► Table of contents
► Title page
Page#159
Question No: 63 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In a prepared report, what should follow the discussion section?

► Tables
► Title page
► References
► Abstract
Page#160
Question No: 64 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Constructing a detailed moderator’s outline for use during the focus group interviews
involves extensive discussions among the ______, _______, and ______.

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Researcher; moderator; and respondents
► Researcher; client; moderator
► Researcher; client; respondent
► Client; respondent; moderator

FINALTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 4)
Ref No: 1518507
Time: 90 min
Marks: 69
Student Info
StudentID:

Center:

ExamDate: 17 Aug 2010

For Teacher's Use Only

Q No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

Marks

http://www.vustudents.net
 Q No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Marks

Q No. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Marks

Q No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Marks

Q No. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Marks

Q No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Marks

Q No. 49 50 51 52 53

Marks

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

An inductive logic is one that:
► Involves testing as explicitly defined hypothesis.

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Does not allow for findings to feed back into the body of knowledge.
► Uses quantitative methods whenever possible.
► Allows theory to emerge out of the data.

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following research questions is BEST answered using action research?
► How can I improve the interaction of students of different ethnicity in my
class?
► What factors influence student interaction in multiethnic classes?
► Is there a difference between male and female acceptance of others in multiethnic
classes?
► How do students from Asian countries adjust to classroom practices in U.S.
schools?
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.cw/index.html

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
► Variables are tightly controlled.
► Results are generalizable.
► Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
► Data are usually qualitative.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.cw/index.html

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 )http://vustudents.ning.com - Please choose one

Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be
applied to this statement?
► The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
► The data-collection technique.
► The type of data collected.
► Type, technique and manipulation of data collection.

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT a drawback to free response items?
► Results from free response items take longer to analyze.
► Many participants tend not to answer free response items.
► Free response items allow participants to add information that was not directly
requested.
► Many participants tend to be less truthful in free response items.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, except;
► Volumes
► Full names of the authors
► Titles
► Price

http://www.vustudents.net
 pg29
What to Record
After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference (full names of the
authors,titles, volumes, issue, pages)

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is an example of a question about normative standards and
values?
► How many workers are employed at this plant?
► What is your attitude towards the management at this plant?
► Do you always cast your vote in trade union elections?
► Are you aware of the main features of the European Union Directive for
informing and consulting employees?
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch10/

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using social survey
research to investigate behaviour?
► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening
question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are
likely to be identified.

http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch11/

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is an example of a dilemma that might face feminist business
researchers conducting qualitative interviews with women?
► What role to adopt while interviewing male managers?
► How many female employees should be interviewed for a representative sample?
► How to overcome the issue of false consciousness?
► What data to use while publishing findings?
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch18/
Q#9

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of qualitative data?
► Rich descriptions
► Concise
► Voluminous
► Unorganized
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9871/2527149.cw/content/index.
html

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Why is describing the context equally, as important aspect of qualitative data analysis as
is describing the participants?
► Descriptions of context are more objective than descriptions of participants.
► Descriptions of context are based on facts, not perceptions.
► Participants' behavior cannot be separated from the context in which it
occurs.
► Participants are the context.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9871/2527206.cw/index.html
Q#4

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one is not the part of non reactive research?
► Physical traces
► Archives
► Observations
► Interviews
Page#124
Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The information gained by someone other than researcher conducting the study is called
_______________.
► Primary data
► Reliable data
► Valid data
► Secondary data
page#131
Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting
the present study.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is not an example of historical comparative research?
► Social Forms
► Economic Forms
► Civil Wars
► Turnover
Page#143
Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following would you recommend to a graduate student to ensure the
quality of his research report?
► Write a detailed explanation of the methods used to investigate the problem.
► Explicitly state underlying assumptions related to the topic.
► Acknowledge the limitations of generalizability while assisting the reader in
understanding the transferability of the findings.
► Detailed method, assumptions and limitation.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381491.cw/index.html
Q#2

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In which of the following Tests, we usually go for personal interviewing to test the
questionnaire?

► Test Run
► Pilot Test
► Post Hoc Test
► T- Test
Page#80

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which of the following Tests, we should come to know, does a questionnaire look like
an integrated unit?

► Test Run
► Pilot Test
► Post Hoc Test
► T- Test

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is that element or set of elements considered for selection in
some stage of sampling?

► Parameter
► Sampling Unit
► Observation Unit
► Statistic
page#89
A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of
sampling.

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If you are going on the street and suddenly a TV reporter starts taking your interview
regarding any issue, which of the following sampling technique is used by the TV
reporter?

► Purposive Sampling
► Snowball Sampling
► Convenience Sampling
► Quota Sampling
Page#90

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
 Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative
research?

► Simple random sampling

► Systematic sampling
► Quota sampling
► Purposive sampling
Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative
research?
It is similar to purposive sampling.
http://www.google.com.pk/#hl=en&biw=800&bih=411&q=Sampling+in+qualitative
+research+is+similar+to+which+type+of+sampling+in+quantitative+research%3F+
++++++++%E2%96%BA+Simple+random+sampling++++++++%E2%96%BA+Sy
stematic+sampling++++++++%E2%96%BA+Quota+sampling++++++++%E2%96
%BA+Purposive+sampling&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=c4ef4ebbe35c98
d0
See CH#9 in the above link

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT a type of Non-random sampling?

► Cluster sampling
► Convenience sampling
► Quota sampling
► Purposive sampling
Page#90_92
Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Historical-Comparative researchers sometimes use;

► Time-series data
► Primary data
► Secondary data
► Analyzed data
(PAGE 151)
Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following refers to the partials replicate or reproduce the same relationship
that existed in the bivariate table before considering the control variable?

► Replication pattern
► Specification pattern
► Suppressor variable pattern
► Negative linear relationship
(page 110)
The replication pattern is the easiest to understand. It is when the partials replicate
or reproduce the same relationship that existed in the bivariate table before
considering the control variable.

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
As a researcher you need Not to;

► Master the literature

► Take numerous detailed notes
► Create a bibliography list
► Learn your findings
(page 147)
As the researcher masters the literature and takes numerous detailed notes, he or she
completes many specific tasks: creating a bibliography list (on cards or on computer) with
complete citations, taking notes that are neither too skimpy nor too extensive, leaving
margins on note cards for adding themes later on, taking all note in the same format, and
developing a file on themes or working hypothesis.
A researcher adjusts initial concepts, questions, or focus on the basis of what he or she
discovers in the evidence. New issues and questions arise as he or she reads and considers a
range of research reports at different levels of analysis (e.g., general context and detailed
narratives on specific topic), and multiple studies on a topic, crossing topic boundaries.
Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following relates with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal
mechanism?
► Analysis
► Synthesis
► Results
► Findings
Synthesis links specific evidence with an abstract model of underlying relations or
causal mechanism
Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher, controls both
known and unknown variables?

► Building the extraneous variable into the design

► Matching
► Random assignment
► Analysis of covariance
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/lectures/lec9.htm

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) http://vustudents.ning.com - Please choose one

Which of the following is more operational with the help of coding system?

► External Appearance
► Count Behaviors
► Content analysis
► Time Duration
http://free-books-online.org/mathematics/business-mathematics-statistics/research-
methods-business-mathematics-statistics/non-reactive-research-2/

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
What is the particular advantage of secondary analysis to business students?

► It is less challenging intellectually

► It guarantees positive results
► It is less expensive and less time consuming than primary analysis
► It enables students to gain experience of the workplace
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following similarity is found in Qualitative research and Survey research?

► Examine topics primarily from the participants' perspectives.

► They are guided by predetermined variables to study.
► They are descriptive research methods.
► Have large sample sizes.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A single element or group of elements that is eligible for selection via the sampling
process is called a:

► Sampling panel
► Sampling unit
► Sampling error
► Sampling quota
Sample unit (subject) – single element selected in the sample; could be a group
( could be a two stage process)

LECTURE 10 - SAMPLING FUNDAMENTALS

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Codes are rules for _____ data.

► Classifying
► Interpreting
► Recording
► All of the given options

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following contain the captions for the rows of a table?

► Boxheads
► Footnotes
► Source notes
► None of the given options

http://www.vustudents.net
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0yypXFrjn8sJ:nces.ed.gov/statpr
og/styleguide/excel/appendixH.xls+Which+of+the+following+contain+the+captions+for
+the+rows+of+a+table%3F+%E2%96%BA+Boxheads+%E2%96%BA+Footnotes+%E2
%96%BA+Source+notes+%E2%96%BA+None+of+the+given+options&cd=8&hl=en&c
t=clnk&gl=pk

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The experimental design that uses one-group, a treatment, and a posttest is called
_________.

► One-shot case study design

► Pretest posttest control group design
► Solomon four-group design
► One-group pretest posttest design
Page#117
One-shot Case Study Design: Also called the one-group posttest-only design, the
one-shot case study design has only one group, a treatment, and a posttest.
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Karachi will hold in a
national rollout of the new product, this researcher is concerned with:

► Internal validity
► The repeated measures effect
► Constant error
► External validity

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Obtaining secondary data is typically _____ and _____ expensive than obtaining primary
data.
► Faster; more
► Slower; more
► Faster; less
► Slower; less
Secondary data is readily available at cheap rates and is usually quite
inexpensive.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_advantages_of_secondary_market_researc
h
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary data?

► User has no control over their reliability and validity

► Inability to convert the data
► Typically require additional access to research respondents
► All of the given options

http://www.vustudents.net
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=bwlAZHmjABcC&pg=PA31&dq=which+of+the+
following+is+a+disadvantage+of+secondary+data%3F&hl=en&ei=ikknTaL0HsLvsgaw_
LzUAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&sqi=2&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=
onepage&q&f=false

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The study of documents used by writers is a method of ___________.

► In-depth analysis
► Time series analysis
► Regression analysis
► None of the given options

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
► Its broad historical processes
► Comparing forms
► Tracing the development of social forms
► All of the given options
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
• Tracing the development of social forms (patterns) overtime as well as its broad its broad
historical processes, and
• Comparing those forms and its developmental processes across cultures
(countries/nations).
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a manufacturer studies his most successful retailer in depth in order to determine
some better ideas for displaying bicycles in its retail stores, this is an example of:

► An experiment
► A test market
► A case study
► Causal research

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

An interview conducted by a trained moderator among a small group of respondents in
an unstructured and natural manner is a _________.

► Depth interview
► Focus group
► Case study
► None of the given options
http://www.scribd.com/doc/24201934/Definition-of-Marketing-Research

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following represents this reference: Riley, T., & Brecht, M. L. (1998).

http://www.vustudents.net
The success in mentoring process. In R. Williams (Ed.) Mentoring and career success.
pp. 129-150. New York: Wilson Press.

► Edited book
► Book by a single author
► Book by more than one author
► Chapter in an edited book
(page 165)
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Following are the characteristics of the research EXCEPT:
► Systematic
► Data based
► Subjective approach
► Scientific inquiry
Therefore, research may be considered as an organized, systematic, data based,
critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem,
undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.( Page#2)

Question No: 43 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A variable that is likely to develop with the passage of time between the independent and
dependent variable is called:

► Moderating Variable
► Intervening Variable
► Confounding Variable
► Predictor Variable
(PAGE 20)
Question No: 44 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which type of research is involved in preliminary data collection stage?
► Descriptive
► Exploratory
► Explanatory
► Cannot be determined at this stage of research
(page 36)
Question No: 45 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one of the following is NOT a type of scales used in measurement of concepts?
► Normal Scale
► Ordinal Scale
► Interval scale
► Ratio Scale

Question No: 46 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.
► Hypothesis
► Results

http://www.vustudents.net
 ► Procedure
► Sensitivity

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=7cYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA231&lpg=PA231&dq
=A+measure+is+reliable+if+it+provides+consistent+result&source=bl&ots=zHHSss5A
Qh&sig=DhejQH8ztWM_SzYoZozuUv5r4Xg&hl=en&ei=slYnTbaIKIqW8QPJ3LHsAg
&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=
A%20measurement%20scale%20that%20provides%20consistent%20result&f=false

Question No: 47 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following typically does NOT apply to observers in survey research
studies?
► They observe predetermined activities.
► They are participant observers.
► They obtain information by watching rather than asking.
► They must be careful not to influence the activities they observe.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html

Question No: 48 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?

► Panel study
► Trend study
► Cohort study
► Census study
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381582.cw/index.html

STA630_FinalTerm_Fall2009

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
An experiment has high _____ if one has confidence that the experimental
treatment has been the source of change in the dependent variable.

Internal validity

External validity

Internal and external validity

Internal and external reliability

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

_________ is the arbitrary and subjective.

Probability sampling

Non- Probability sampling

Cluster sampling

All of the given options

http://www.vustudents.net
The selection of units in non-probability sampling is quite arbitrary,
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT included in the stages of interviewing?

Asking questions

Recording the responses

Probing

Coding the data

(Page no.83 and 84)

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Critical decision areas in questionnaire construction are____________

Question content

Question wording

Response strategy

All of the given options (most appealing)

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

__________ is based on the concept of random sampling.

Non- probability sampling

Probability sampling

Random sampling

Multiple sampling

The simple random is the best known probability sample,

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A sampling design in which the elements in the population do NOT have a known
or predetermined chance of being selected as sample subject is:

Convenience sampling

Stratified sampling

http://www.vustudents.net
Non-Probability sampling

Probability sampling
Page No.90
http://www.slidefinder.net/s/sampling_sample_design_jn602_week/5349303

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

_________ is the population for which results are required.

Finite population

Infinite population

Target population

None of the given options

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following technique yields a simple random sample?

Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate

Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random

Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random
number table to pick cases from the table

Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc7.htm

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to
determine the initial equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment
variable is introduced into the research setting.

(a) One-group pretest-posttest design

(b) Pretest-posttest control group design

(c) Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

(d) Both b and c

http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc9.htm

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
Where do you provide a step-by-step account of what the researcher and
participants did during the research study?

Introduction

Abstract

Procedure

Design
http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/lectures/lec18.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/procedure

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following has high response rate?

Mail interviewing

Telephone interviewing

Personal interviewing

None of the given options

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=FqF7n0zGJm0C&pg=PA380&lpg=PA380&
dq=Personal+interviewing+has+high+response+rate&source=bl&ots=n5Hluy7k7
b&sig=MUD7RdNcwC0DZXd7X_mnAXw_zJQ&hl=en&ei=-
3AnTf24GsPrsgaeqsnCAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0
CFYQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=response%20rates%20are%20very%20high&f
=false

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Observation studies are also known as ________ research.

Experimental

Field

Quantitative

None of the given options

(page 134)
Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Open-ended questions provide primarily ______ data.

Unprocessed data

http://www.vustudents.net
Qualitative data

All of the given options

None of the given options

http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/mcq/mc6.htm

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one of the following is NOT a major method of data collection:

Questionnaires

Interviews

Focus groups

All of the given options are methods of data collection

http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56606-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

In non participant observation the observer is just an observer.

In participant observation, the data accuracy is high.

Participant observation is also referred to as field research.

None of the given options

(page 134 review again)

FINALTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 1)

http://www.vustudents.net
Marks: 80

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of action research?
Action researchers have basic research skills to collect and analyze
data.
All professionals need and want feedback on their performance.
Results enable the researchers to evaluate the performance of
others.
Teachers are capable of assuming responsibility for their own
professional growth.

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.cw/index.html

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following statements it TRUE for operational definition?
It is one that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
It is an abstract, theoretical definition of a concept
A definition of a concept in terms of specific and empirical
measures.
It is one that refers to opera singers and their work.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch06/

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?
A quantitative study.
A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
A qualitative research design.
The operational definition of the study.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When the research starts from the effects and tracing the reasons
back in time, what does it called?
Case study
Experiment
Observation studies
Historical comparitive research
Ref. Page No.38:It is more like a clinical analysis in retrospect;
starting from the effect and tracing the reasons back in time. The
researcher takes the history of the situation and makes use of any
other relevant information about the case to identify the factors
leading to the present situation

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The extent to which a test provides scores that are meaningful,
appropriate, or useful is referred to as;
Reliability
Accuracy
Internal validity
Validity
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9866/2525945.cw/content/index.
html

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
Mr. Hasan s son has applied to a high school in Florida, but the
application was denied solely on his low score on the Iowa Test of
Basic Skills (ITBS). His son wants to attend this school and contends
his current grades and other standardized test scores speak well
to both his past work and future academic capability. Which of the
following characteristics of the ITBS is being questioned by this
student?
Construct validity
Content validity
Predictive validity
Concurrent validity
(page 56)
Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Internal consistency estimates of reliability such as the KR-20 or
Cronbach's alpha are used more frequently than other estimates
such as test-retest or parallel forms because internal consistency
estimates;
Are easily calculated.
Require only one administration of a test.
Are more accurate than all other types of estimates.
Are usually higher.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381232.
cw/index.html

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following functions is performed by the Odinal scale?
Categorize
Distance
Order
Unique origin
(page 53)
Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is measured by the Interval scale?
Order of the object
Magnitude of the object
Categorize the object
All of the given options

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Following are the properties of nominal scale, except;

http://www.vustudents.net
Least powerful
Suggest no order
Provide categorical information
Provide magnitude of object
(page 53)

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?
Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannot.
The distance between categories is equal across the range of
interval/ration data.
Interval/ratio variables contain only two categories.
Ordinal variables have a fixed zero point, whereas interval/ratio
variables do not.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199202959/01student/cqs/ch14/

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A study design in which the researcher might create_______ to
establish cause-and-effect relationship is called Experimental Design.
An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the
independent variable
A natural setting, control some variables and manipulates the
dependent variables
An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the
dependent variable
All of the given options
(page 112)

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following would LEAST likely be a data source for an
action research study
of "teachers' questioning techniques in social studies classes"?
Student questionnaires
Videotaping of classes
Students' standardized test scores
Classroom observation

http://www.vustudents.net
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.
cw/index.html

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Teachers are advised to predict the results of student attitudinal
questionnaires, because;
It will help them decide if students answered truthfully.
It gives them a point of comparison against which to judge
actual responses.
It will allow them to apply statistical procedures in analyzing results.
It helps them familiarize themselves with the questionnaires.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381508.
cw/index.html

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is an example of a question about normative
standards and values?
How many workers are employed at this plant?
What is your attitude towards the management at this plant?
Do you always cast your vote in trade union elections?
Are you aware of the main features of the European Union Directive
for informing and consulting employees?
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch
10/

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Questions that include negatives should be avoided because:
The respondent may miss out the negative word.
The respondent may be unsure how to answer if the question
includes a double negative.
The respondent may be led by the question.
All of the given options.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch
10/

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Random assignment to treatment groups is characteristic of which
kind of research?
Causal-comparative
Correlational

http://www.vustudents.net
Experimental
Descriptive
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.
cw/index.html

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is likely to happen if clear instructions are not
given as to how the respondent should answer the question?
Respondents may delete inappropriate answers rather than select
appropriate ones.
Respondents may choose only one answer when they need to
choose as many as apply.
Respondents may complete questions that are not relevant to them.
All of the given options.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch09/

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using
social survey research to investigate behaviour?
Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable
answer.
Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a
threatening question.
Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they
believe they are likely to be identified.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch11/

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the main purpose of pilot testing?
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research

purpose of pilot testing is to identify potential problems with the

methods, logistics, and the questionnaire.

PAGE#80

http://www.vustudents.net
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following sampling strategies was used when the three
students with the highest GPAs were selected?
Extreme case
Snowball
Maximum variation
Normal case.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381384.cw/inde
x.html
Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following best describes qualitative data analysis?
It begins after all the data has been collected.
It is an ongoing, cyclic process integrated into all phases of
research.
It is an awkward, haphazard process.
It builds from abstraction to specific, concrete examples
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_8/38/9871/25271
49.cw/content/index.html

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following represents the most general conceptualization
in qualitative data analysis?
Word
Topic
Category
Pattern
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/3814
83.cw/index.html

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The control procedure that allows the researcher to determine the
effect of the independent variable and the control variable on the
dependent variable both separately and in combination is;
Analysis of covariance

http://www.vustudents.net
Matching
Forming subgroups to represent all levels of the control variable
Randomization
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381796.
cw/index.html

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following could NOT be a cause of variation in high
school achievement?
Reading ability
Parental involvement
Teacher expectations
College attendance
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381743.
cw/index.html

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In experimental research, what does a researcher manipulate?
At least one dependent variable
All variables
At least one independent variable
At least one independent variable and one dependent variable
http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/datamethods/experim
entsquasi.jsp;jsessionid=8033E8BB02D45133662993CA48384870

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=j09b2rTVRsAC&pg=PA20&lpg
=PA20&dq=In+experimental+research,+what+does+a+researcher+m
anipulate%3F+At+least+one+dependent+variable+All+variables+At+l
east+one+independent+variable+At+least+one+independent+variabl
e+and+one+dependent+variable&source=bl&ots=noOlcPh4to&sig=L
hpCUWqO49uOTgxWrXUVC6_dha4&hl=en&ei=RMImTeDJCMKt8Q
OBqJzlAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCMQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In an experimental study, "the effects of inclusion on academic self-
concept of children with special needs", the researcher must control
which of the following?
The selection of subjects but not their assignment to a treatment
group.

http://www.vustudents.net
The selection and assignment of subjects.
The assignment of subjects to a treatment group but not their
selection.
Neither the selection nor assignment of subjects.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381820.
cw/index.html

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Ecological validity refers to:
The participants to whom results generalize
The instruments used to measure the independent and dependent
variables
The internal validity of a study
The context to which results generalize.
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/3818
20.cw/index.html

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Many beginner researchers believe that research involves testing,
treating, and testing again . This is an example of:
Comparison group research
Quasi-experimental research
True experimental research
Pre-experimental research
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/381820.
cw/index.html

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Single-subject research is LEAST concerned with:
Clinical significance
Internal validity
Validity of measuring instruments
External validity
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1491/3818
20.cw/index.html

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

http://www.vustudents.net
On which component of his field notes did Mr. Majid focused when he
expressed in his notes his thoughts and ideas about what he
observed?
Description
Reflection
Protocol
Formal data

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which section is the researcher allowed greater flexibility to
express opinions, discuss implications for educational practice, and
suggest additional research?
Review of the literature
Significance of the study
Results
Discussion
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1492/382157.
cw/index.html

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Determining the sample interval (represented by K), randomly
selecting a number between 1 to K, and including each K element in
your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Cluster sampling
http://www.google.com.pk/#sclient=psy&hl=en&site=&source=hp&q=
Determining+the+sample+interval+%28represented+by+K%29%2C+
randomly+selecting+a+number+between+1+to+K%2C+and+includin
g+each+K+element+in+your+sample+are+the+steps+for+which+form
+of+sampling%3F+Simple+Random+Sampling+Stratified+Random+
Sampling+Systematic+Sampling+Cluster+sampling&aq=f&aqi=&aql=
&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=165a74728c73b339

Systematic sampling

 Simple or stratified in nature

http://www.vustudents.net
  Systematic in the “picking-up” of element. E.g. every 5th. visitor,
every 10th. House, every 15th. minute
 Steps:

* Number the population (1,…,N)

* Decide on the sample size, n

* Decide on the interval size, k = N/n

* Select an integer between 1 and k

* Take case for every kth. unit

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A focus group session is ideally for;
1 hour
1 and half hour
2 hours
More than 2 hours
Page No.155 : For duration, a focus group session typically lasts up
to an hour and a half. Generally the first session with a particular type
of group is longer than the following ones because all of the
information is new.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and
identify the effect produced by which of the following?
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Independent variable
Confounding variable

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the process of identifying and classifying
each item and giving labels to each category?
Accretion
Count Behaviors

http://www.vustudents.net
Intensity
Coding

The process of identifying and classifying each item and giving labels to each
category. Later on each category may be assigned a numerical value for its entry
into the computer. In content analysis one can look at the manifest coding and latent
coding.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When do largest percentages form a pattern across cells?
If there is no relationship
If there is non linear relationship
If there is curvilinear relationship
If there is linear relationship
Page No. 107 : If there is curvilinear relationship, the largest
percentages form a pattern across cells. For example, the largest
cells might be the upper right, the bottom middle, and the
upper left.
Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following elements is/are not included for structuring
Observation in Non reactive research?
Frequency
Intensity
Direction
Accretion
(page 126
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A census taker often collects data through which of the following?
Standardized tests
Interviews
Secondary data
Observations
http://www.scribd.com/doc/22683412/Lecture-Notes-Research-
Chaper-1-9

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What is the particular advantage of secondary analysis to business
students?
It is less challenging intellectually
It guarantees positive results

http://www.vustudents.net
It is less expensive and less time consuming than primary
analysis
It enables students to gain experience of the workplace
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199284986/01student/cqs/ch13/

http://www.vustudents.net