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    Measurement of Angles and Directions

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    Joshua
    1. Meridians are used to define the direction of lines in surveying by referencing the horizontal angle made with a fixed line. A meridian passes through a fixed point and the observer's position. 2. There are four types of meridians: true, magnetic, grid, and assumed. Expedient methods to establish meridians include using a compass, the sun, stars like Polaris and the Southern Cross, or a wristwatch. 3. Units to measure angles include degrees, grads, mils, and radians. Designations of north points are true north, magnetic north, grid north, and assumed north.

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    Measurement of Angles and Directions

    Uploaded by

    Joshua
    541 views2 pages
    1. Meridians are used to define the direction of lines in surveying by referencing the horizontal angle made with a fixed line. A meridian passes through a fixed point and the observer's position. 2. There are four types of meridians: true, magnetic, grid, and assumed. Expedient methods to establish meridians include using a compass, the sun, stars like Polaris and the Southern Cross, or a wristwatch. 3. Units to measure angles include degrees, grads, mils, and radians. Designations of north points are true north, magnetic north, grid north, and assumed north.

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    1. Meridians are used to define the direction of lines in surveying by referencing the horizontal angle made with a fixed line. A meridian passes through a fixed point and the observer's position. 2. There are four types of meridians: true, magnetic, grid, and assumed. Expedient methods to establish meridians include using a compass, the sun, stars like Polaris and the Southern Cross, or a wristwatch. 3. Units to measure angles include degrees, grads, mils, and radians. Designations of north points are true north, magnetic north, grid north, and assumed north.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    541 views2 pages

    Measurement of Angles and Directions

    Uploaded by

    Joshua
    1. Meridians are used to define the direction of lines in surveying by referencing the horizontal angle made with a fixed line. A meridian passes through a fixed point and the observer's position. 2. There are four types of meridians: true, magnetic, grid, and assumed. Expedient methods to establish meridians include using a compass, the sun, stars like Polaris and the Southern Cross, or a wristwatch. 3. Units to measure angles include degrees, grads, mils, and radians. Designations of north points are true north, magnetic north, grid north, and assumed north.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS

    MERIDIANS
    The direction of a line is usually defined by the horizontal angle it makes with a fixed
    referenced line or direction. In surveying, this is done with reference to a meridian which lies in
    a vertical plane passing through a fixed point of reference and through the observer’s position.

    North

    Meridian Zenith

    West East

    Nadir

    South

    Four types of Meridians


    1. True Meridian – The true meridian is sometimes known as the astronomic or geographic
    meridian.
     GEOGRAPHIC MERIDIAN – Perpendicular distance on the basis of the equator
    or the equatorial pathways of the sun.
    2. Magnetic Meridian – A magnetic meridian is a fixed line of reference which lies parallel
    with the magnetic lines of force of the earth.
    3. Grid Meridian – A grid meridian is a fixed line of reference parallel to the central
    meridian of a system of plane rectangular coordinates. One central meridian, which
    coincides with a true meridian, is usually selected and all other meridians are made
    parallel to this meridian.
    4. Assumed Meridian – An assumed meridian is an arbitrarily chosen fixed line of
    reference which is taken for convenience.
    EXPEDIENT METHODS OF ESTABLISHING MERIDIANS
    1. Establishing Magnetic Meridian by Compass – The magnetic meridian can be
    established by setting up the compass over any convenient point and then sighting a
    distant object that marks another point on the meridian. For an accurate determination of
    the desired meridian, several sights should be taken during the setup and the compass
    must be rotated about its vertical axis and then positioned until the needle reads zero.
    2. Determining True North by Aid of Sun and a Plumb Line – In a level piece of
    ground, lean a pole approximately toward the north and rest it in a crotch made by two
    sticks.
    3. Determining True North by the Rising and Setting of the Sun – From a convenient
    position or station, observe the rising and setting of the sun on the same day or at setting
    on one day and rising the next. Along each direction establish a peg or marker. Measure
    the horizontal angle between the two markers then, establish another marker to define
    half of the measured angle. The line joining the observation station and the last marker
    established should point towards the directions of true north.
    4. Determining True North by Polaris – The big dipper is a useful reference constellation
    of the northern hemisphere. As a star group, it is the most familiar and easiest to
    recognize.
    5. Determining True South by the Southern Cross – The Southern Cross (or crux) is a
    constellation of the southern hemisphere which serves as a reference group of stars for
    determining the location of the earth’s South Pole.
    6. Determining Direction of True North (or South) by a Wrist Watch – An ordinary
    wrist watch can be used to determine the approximate direction of true north or south. In
    the north temperate zone only the hour hand is pointed toward the sun. A south line can
    be found midway between the hour hand and 12o’clock.
    UNITS IF ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
    1. The Degree – The sexagesimal system is used in which the circumferences of a circle is
    divided in to 360 parts or degrees.
    2. The Grad – The grad is the unit of measure in the centesimal system. In this system the
    circumference of a circle is divided into 400 parts called grads.
    3. The Mil – The circumference is divided into 6400 parts called mils, or 1600 mils is equal
    to 90 degrees.
    4. The Radian – The radian is another measure of angles used frequently for a host of
    calculations.
    DESIGNATION OF NORTH POINTS
    1. True North – is the north point of the true meridian.
    2. Magnetic North – a north point that is established by means of a magnetized compass
    needle hen there are no local attractions affecting it.
    3. Grid North – A north point which is established by lines on a map which are parallel to a
    selected central meridian.
    4. Assumed North – is used to portray the location of any arbitrarily chosen north point.
    NOTE: 360° = 400 grads = 6400 mils = 2 π rad

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