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Biology Some Points

The document discusses Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It explains that Mendel's law of segregation states that the two copies of a gene will separate from each other during gamete formation such that each gamete receives one copy, but not both. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during gamete formation independently of each other, allowing for new allele combinations between genes in offspring. A Punnett square can be used to predict the outcomes of crosses involving one or two factors.

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Nethra Sasikumar
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36 views4 pages

Biology Some Points

The document discusses Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It explains that Mendel's law of segregation states that the two copies of a gene will separate from each other during gamete formation such that each gamete receives one copy, but not both. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during gamete formation independently of each other, allowing for new allele combinations between genes in offspring. A Punnett square can be used to predict the outcomes of crosses involving one or two factors.

Uploaded by

Nethra Sasikumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mendel’s law of segregation states the following:

The two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from
parent to offspring.

OR

Therefore, only one copy of each gene is found in a gamete. At fertilization, two gametes
combine randomly, potentially producing different allelic combinations.

OR

Diploid organisms contain two copies of each type of gene. When they make gametes, only one
copy of each gene is found in a gamete. Two alleles cannot stay together within the same
gamete.

With regard to the T and t alleles, explain what the word segregation means.

Segregation means that the T and t alleles separate from each other so that a gamete receives one
of them, but not both.

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states the following:

Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells.

In other words, the allele for one gene will be found within a resulting gamete independently of
whether the allele for a different gene is found in the same gamete.

Why does independent assortment promote genetic variation?

Independent assortment allows for new combinations of alleles among different genes to be
found in future generations of offspring.

If a parent plant is Ttyy, how many different types of gametes can it make?

Such a parent could make two types of gametes, Ty and ty, in equal proportions.

What are the two different meanings of horizontal lines in a pedigree?

Horizontal lines connect two individuals that have offspring together, and they connect all of the
offspring that produced by the same two parents.

When to use binomial expansion equation to predict probability?


For example, we can consider a group of children produced by two heterozygous brown-
eyed (Bb) individuals. We can ask the question, what is the probability that two out of
five children will have blue eyes?

In this case, we are not concerned with the order in which the offspring are born. Instead,
we are only concerned with the final numbers of blue-eyed and brown-eyed offspring. To
solve this type of question, the binomial expansion equation can be used.

Law of segregation Law of independent assortment


 By conducting single-factor crosses, By conducting two-factor crosses, Mendel
Mendel proposed three key ideas proposed the law of independent
regarding inheritance: (1) Traits may be assortment: Two different genes will
dominant or recessive. (2) Genes are randomly assort their alleles during the
passed unaltered from generation to gen- formation of haploid cells
eration. (3) The law of segregation states
the following: The two copies of a gene A Punnett square can be used to predict
segregate (or separate) from each other the outcome of two-factor crosses
during transmission from parent to
The multiplication and forked-line
offspring
methods are used to solve the outcomes of
A Punnett square is used to deduce the crosses involving three or more genes
outcome of single-factor crosses and self-
fertilization experiments.

Sex-influenced inheritance should not be confused with sex- linked inheritance. The
genes that govern sex-influenced traits are autosomal, not on the X or Y chromosome.

Epistasis often occurs because two (or more) different proteins participate in a common
function. For example, two or more proteins may be part of an enzymatic pathway
leading to the formation of a single product. To illustrate this idea, let’s consider the
formation of a purple pigment in the sweet pea flower:

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