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Database System (ITC-408)

This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines what a database is, including that it is a collection of logically related data. It also defines what a database management system (DBMS) is, which is the software used to create and manage databases and allow users to store, process, and analyze data. The document then discusses the background of databases, including the disadvantages of traditional file-based systems compared to database systems, such as data redundancy, inconsistency, limited sharing and inefficient retrieval.

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Abdul Wahid
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265 views

Database System (ITC-408)

This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines what a database is, including that it is a collection of logically related data. It also defines what a database management system (DBMS) is, which is the software used to create and manage databases and allow users to store, process, and analyze data. The document then discusses the background of databases, including the disadvantages of traditional file-based systems compared to database systems, such as data redundancy, inconsistency, limited sharing and inefficient retrieval.

Uploaded by

Abdul Wahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database System (ITC-408)

Lecture 01
Introduction to Database System

Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Koondhar


Lecturer, ITC
Course Outline
 Introduction to Databases

 Database Environment

 The Relational Model

 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

 SQL: Data Manipulation

 SQL: Data Definition


Course Outline
 Database Planning, Design, and Administration

 Entity-Relationship Modeling

 Enhanced Entity-Relationship Modeling

 Normalization

 Advanced Normalization

 Design Methodologies
Books to follow
 An Introduction to Database Systems, Date, C. J.
8th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003.

 Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,


Implementation, and Management, Connolly, T. M.,
and Begg, C. E. 6th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2015.
Introduction
Data :
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be
something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.
Data are simply facts or figures. The term "Data" comes from a singular
Latin word, datum.

Information :
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given
context so as to make it useful, it is called information.
Examples of Data and Information

 The history of temperature readings all over the world


for the past 100 years is data. If this data is organized
and analyzed to find that global temperature is rising,
then that is information.

 The number of visitors to a website by country is an


example of data. Finding out that traffic from the U.S.
is increasing while that from Australia is decreasing is
meaningful information.
Introduction to Database
Definition 01:

 A collection of logically related data is called a database.

 Example: A database may contains part numbers, product


codes, customer information, etc.

 It usually refers to data organized and stored on a computer


that can be searched and retrieved by a computer program.
Introduction to Database
Definition 02:

A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific


purpose. (A telephone book is a common database.) A computerized
database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information
that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.

 Salesperson may contain a small database of customer contacts in


an Microsoft Excel file.

 A large corporation may build a large database in Oracle Database.


Introduction to Database
Definition 03:

A database is the collection of data about anything. Like


cricket teams, students, busses, movies, personalities, stars,
seas, buildings, furniture, lab equipment, hobbies, hotels,
pets, countries, and many more anything about which you
want to store data. What we mean by data; simply the facts
or figures.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
The database management system (DBMS) is the
software or tool that is used to manage the database and
its users.

A DBMS is a software that allows creation, definition


and manipulation of database, allowing users to store,
process and analyze data easily.

DBMS provides an interface or a tool, to perform various


operations like creating database, storing data in it,
updating data, creating tables in the database and a lot
more.
Database System
 It is the collection of database (to store the
data) and DBMS (tool to manage this data).

 Database and DBMS both jointly are called


database system.

 Example : MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL


Server….
Database System
Background of Databases
Traditional File-Based System
 Before the use of a computer, a manual file system was
used to maintain the records and files.

 After the emergence of computers, data were stored and


processed using a traditional file system and it makes it
easy to find any information.

 In this traditional file system, each file is independent of


other file and data in the different file can be integrated
only by writing an individual program for each application.

 Sometimes, it is not possible to identify all the programs


using data and identified on trial and error basis. All
functional areas in the organization create, processes its
own files.
Traditional File-Based System
Traditional File-Based System
Advantages of Traditional File-Based System

 Simple to use.

 Less complex.

 Minimal investment

 No requirement of the specialist.


Traditional File-Based System
Disadvantages of Traditional-Based File System

 Data redundancy (Each application has its own data file so, same data
may have to be recorded and stored in many times).
 Data inconsistency (Due to the same data items that appear in more
than one file do not get updated simultaneously in each and every file).
 Data dependence (Program and application in the file processing
system are data dependent but, the problem is incompatible with file
format).
 Limited data sharing.

 The problem with security.


Traditional File-Based System
Disadvantages of Traditional File-Based System

 Retrieval (retrieval is not easy).

 Time-consuming.

 Inefficient to maintain the record of the big firm


having a large number of items.

 Required Lots of labor work to do.

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