PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Pipeline and Riser Engineering Design

PTS 11.30.07
May 2015

© 2015 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across the
PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes all
phases of work activities.

Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of work,
goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where specific
requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established standards or
practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall ensure
accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering requirement and
shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international codes and technical
standards before start of any work.

PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.

The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be kept in
safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to PETRONAS
that this requirement is met.
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ANNOUNCEMENT

Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition to 7-
digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required make
reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to refer to
PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For further
inquiries, contact PTS administrator at [email protected]
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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5

1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM ......................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES .................................................................................................. 7
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT.......................................................................................... 8
2.1 CODE TRANSITION ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 DESIGN LIFE ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 MINIMUM DESIGN TEMPERATURE.................................................................................. 9
2.4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 9
2.5 PIPELINE AND RISER MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................... 11
2.6 PIPELINE AND RISER COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS................................................... 12
2.7 SURVEYS ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.8 PIPELINE ROUTING (ONSHORE/OFFSHORE) AND RISER ARRANGEMENT ..................... 15
2.9 PIPELINE STRENGTH CONSIDERATION ........................................................................... 18
2.10 BRANCH CONNECTION................................................................................................... 18
2.11 CORROSION PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 18
2.12 PIPE SUPPORTS AND CLAMPS ........................................................................................ 19
2.13 PIPELINE CROSSING........................................................................................................ 19
2.14 PIPELINE AND RISER BUNDLES ....................................................................................... 19
2.15 PIPELINE AND RISER INSTALLATION & PRE-COMMISSIONING ...................................... 21
2.16 OPERATING PHILOSOPHY............................................................................................... 22
2.17 PROVISION FOR PIGGING............................................................................................... 22
2.18 DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLEED ........................................................................................... 23
2.19 PIPELINE LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM (PLDS) .................................................................... 23
2.20 SUBSEA SAFETY ISOLATION VALVES (SSIV) .................................................................... 24
2.21 PIPELINE OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION ......................................................................... 25
2.22 PIPELINE AND RISER RISK ASSESSMENTS ....................................................................... 25
2.23 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS..................................................................... 26
2.24 PIPELINE BURIAL REQUIREMENT ................................................................................... 27
3.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................ 28
APPENDIX A: PIPELINE & RISER DESIGN AS PER ASME B31.4 OR B31.8 ................................ 32
APPENDIX B: PIPELINE & RISER DESIGN AS PER DNV OS F101.............................................. 36
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS specifies the minimum technical requirements for the design of onshore pipeline and
offshore pipeline & riser used for the transportation of hydrocarbons and other fluids in the
petroleum, natural gas and petrochemical industries.

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.1 Pipeline and riser (static & dynamic) are defined as system of pipes and other components used
for the transportation of fluids, between (but excluding) plants. A pipeline extends from pig trap
to pig trap (including the pig traps), or, if no pig trap is fitted, to the first isolation valve within the
plant boundaries or a more inward valve if so nominated.

1.1.2 This document does not cover the following topics, which are covered separately in other PTS:
i. Umbilicals, except for routing requirements.
ii. Detail methodology to perform pipeline sizing or flow assurance analysis to
determine an economic pipeline configuration.
iii. Specific design of pipeline safety system such as HIPPS, DCS and SCADA

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations.

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

None.

1.2.3 Specific Abbreviations

No Abbreviation Description

1 AGA American Gas Associations

2 ALARP As low As Reasonably Practicable

3 ANSI American National Standard Institute

4 API American Petroleum Institute

5 ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers

6 CBA Cost Benefit Analysis

7 CRA Corrosion Resistance Alloy

8 DCS Distributed Control System

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No Abbreviation Description

9 DN Diameter Nominal

10 DNV Det Norske Veritas

11 DTM Digital Terrain Model

12 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

13 EMP Environmental Management Plan

14 ESDV Emergency Shut Down Valve

15 FEA Finite Element Analysis

16 FEED Front End Engineering Design

17 HIC Hydrogen Induced Cracking

18 HIPPS High Integrity Pressure Protection System

19 IFL In-Field Liner

20 IRPA Individual Risk Per Annum

21 ISO International Organization for Standardization

22 MAH Major Accident Hazard

23 NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers

24 PGBOOM PETRONAS Guideline for Barges Operating Offshore

Malaysia

25 PLDS Pipeline Leak Detection System

26 PLL Potential Lost of Life

27 PRCI Pipeline Research Council International

28 PSR Process Safety Requirements

29 PST Process Safety Time

30 PTS PETRONAS Technical Standards

31 PU Polyurethane

32 QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment

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No Abbreviation Description

33 ROW Right of Way

34 RTP Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe

35 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

36 SSIV Subsea Isolation Valves

37 TCP Thermoplastic Composite Pipe

38 TLCC Total Life Cycle Cost

39 UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

40 UV Ultraviolet
Table 1: Specific Abbreviations

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 11.30.07 is a new PTS.
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2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Selection of codes and standards to be used for Pipeline & Riser Engineering shall follow local
government rules and regulations. If none is specified, the design shall follow ASME B31.4 or
B31.8 or DNV OS F101.

Pipeline design according to ASME B31.4 or ASME B31.8 shall follow general requirement
specified in section 1, 2 and amendment as indicated in Appendix A of this PTS.

Pipeline design according to DNV OS F101 shall follow general requirement specified in section 1,
2 and amendment as indicated in Appendix B of this PTS.
Any new technology or methodology shall be endorsed by Group Technical Authority.

2.1 CODE TRANSITION

2.1.1 Based on the above definition, the code transition at the pig launcher/receiver is as stated in
Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Code transition at the pig launcher/receiver.

For pipeline systems, which do not have a launcher/receiver, the code break shall be at the
first incoming and last outgoing valve which blocks pipeline flow.
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Piping

Pipeline
Piping
Pipeline

Figure 2: Code break and demarcation for offshore to onshore pipelines and riser

2.2 DESIGN LIFE

Pipeline shall be designed the same as the design life of the production facility and or
hydrocarbon field which is intended to serve.

2.3 MINIMUM DESIGN TEMPERATURE

Joule-Thompson effect during blow down condition shall be considered in determining gas and
two-phase pipelines minimum design temperature along the pipeline.

2.4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN

2.4.1 Hydraulic analysis (steady state & transient) should be performed to determine the possible range
of operational parameters of the pipeline, taking into account possible changes in flow rates and
operational modes, over the complete operational life of the pipeline.

2.4.2 The hydraulic analysis based on pipe size, fluid properties and flow rate should assess pressure &
temperature profile, surge pressure during shut down of a liquid line, turn down limitations and
inhibition or insulation requirements to prevent wax or hydrates deposition, effect of flow
conditions on the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors, liquid catching and slug control requirements
at the downstream end of two phase lines.
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Flow Velocities Low (late field life) Normal Continuous

Liquid Lines 0.3 to 0.5 m/s 1 to 2 m/s < 4 m/s

Liquid lines with separate > 1 m/s < 4 m/s

water phase

Gas Lines 5 to 10 m/s < 20 m/s

Two phase line > 3 m/s

Table 2: Fluid velocity limit for carbon steel pipeline
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2.5 PIPELINE AND RISER MATERIAL SELECTION

2.5.1 Pipeline material selection is mandatory requirement to be studied at the conceptual design stage
of a pipeline project. The selection shall be decided latest during FEED stage. The material
selection shall consider total life cycle cost of the pipelines, including maximal throughput and
expected turndown or downtime due to maintenance and repair. It shall also consider spare
material availability if the material is long lead delivery. Non-metallic materials (e.g. Reinforced
Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP), Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP), In Field Liner (IFL)) or flexible pipe
may be cost effective for specific applications, especially when the fluid is corrosive. The
composite material used for RTP, TCP, IFL and Flexible pipe shall have been qualified to long term
hydrostatic test as per the relevant codes.

Pipeline internal corrosion shall be assessed, taking into consideration varieties of process
conditions, which include:

i. Temperature and pressure of the internal fluid.

ii. Corrosivity of the fluid, in particular due to the presence of water combined with
hydrogen sulphide (sour corrosion), carbon dioxide (sweet corrosion), or oxygen.

iii. Velocity of the fluid, which determines the flow regime in the pipeline. In pipelines
transporting fluids containing water, too low velocities shall be avoided due
to settlement of water, which may lead to bottom of pipe internal corrosion, or in
case of gas pipeline, condensation of water may cause top of line corrosion; too
high velocities shall also be avoided as it can increase the overall
erosion/corrosion rate and also destroy any protective scale or inhibitor films.

iv. Deposition of solids, which may prevent adequate protection by inhibitors, and can
create anaerobic conditions for the growth of sulphate reducing bacteria.

2.5.2 The potential long-term impact of corrosion shall be considered during design, and it shall be
demonstrated that the pipeline can remain fit for purpose throughout its lifetime.

2.5.3 Carbon steel material shall be the base material for pipeline material selection. Alternative
materials shall be considered once internal corrosion studies and life cycle cost analysis indicates
non-suitability of carbon steel material.

2.5.4 When sour service conditions are foreseen, as specified in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, the line pipe
material and other materials shall be specified to resist sour service, regardless of whether or
not the fluid is to be dehydrated.
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2.5.5 Corrosion allowance thickness shall be based on internal corrosion studies. Corrosion
assessment shall be performed using corrosion prediction software. Life cycle cost analysis of
each material option shall consider corrosion mitigations such as corrosion inhibition,
cleaning/pigging and dehydration. If the corrosion allowance is too high, materials able to resist
corrosive conditions include solid CRA such as martensitic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels,
high nickel alloys and carbon steels with internal CRA cladding/lining as well as non-metallic pipe
shall then be considered.

2.6 PIPELINE AND RISER COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS

2.6.1 Carbon steel line pipe for use in oil and gas pipeline shall follow PTS 15.10.07.

2.6.2 Pipeline hot induction bends shall follow PTS 11.31.03.

2.6.3 CRA clad pipeline subjected to high tension and bending during installation and operation shall
be made by metallurgical cladding material only. Mechanically clad line shall only be used if it has
been proved by thorough testing and qualification. CRA clad or lined pipe shall follow PTS
15.10.04.

2.6.4 CRA clad carbon steel pipeline bends shall be made by metallurgical cladding or weld overlay.
Mechanically lined pipes shall not be used for pipeline bends.

2.6.5 Welded and seamless duplex and super duplex stainless steel line pipe shall follow PTS 15.10.05.

2.6.6 Weldable martensitic stainless steel line pipe shall follow PTS 15.10.06.

2.6.7 Internal coatings by itself cannot be relied for complete prevention of internal corrosion.
Internal coating for flow enhancement purpose shall follow PTS 11.32.07.

2.6.8 Internal lining (e.g. polyethylene) can be applied by insertion methodology for internal
corrosion protection. Conditions that may cause internal liner wall collapse shall be avoided.
Thermoplastic lining of pipelines shall follow PTS 11.32.06.

2.6.9 External coating material shall be used for external coating protection, supplemented by cathodic
protection system. Only material recognized by prime standard as per Appendix A or B shall be
used, unless it has been proven for use by Owner or qualified according to Owner requirement.

2.6.10 External polyethylene and polypropylene coating for linepipe shall be in accordance with PTS
11.32.03.

2.6.11 External fusion bonded epoxy coating for linepipe shall be in accordance with PTS 11.32.04.

2.6.12 External bituminous enamel coating for linepipe shall be in accordance with PTS 11.32.05.

2.6.13 Coating for offshore riser protection shall be in accordance with PTS 11.32.08.

2.6.14 Concrete coating of linepipe shall be in accordance with PTS 11.32.09.

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2.6.15 Field joint coating material shall be compatible with the external coating material and able to
withstand the design temperature. Only proven or qualified material shall be used with approval
of Owner. An acceptable system for field joint coatings are:

i. Self-adhesive cold applied wrap tape with hot applied mastic infill (density of 1440
kg/m3) poured into a metal mould around the field joint.

ii. Heat shrink sleeve with PU foam infill.

iii. Self-healing solid viscoelastic polymer coating with melting point equal to
polyethylene/polypropylene material (150 deg C) with UV resistance outer wrap to
provide mechanical protection and PU foam infill.
iv. Fiber-reinforced epoxy.

2.6.16 Pipeline valves shall follow PTS 11.31.01.

2.6.17 Pipeline isolating joints shall follow PTS 11.31.05.

2.6.18 Carbon and low alloy steel pipeline flanges for use in oil and gas pipeline and riser shall follow PTS
11.31.07.

2.6.19 For other material such as fittings, bolt & nut, gasket, and pipeline ancillaries item shall only be
designed and manufacture in accordance to recognized standard as referenced by primary
standard in Appendix A or B.

2.6.20 New or little-proven technology shall only be envisioned when only a reasonable degree of testing
and qualification has been done prior to use. Any new material or technology to be used within
Owner shall be assessed and meet qualification requirement in accordance to Owner technology
assessment process, and endorsed by Technical Authority.
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2.7 SURVEYS

2.7.1 Detailed survey data shall be available prior to finalizing the pipeline route and carrying out
detailed design. These data should include:

ONSHORE PIPELINE
i. Soil resistivity for cathodic protection design.

ii. Population and building densities for the establishment of location classes, location
of inhabited buildings, taking into account any future land development plans.

iii. Topographical data, location of rivers, roads and railways, swampy area, including
type and density of traffic.

iv. Records of any existing special features, which will need reinstatement after
construction is completed.

v. Soil investigation for foundation design (e.g. burial and/or supports design), pipeline
crossing (e.g. river crossing, road crossings, restricted area crossings), subsidence
areas (e.g. due to mining activities), landslides and soil movement that involve large
area across the proposed ROW, especially at steep slope (more than 30 degree) and
slope area near water crossing (river, stream, drainage, run off). Special consideration
shall be taken for pipeline crossing mountainous area and area near geological vault.
Sufficient soil investigation point shall be selected to represent changes in soil
properties along the pipeline.

vi. Environmental data (climatic, floods, earthquakes, landslides, currents at river

crossings, vegetation, fauna).

vii. The existence of any geological and geotechnical surface and sub-surface features
that may incur soil and/or ground movement.

OFFSHORE PIPELINE AND RISER [Ref. PTS 11.30.06]

i. Soil investigation for on bottom stability design, expansion, global buckling and
trenching/burial.
ii. Seabed topographical data, including geophysical profiles, and location of rock/ coral
outcrops and other seabed features.
iii. Fishing, shipping, drillings, offshore construction activities (and other sea users)
activity data.
iv. Environmental data (climatic, currents, waves, bathymetry, earthquakes, landslides)
v. Third party facilities (e.g. submarine cable, umbilical, other pipeline) and concession
areas.
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2.8 PIPELINE ROUTING (ONSHORE/OFFSHORE) AND RISER ARRANGEMENT

2.8.1 Pipeline and riser route/arrangement shall take into consideration the installation technique.

For onshore pipeline, the following shall be considered:

i. Pipelines shall be routed away from any area prone to geo-hazard. If unavoidable,
detail soil investigation including ground water table elevation survey shall be
conducted; pipeline geo-hazard risk assessment and mitigation shall be provided to
prevent any geo-hazard that cause excessive, stress, especially bending or axial load
onto the pipeline.

ii. The pipeline alignment should consider space and alignment for future loop pipelines.
All pipelines shall have minimum permanent right-of-way with a width ranging from 4m
for DN150 and below, to 10m for DN600 and above.

iii. When several pipelines are installed in the same trench, the separation between two
adjacent pipelines shall be 0.3m minimum.

iv. The minimum distance for pipelines installed in a separate trench alongside an existing
buried pipeline should range from 2m for DN150 and below, to 5m for DN900 and
above.

v. The radius of curvature of the pipeline foundation along route should not be less than
500xD, D being the pipeline diameter. Cold (field) bend should be used when lower
value is necessary. Hot bend should be used for sharper curve.

vi. The crossing of existing pipelines, cables, power lines, roads, railways and waterways
should be at an angle between 60 and 90 degrees.

vii. When installing a pipeline parallel to power lines, the horizontal distance from any of
the power cables and posts should be at least 10m for power lines at 110 kV and above,
and 4m for power lines below 110 kV.

2.8.2 For offshore pipeline and riser, the following shall be considered:
i. The route should be selected such that the pipeline follows a smooth seabed
profile avoiding, wherever possible, coral growths, rock outcrops, soft or liquefiable
soils and other seafloor obstructions. If seabed irregularities cannot be avoided, a
spanning and in-situ stress analysis shall be performed at the relevant location.
Pipeline passing jack-up footprint shall be routed away 1 (one) time jack-up leg
diameter.

ii. Pipelines close to offshore platforms should, as far as possible, be arranged in corridors
to facilitate the anchoring of vessels for support and future construction activities at
the platform. ‘Spiderweb’ arrangements, with pipelines radiating in all directions from
the platform, should be avoided.
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iii. Pipelines routes should also avoid platform loading/landing zones and drilling rig
approach. Risers should not be placed under flare/vent booms. Minimum distance of
200 m shall be provided from pipeline to vent platform and 500 m distance from
drilling, production, riser and living quarter platform

iv. Straight lengths of pipe are normally necessary for pipelay start-up. Risers should be
protected from the marine activity around the platform and located away from the
living quarters (except for non-flammable, stable and non-toxic fluids which are
liquid at prevailing ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e.
the vapour pressure is lower than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature. Example:
water, slurries).

v. Other pipeline routing considerations, with regards to installation method, are barge
anchor patterns, vessel accessibility in platform and shore approach areas, start-
up/lay down anchor cable runs. Mooring lines, anchor lines and anchor patterns shall
follow PGBOOM.

vi. Route selection should be based on laying away from existing platforms, where a
minimum 500m of straight length is required near the platform. With exception of
vent pipelines, other pipelines shall be routed at least 200m from vent platforms.

vii. The crossing of existing pipelines and submarine cables should be at right angles.
When this imposes excessive additional route length, lower crossing angles shall not
be lower than 30 degrees.

viii. When installed adjacent to an existing pipeline, the minimum distance between
parallel pipelines should not be less than 50 m, or the value compatible with the
installation equipment whichever is higher (except at the platform approach).

ix. When pipe bundles is planned to be used as pipeline system, the pipeline route for
bottom tow or near bottom tow shall be carefully assessed and obstacles shall be
identified in advance so as to identify the required crossing methods or to identify any
alternative route as soon as at least one crossing is not feasible. The assessment of
towing route shall consider the minimum achievable radius of curvature along the
towing route and until the targeted route is obtained.

x. Horizontal separation of two separate pipelines reaching the platform shall be

sufficient to avoid clashing during installation. Minimum distance of 5 meters should
be used unless Contractor able to demonstrate that the proposed installation
methodology can perform the subsea tie-in safely without any clashing.

2.8.3 For offshore pipelines, the minimum radius of curvature at bends in the route is governed by two
factors:
i. The curve radius, which can be maintained in equilibrium during installation.

ii. The equivalent stress in the pipe wall during operation.

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As an approximation, soil friction enables a pipeline curve radius, R, if R is greater than the term,
T/f*w, where:

T = bottom lay tension

f = lateral pipe soil friction coefficient

w = submerged weight of pipeline when empty

Conservative values of T and f shall be adopted since the above equation ignores pipe stiffness.
Special consideration shall be given to route curvatures near pipeline ‘free ends’ (e.g. start-
up/lay down).

2.8.4 The effect of route curvature on the equivalent stress in the pipe wall (both onshore and offshore
pipeline) shall be checked on a case-by-case basis. Generally, bending stresses of up to 10% of
SMYS will have no adverse effect.

In the absence of suitable data, the following values may be used for conceptual design purposes:

Pipe diameter Minimum radius

Less than 10” nominal pipe diameter 1000 meters

10’’ to 18” nominal pipe diameter 2000 meters
Over 18” nominal pipe diameter 3000 meters

Pipeline alignment sheet drawings shall m a k e reference t o the Borneo grid (for pipeline in
Sarawak area), UTM grid coordinate system (for other area) or other grid imposed by local
governmental body, and shall show all pertinent route coordinates (e.g. start-up/lay down,
tangent points, intersection points, center points of curvature, kilometer posts).
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2.9 PIPELINE STRENGTH CONSIDERATION

2.9.1 Pipeline design shall follow one of the primary code & standard as amended and supplemented
in APPENDIX A and B of this PTS.

2.9.2 For onshore pipeline that traverses hilly and/or mountainous route/area, the design shall take
into account additional loading from possible soil and/or ground movement. A detail study or
assessment shall be conducted and endorsed by Technical Authority.

2.10 BRANCH CONNECTION

2.10.1 Minimum branch size installed in the pipeline system shall be 2 (two) inch.

2.10.2 Any branch line having size at least half of the main pipeline size shall be provided with bars to
avoid pig stuck.

2.11 CORROSION PROTECTION

2.11.1 Pipeline corrosion protection design shall follow PTS 11.32.01 (Onshore) and PTS 11.32.02
(Offshore).
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2.12 PIPE SUPPORTS AND CLAMPS

2.12.1 The design of pipe support and clamps shall follow API RP 2A-WSD.

2.13 PIPELINE CROSSING

2.13.1 A minimum vertical gap (no contact) of 0.3 m (plus an allowance for predicted settlement of pipes
and supports) shall be kept between the pipeline, cables and any other structures to be crossed.
Care shall be exercised to ensure adequate separation between the two lines so that the
possibility for electrical interference from the cathodic protection system or between the cable
and pipeline is minimized.

2.13.2 When the pipeline is found to be susceptible to lateral buckling, detailed analysis shall be
performed to ensure that upheaval buckling will not occur at the crossing location.

2.14 PIPELINE AND RISER BUNDLES

2.14.1 Pipeline and riser bundle system shall be investigated based on total life cycle technical and cost
assessment whenever the following issues are essential as functional requirement:

i. Availability of pipeline bundles fabrication site.

ii. Very high degree of quality control requirement during, fabrication, assembly,
transportation and installation stage (i.e. consequent reduction in laying corridor and
duration).

iii. Consequent reduction in the operations duration and requirement of controlled

environment inside carrier pipe (i.e. thermal preservation or heating.)

iv. Enhanced security against physical damages from external agents and reduced
environmental impact and risk.
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2.14.2 Selection of pipe bundle system shall as minimum consider the following:

i. Access for future tie-backs.

ii. Access for inspection, maintenance and repair.

iii. Installation.

iv. Ground occupation or space clearance.

v. Thermal preservation or active heating.

2.14.3 Each line and each component shall have the design lifetime, which is specified for the project or
field design life. Fabrication, assembly, transportation and installation of each line and component
shall not result in any reduction in the design lifetime of the bundle system or downgrading of the
specified performances of each of the lines. Combined thermal and mechanical design shall be
performed due to changes in thermal and mechanical properties at increased temperature, heat
transfer process and mechanical interaction between components.

2.14.4 Following order of priority of the functional requirements shall be assessed:

i. Normal operation.

ii. Incidental situations.

iii. Access for inspection, maintenance and repair.

2.14.5 When active heating (i.e. electric cables, hot water lines, phase changes materials) is required,
the following shall be assessed:

i. Local and global performance along the design life.

ii. Overall availability and reliability.

iii. Local and global impact on the design, fabrication, assembly, transportation,
installation and testing of the bundle system.

iv. Availability of monitoring and inspection tools.

2.14.6 The need and the location of “weak link” in the bundle shall be investigated in order to optimise
the replacement works, safely, technically and economically wise. Only engineered "weak links"
shall be used. The need for sectional isolation from water ingress (due to accidental wetting or by
design such as wet bundles) shall be carefully investigated, taking into account for the best
compromise between:

i. Amount of sections.

ii. Loss of performance of the wet section.

iii. Capability to operate the entire bundle under partial water ingress.
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iv. Repair philosophy.

2.14.7 The material used for each components shall be fully compatible each other to avoid corrosion.
Any components that cannot be reached once integrated in the bundle system shall be designed
accordingly so that effects and their consequences shall be carefully assessed. Either purging
valves or adsorbent systems shall be implemented as necessary to avoid any detrimental effects
due to permeation.

2.14.8 Potential effects of electrical cables on the cathodic protection of the pipeline shall be
investigated and compensated as necessary, either by adjustments on cathodic potentials and/or
by an adequate electrical insulation of the electric cables.

2.15 PIPELINE AND RISER INSTALLATION & PRE-COMMISSIONING

2.15.1 Pipeline installation requirement shall comply with PTS 11.34.03.

2.15.2 Hydrostatic pressure testing of pipeline shall be performed in accordance with PTS 11.34.01.

2.15.3 Pre-commissioning of pipeline shall be performed in accordance with PTS 11.34.02.

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2.16 OPERATING PHILOSOPHY

2.16.1 Pipeline and riser operating philosophy shall take into account of operations, inspection and
maintenance requirements, as well as established operating philosophy and practices, agreed in
advance with the personnel responsible for the operation of the pipeline. These include manning
levels for the operation, integrity monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline system, the
requirements for telecommunications and remote operations, means of access to the onshore
right of way, etc.

2.16.2 The design of pipelines, which are continuously in operation, should address the requirement
for bypass at components that need regular maintenance.

2.17 PROVISION FOR PIGGING

2.17.1 All pipelines shall be suitable to pass inspection pigs even if pig traps are not permanently
installed. Permanent pig traps shall be installed on all pipelines, except for vent and loading lines.

2.17.2 Pig launcher and receiver design shall follow PTS 11.31.02.

2.17.3 Vent and loading lines shall be designed such that temporary pig traps may be installed.

2.17.4 Pigging should be used for the pre-commissioning, commissioning and decommissioning of
pipelines, cleaning and corrosion control (removal of wax, debris and stagnant liquids, batch
inhibition), the control of liquid hold-up in gas lines, inspection with intelligent pigs, and pipeline
repairs if required. Permanent pigging facilities should be justified based on an analysis of pigging
frequency and operational constraints. The maximum acceptable distance between pigging
stations should be decided on the basis of anticipated pig wear and amount of collected solids.

2.17.5 The use of spheres should be limited to batch inhibition and to (partial) liquids removal in two-
phase lines. Spheres may be considered when automatic launching is envisaged, or for pigging of
branch lines, when the use of conventional pigs is not possible.

2.17.6 Permanent pig signallers should only be fitted when frequent pigging operations are anticipated.
Otherwise, temporary strap-on pig signallers or pig location devices should be used.

2.17.7 Ancillary equipment should be flush mounted and barred tees should be used on main line
sections of the pipeline. In the case of spheres, sphere tees should be used with drainage
provision to prevent collection of debris and liquids that could cause corrosive conditions in the
sphere tee annulus. Sphere tees should not be used subsea because of the difficulty in providing
drainage.

2.17.8 Pipeline operational pigging philosophy shall follow PTS. 11.35.01 and the pigs for use in
operational pigging shall follow PTS 11.35.02.

2.17.9 Inline inspection of pipeline shall follow PTS 11.35.03.

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2.18 DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLEED

2.18.1 The isolation of the main stream and of the ancillary equipment on pig traps requires careful
choice of valve type and configuration to allow safe operation, maintenance and repair without
depressurising or decommissioning the pipeline. A double block and bleed system, consisting of
two separate valves in series with a bleed point in between to allow diversion to a safe location
of any fluid leaking through either valve, should be used in the following situations:

i. Toxic fluids, any pressure class. Example: Hydrogen sulphide, ammonia.

ii. Non-flammable, stable and non-toxic fluids which are gases or a mixture of gas and
liquid at prevailing ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e.
the vapor pressure is higher than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature, ANSI class
600 and above. Example: nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

iii. Flammable, or unstable or non-toxic fluids which are liquid at prevailing ambient
temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e. the vapor pressure is lower
than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature, ANSI class 600 and above. Example:
stabilized crude, gasoil.

iv. Flammable, or unstable or non-toxic fluids which are gases or a mixture of gas and
liquid at prevailing ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e.
the vapor pressure is higher than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature, ANSI class
600 and above. Example: natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, un-stabilized crude (Full
Well Stream).

2.19 PIPELINE LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM (PLDS)

2.19.1 Requirement for the need of PLDS shall be determined by QRA.

2.19.2 PLDS selection, design and performance criteria shall follow PTS 11.33.02.

2.19.3 PLDS shall be applied only to single-phase pipeline. For multi-phase pipeline, the use of PLDS shall
be endorsed by Technical Authority.
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2.20 SUBSEA SAFETY ISOLATION VALVES (SSIV)

2.20.1 The requirement of SSIV or any other alternative protection and mitigation measures, especially
for gas pipeline shall be based on QRA. The following criteria shall be assessed in the QRA:

i. Minimum flow rate, sour severity, pressure, temperature, pipeline internal diameter
(ID), pipeline length, water depths, type of risers and its interfaces.

ii. Potential hazard and hydrocarbon release mechanism.

iii. Consequent analysis to model jet and pool fires and determination of impact on the
facilities.

iv. Event tree analysis, probability of hazard events and failure of protection systems to
determine the PLL, IRPA, probability of installation loss and pollution risk.

2.20.2 The QRA result shall be compared against the established risk acceptance criteria and implement
risk reduction mitigation to an acceptable level and within economic goals set for the particular
facility based on CBA or equivalent concept.

2.20.3 The following shall also be considered:

i. The impact of pig ability on design and operation.

ii. The need of permanent / temporary mechanical protections against impact,

iii. Minimise the inventories between SSIVs and the topsides.

iv. As check valves do not usually guarantee full tightness against reverse flow, the usage
shall only be considered if the risk demonstrated by usage of check valve in lieu of
subsea ball valve is meeting ALARP requirement.

v. Access for inspection, maintenance and repair,

2.20.4 The following shall be addressed as minimum to reduce the risks of not having an SSIV to an ALARP
level:

i. Avoid clashing occurrence, such as from dynamic risers.

ii. Evaluate needs and design of riser and ESDV protection against impact.

iii. Improve fatigue life design.

iv. Consider in-service monitoring an inspection of critical areas.

v. Implement passive fire protection.

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2.21 PIPELINE OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION

2.21.1 Technical and economic comparison shall be performed to assess whether it is required to have
fully rated pipeline or using section of pipeline with different rating protected by HIPPS valve.

2.21.2 The analysis shall consider the time required and length affected to build up pressure in case
upset condition is occurred.

2.21.3 The technical comparison shall also consider practicality of installation, operation and
maintenance of the pipeline.

2.21.4 The economic comparison shall consider TLCC of the pipeline.

2.22 PIPELINE AND RISER RISK ASSESSMENTS

2.22.1 Design, fabrication, transportation, installation and operation risks shall be assessed throughout
the duration of the project in order to identify potential problem areas associated with technical,
quality, cost, schedule, and safety.

2.22.2 Qualitative risk assessment shall be performed first during basic or FEED stage. If the risk is
considered MAH, then quantitative risk assessment shall be conducted.

2.22.3 Formal quantitative risk assessment shall be conducted in accordance to PTS 16.71.04 to all
pipelines except for pipeline carrying non-flammable, stable and non-toxic fluids which are liquid
at prevailing ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e. the vapour
pressure is lower than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature, such as water and slurries.

2.22.4 Pipeline failure modes, causes and their consequences should be documented and taken into
account in the design and the operating philosophy. As minimum, the following threats shall be
included:
i. Internal corrosion and HIC
ii. Internal erosion
iii. External corrosion and bicarbonate stress corrosion cracking
iv. Mechanical impact, external interference
v. Fatigue
vi. Hydrodynamic forces
vii. Geo-technical forces
viii. Growth of material defects.
ix. Over pressurization
x. Thermal expansion forces
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2.23 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

2.23.1 An EIA/EMP shall be carried out as per the local authority requirements. EIA/EMP is a process for
identifying the possible impact of a project on the environment, for determining the significance
of those impacts, and for designing strategies and means to eliminate or minimize adverse
impacts.

2.23.2 An EIA/EMP should consider the interaction between the pipeline and the environment during
each stage of the pipeline life cycle. The characteristics of the environment may affect pipeline
design, construction method, reinstatement techniques, and operations philosophy.

2.23.3 An EIA/EMP should give special consideration to the shore approaches of pipelines, where open
trenches may have a devastating effect on the stability of the shoreline.

2.23.4 Owner adopted three (3) categories of EIA for project development:

i. Category 1 EIA shall be required for a project that is likely to have significant adverse
environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts
may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. It is
almost certain that legislative approval is required for Category 1 EIA.

ii. Category 2 EIA shall be required for a project that has potential adverse impacts on
human population or environmentally-important areas – including wetlands, forests,
grasslands, and other natural habitats – but are less adverse than those of Category
1 projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in
most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category 1
projects. Category 2 EIA usually requires legislative approval.

iii. Category 3 EIA shall be required for a project that is likely to have minimal or no
adverse environmental impacts. This category usually requires only a desktop
assessment to identify the environmental aspect, evaluate impact, place mitigation
and control measures. Most Category 3 EIA reports do not require legislative
approval.
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2.24 PIPELINE BURIAL REQUIREMENT

2.24.1 Onshore pipelines shall be buried to protect them from mechanical damage, fires and tampering,
according to respective code & standard, local authority/government regulation and as required
by the pipeline risk assessment.

2.24.2 In case it cannot be avoided for the onshore pipeline to be exposed, sufficient protection shall be
provided based on QRA and shall be endorsed by Technical Authority.

2.24.3 Offshore pipeline should be buried when approaching shore area or if required by respective local
authority/government regulation. Pipeline burial for third party impact protection shall be based
on risk assessment result. Other requirement to bury the pipeline such as on bottom stability
mitigation or thermal preservation shall be studied on case-by-case basis considering the cost
benefit.
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3.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Free Span Analysis for Submerged Pipeline PTS 11.30.03
Upheaval Buckling of Pipeline PTS 11.30.04
Pipeline / Trawlgear Interaction PTS 11.30.05
Offshore Pipeline Route Survey PTS 11.30.06
Subsea Pipeline Lateral Buckling Assessment and Design PTS 11.30.08
Pipeline Transportation Systems - Pipeline Valves PTS 11.31.01
(Amendments/Supplements to ISO 14313)
Design of Pipeline Pig Trap Systems PTS 11.31.02
Line Pipe Induction Bends (Amendments/Supplements to ISO PTS 11.31.03
15590-1)
Pipeline Isolating Joints (Amendments/Supplements to MSS SP-75) PTS 11.31.05
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Pipeline Flanges for Use in Oil and Gas PTS 11.31.07
Operations (Amendments/Supplements to MSS SP-44)
Design, Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection PTS 11.32.01
Systems for Onshore Buried Pipelines
Design of Cathodic Protection Systems For Offshore Pipelines PTS 11.32.02
(Amendments/Supplements to DNV RP F103)
External Polyethylene and Polypropylene Coating of Line Pipe PTS 11.32.03
External Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Powder Coating for Line Pipe PTS 11.32.04
Bituminous Enamel Coating of Steel Line Pipe PTS 11.32.05
Thermoplastic Lined Pipeline PTS 11.32.06
Internal Coating of Line Pipe for Non-Corrosive Gas Transmission PTS 11.32.07
Service (Amendments/Supplements to ISO 15741)
Elastomer Coatings and Monel Sheatings for Offshore Riser PTS 11.32.08
Protection
Concrete Coating of Line Pipe PTS 11.32.09
Pipeline Leak Detection PTS 11.33.02
Hydrostatic Pressure Testing of New Pipelines PTS 11.34.01
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Pipelines Pre-Commissioning PTS 11.34.02

Offshore Pipeline and Riser Installation PTS 11.34.03
Operational Pigging Philosophy PTS 11.35.01
Pigs for Use in Operational Pigging PTS 11.35.02
Specifications And Requirements For Pipeline In-Line Inspection PTS 11.35.03
Pipeline Repairs PTS 11.35.04
Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) Manual PTS 11.36.01
Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines PTS 11.36.02
(Amendments/Supplemen ts to ASME B31.8S-2004)
Managing System Integrity for Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipelines PTS 11.36.03
Pipeline Operational Risk Assessment PTS 11.36.04
Non-Metallic Materials – Selection and Application PTS 15.01.02
CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe (Amendments/Supplements to API PTS 15.10.04
Spec 5LD)
Welded and Seamless Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Line PTS 15.10.05
Pipe (Amendments/Supplements to API Spec 5LC)
Weldable Martensitic Stainless Steel Line Pipe for Use in Oil and PTS 15.10.06
Gas Operations (Amendments/Supplements to API Spec 5LC)
Linepipe Specification (Amendments/Supplements to API 5L 44th PTS 15.10.07
Edition/ISO 3183:2007)
Spoolable Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Pipes PTS 15.11.01
Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities (Amendments / PTS 15.12.04
Supplements to ANSI/API STD 1104)
Field Welding of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipelines PTS 15.12.05
(Amendments/Supplements to API 1104)
Installation and Commissioning of Cathodic Protection Systems PTS 15.20.02
Protective Coatings and Lining PTS 15.20.03
Radiographic Inspection PTS 15.30.01
Ultrasonic Examination PTS 15.30.02
Quantitative Rik Assessment PTS 16.71.04

MALAYSIAN REGULATIONS
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 302, 1984 (incorporating
amendments up to 2006)
Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipeline) Regulations, 1985
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and ASME B31.4
Other Liquids, 2012
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, 2014 ASME B31.8
Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines, 2012 ASME B31.8S
Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipeline, ASME B31.G
2009
Pipe Flanges n Flanged Fittings (NPS 0.5 to 24”) ASME B16.5
Large Diameter Steel Flanges, 2011 ASME B16.47
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe, 2010 ASME B36.10
Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore API RP 1111
Hydrocarbon Pipeline (Limit State Design), 2011
Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing API RP 2A-WSD
Fixed Offshore Platforms, 2014
Qualification of Spoolable Reinforced Plastic Line Pipe, 2006 API RP 15S
Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe, 2008 API RP 17B
Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, 2013 API RP 17L2
Specification for Linepipe, 2007 API SPEC 5L
CRA Line Pipe, 2015 API SPEC 5LC
CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe, 2015 API SPEC 5LD
Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges API RP 5LW
and Marine Vessels, 2009
Specification for Pipeline Valves, 2011 API SPEC 6D
Specification for unbonded Flexible Pipe, 2014 API SPEC 17J
Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, 2015 API SPEC 17L1
Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways, 2013 API STD 1104
Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems, 2013 API STD 2RD
Submarine Pipeline Systems, 2013 DNV OS F101
Dynamic Risers, 2010 DNV OS F201
Pipeline Field Joint Coating and Field Repair of Line Pipe Coating, DNV RP F102
2011
Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes, DNV RP F103
2010
Free Spanning Pipelines, 2006 DNV RP F105
Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection, 2010 DNV RP F107
DNV Recommended-Practice for On-Bottom Stability Design of DNV RP F109
Submarine Pipelines, 2011
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Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines Structural Design Due to DNV RP F110

High Temperature High Pressure, 2007
Interference Between Trawl Gear and Pipelines, 2010 DNV RP F111
Design and Operations of CO2 Pipelines, 2010 DNV RP J202
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Pipeline transportation ISO 14313
Systems - Pipeline Valves, 2007
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Induction Bends, Fittings ISO 15590-1
and Flanges for Pipeline Transportation Systems - Part 1: Induction
Bends, 2009
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Induction Bends, Fittings ISO 15590-2
and Flanges for Pipeline Transportation Systems - Part 2: Fittings,
2009
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Induction Bends, Fittings ISO 15590-3
and Flanges for Pipeline Transportation Systems - Part 3: Flanges,
2004
Paints and Varnishes - Friction-Reduction Coatings for the Interior ISO 15741
of on-and Offshore Steel Pipelines for Non-Corrosive Gases
Steel Pipeline Flanges, 2006 MSS SP-44
Specification For High-Test, Wrought, Butt Welding Fittings, 2008 MSS SP-75
Sulphide Stress Cracking Materials for Oil Field Equipment, 2009 NACE MR-0175/ISO
15156 (1/2/3)
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APPENDIX A: PIPELINE & RISER DESIGN AS PER ASME B31.4 OR B31.8

A1. General
This section list amendment & supplement to ASME B31.4 and B31.8. It is recognized that, in some
countries, national regulations impose codes different than the ASME codes. In those situations,
this PTS provides a baseline with regard to the recommended minimum Owner requirements for
pipeline engineering.

Any conflicts between this PTS and ASME code shall be identified and resolution shall be
approved.

Pipeline systems designed for Owner in Malaysia shall comply with the Malaysian government
regulations as laid down in the Malaysian Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984.

Pipelines carrying fluids, which are liquid at prevailing ambient temperature and atmospheric
pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e. the vapour pressure is lower than 1.5 bar (abs) at ambient temperature,
shall be constructed in accordance with ASME B31.4.

Pipelines carrying fluids, which are gas or a mixture of gas and liquids at prevailing ambient
temperature and atmospheric pressure plus 0.5 bar, i.e. the vapour pressure is higher than 1.5
bar (abs) at ambient temperature, shall be constructed in accordance with ASME B31.8.

In addition to the following amendments, the DNV-OS-F101 shall be used whenever the main
reference documents are silent. Where the conveyed fluids are overwhelmingly CO2 (consisting
of predominantly carbon dioxide compressed above its critical pressure), then the conveyed fluid
shall be considered as liquid, and the design shall follow ASME B31.4 chapter X and recommended
practice according to DNV-RP-J202.

The extent of the offshore pipeline riser shall be as defined within ASME B31.4 or ASME B31.8
and shall not be arbitrarily modified by the definition contained within API RP 1111.

The exact location of transition between pipeline, pipeline riser, and platform piping shall be
documented. Expansion or connection spool at the riser bottom shall be designed with the same
design factor as the riser.

Shoreline approaches for pipeline designed to ASME B31.8 shall implement section A840.2.
Selected test pressure shall be documented.

Dynamic riser design shall follow API Std 2RD.

A2. Amendment & Supplement to ASME B31.4 & B31.8

i. Yielding
The maximum allowable stress levels shall be determined for each section of the
Pipeline System, according to the API RP 1111 and the recorded stress levels shall be
compared to the relevant maximum allowable values.
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ii. Burst Resistance in Deepwater

For deepwater where external pressure is significant, a supplementary check related
to the transient pressures shall be performed to ensure that an adequate level of
safety is maintained for pipeline designed to ASME B31.4. It is recommended to
perform a check ensuring a safety level, which is equal to safety level of an onshore
pipeline.

iii. Local buckling

If results indicate any possibility of buckling, further analysis shall be made in
accordance with par. 4 below and allowing for constraints during installation.

iv. Propagation buckling

The propagation buckling shall be analysed as per API RP 1111.
For a safe approach, the buckling propagation pressure is 1.4 times the prevailing
external hydrostatic pressure at the respected location.

v. Bar buckling
Buckling of pipelines under longitudinal compression shall be analysed in accordance
with API RP 1111. If the compression thrust load is significant then elastic limits shall
be reanalysed taking into account lateral deformation using large deformation
analysis.

vi. Lateral buckling

Lateral buckling assessment and design shall be performed using PTS 11.30.08.

vii. Cyclic loads and fatigue

Calculation of vibrations due to turbulence shall be made in accordance with API RP
1111.

viii. On Bottom Stability

On-bottom pipeline stability calculations in accordance with DNV-RP-F109 shall be
performed under wave and current loadings based on an unburied pipeline resting
on the seafloor.

a) At the shore approach section, wave refraction affected by pipeline route

angle, subsea bottom contour, and shoaling shall be included in the design.

b) The calculation shall use Stokes fifth-order, stream function, or Airy wave
theories with the significant wave height and period rather than the
maximum wave height.

c) Pipeline stability shall consider all relevant factors such as pre-trenching

and post jetting.
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As an alternative, latest version of PRCI’s Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability

and associated PC software may be used.

a) As minimum, analysis shall be equivalent to AGA Level 1 analysis.

b) AGA Level 2 analysis shall be preferred if soils information is available, as it

provides less conservative design.

ix. Pipeline Spanning

a) The maximum allowable unsupported pipeline span shall be determined
by code limitations on maximum allowable longitudinal and shear stresses
and vortex shedding criteria.
1. For the vortex shedding design, length of the unsupported spans
shall be limited to less than those that might cause resonant inline
vibrations to accrue unless accounted for and included in the
pipeline design.
2. Vortex shedding calculations shall be performed using DNV-RP-
F105, which references environment loads and condition in DNV-
RP-C205.
b) Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) calculation for unsupported span shall be
performed for as-laid, flooded, hydrotest, and operating conditions.

x. Pipeline Bottom Roughness Analysis

a) Bottom roughness analysis shall be conducted to identify free span

locations along the pipeline route that exceed the maximum allowable
span length (because of allowable stress criteria and VIV), for the
following conditions:

1. As-laid

2. Flooded

3. Hydrotest

4. Operating

b) Analysis shall be performed for the full set of pressure, density, thermal
loading, and residual bottom lay tension scenarios appropriate for each
condition.

c) Bottom roughness analysis shall be performed either with accepted

commercial program or with finite element analysis (FEA) program.
Supplier shall review the data files for quality to ensure all areas of the
pipelines are covered.
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d) Bottom roughness analysis shall include DTM along the pipeline route.
The DTM file shall be based on the pre-engineering survey.

e) Pipeline model shall be raised at crossing and tie-in locations based on the
crossing and subsea-structure design.

f) Seabed stiffness shall be based on the types of soil presented in the

geotechnical report.

1. Linear elastic stiffness shall be used.

2. If required, more complex patterns of behavior shall be included

in the pressure-versus-penetration relationship to account for
pipeline penetration during installation and/or after flooded
condition caused by plastic deformation of soil.

g) Spans that exceed the allowable span length and have a maximum
pipe/seabed clearance greater than 4 inches (0.1 m) shall be reported (in
tables and graphically) and evaluated for types of intervention. Pipeline
re-routing shall be performed if practical to minimize span correction.

.
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APPENDIX B: PIPELINE & RISER DESIGN AS PER DNV OS F101

B1. General

This section list amendment & supplement to DNV OS F101. It is recognized that, in some
countries, national regulations impose codes different than the DNV codes. In those
situations, this PTS provides a baseline with regard to the recommended minimum Owner
requirements for pipeline engineering.

Any conflicts between this PTS and DNV code shall be identified and resolution shall be
approved.

Pipeline systems designed for Owner in Malaysia shall comply with the Malaysian
government regulations as laid down in the Malaysian Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act
1984.

Where conveyed fluids are overwhelmingly CO2, recommended practice DNV-RP-J202 shall
be applied and used in conjunction with DNV OS F101.

Dynamic risers and compliant risers design shall comply with DNV-OS-F201.

B2. Amendment & Supplement to DNV OS F101

i. Section 5 C205
Stiffness of concrete shall be used in the pipelay analysis; the method proposed
in DNV-RP-F105 - section 6.2.5 for the evaluation of the stiffening effect should
be used.

ii. Section 5 C503

Stress intensification factors at bends shall be calculated in accordance with
Appendix E of ASME B31.8.

iii. Section 5 D500

Metal loss equal to 10% of corrosion allowance shall be considered for
propagation buckling check.

iv. Section 5 D604

After:
“A load controlled design criterion can always be applied in place of a
displacement controlled design criterion”
Add:
“At Basic Engineering level, local buckling shall be verified according to load
controlled criteria and displacement controlled criteria.”
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v. Section 5 E502
The loss of weight caused by 10% loss of corrosion allowance shall be accounted
for under the in-service stability checks.

vi. Section 6 D204

After:
“An external corrosion allowance of 3 mm shall be applied to C-Mn steel risers of
safety class Medium and High in the splash zone.”
Add:
“A specific coating to be approved by Owner may substitute this requirement for
the splash zone”.

vii. Sections 6, 7 and 8, appendices B, C, D and E: Material, Welding and Non

Destructive Testing.
The material, welding and non-destructive testing requirements for any
temporary or permanent components of the System are covered by the relevant
PTS. Contractor shall identify any conflicts between respected PTS and DNV-OS-
F101. All resolutions shall be approved by Owner.
Particular project specifications shall be issued during Basic Engineering stage and
during Detailed Engineering stage to cover material, welding and non-destructive
testing aspects.

viii. Section 13 G300

During preliminary design stages, only a static calculation shall be performed with
a relevant safety factor. During the basic and detailed engineering of installation,
at least pseudo quasi-static mode shall be checked. If the loads are such that 90%
of the proposed barge tensioning capacity is reached, or combined stresses reach
95% of the pipeline SMYS then a full dynamic check shall be made.