Quadric Surfaces
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GabrielDQuadric Surfaces
Uploaded by
GabrielDQuadric Surfaces
In 3-dimensional space, we may consider quadratic equations in three variables x, y, and z:
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + dxy + exz + f yz + gx + hy + iz + j = 0
Such an equation defines a surface in 3D. Quadric surfaces are the surfaces whose equations can
be, through a series of rotations and translations, put into quadratic polynomial equations of the
form
xα y β zγ
± 2 ± 2 ± 2 =k (1)
a b c
which are quadratic in at least two variables. That is, α, β and γ are all either 1 or 2, and at least
two are equal to 2.
There are six distinct types of quadric surfaces, arising from different forms of equation (1).
1. Ellipsoids
The ellipsoid is the surface given by equations of the form
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =k
a2 b c
for positive k.
The cross-sections are all ellipses.
Figure 1: ellipsoid
2. Elliptic paraboloids
The elliptic paraboloid is the surface given by equations of the form
x2 y 2 z
+ 2 − = 0.
a2 b c
Cross-sections parallel to the xy-plane are ellipses, while those parallel to the xz- and yz-
planes are parabolas.
Note that the origin satisfies this equation.
3. Hyperbolic paraboloid
Figure 2: elliptic paraboloid
The hyperbolic paraboloid is the surface given by equations of the form
x2 y 2 z
− 2 − = 0.
a2 b c
Cross-sections parallel to the xy-plane are hyperbolas, while those parallel to the xz- and
yz-planes are parabolas.
This curve has a shape similar to a saddle.
Figure 3: hyperbolic paraboloid
4. Cones, hyperboloids of one sheet and hyperboloids of two sheets
These surfaces all result from equations of the form
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 − 2 =k
a2 b c
where k is a real constant. We can observe that for all such surfaces, cross-sections parallel
to the xy-plane are ellipses, while cross-sections parallel to the yz-plane or the xz-plane are
hyperbolas (or degenerate hyperbolas: a pair of intersecting lines).
In the case k = 0, the surface is a cone. We can observe that the surface contains the ori-
gin, and the intersection of the surface with, for instance, the yz-plane is the degenerate
hyperbola
|y| |z|
= .
|b| |c|
(a) cone (b) hyperboloid of one sheet
(c) hyperboloid of two sheets
In the case k > 0, the surface is a hyperboloid of one sheet. The surface intersects the
xy-plane at the ellipse.
x2 y 2
+ 2 =k
a2 b
In the case k < 0, the surface is a hyperboloid of two sheets. The surface does not intersect
the xy-plane; it intersects the z-axis in two places where
z2
= −k.
c2
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