Seminar Report

On
“​Introduction to Microprocessor​”

Bachelor of Technology
Electronics and Communication
(2017-21)

Submitted to :- Submitted by :-
Mr. Dinesh kumar Sain Name :- Deepesh Yadav
M.tech(RTU, Kota) Roll no:- 17ECTEC005
Assistant Professor & Head of Department

Department of Electronics and Communication

University college of engineering and technology,
Bikaner
(Pugal Rd. Karni Industrial Area, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334004)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The euphoria and satisfaction of completing this seminar report will not be
completed until I thank all the people who have helped me in the successful
completion of this enthusiastic task.

​I am grateful to ​Dr. Y. N. Singh​ ​, Honorable principal of our college, for providing

all infrastructural facilities and for providing environment which continuously
 
encouraged me to carry out the technical report successfully​.

I take this opportunity to express my profound and whole heartfelt thanks to

my coordinator ​Mr. Dinesh sain Asst. Prof.​, ECE Dept. And all the department
staff for their patience, support and sincere guidance in successful completion of
the technical report.

Lastly I thank my parents for their ever-kind blessings

By​ :-
​Deepesh Yadav
(17ECTEC005)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that, the seminar report entitled ​“​Introduction to Microprocessor​” ​is
submitted in the Department ​of Electronics and Communication engineering at ​University College
of Engineering and Technology, ​Bikaner​ in partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of
Technology in ECE, is a bonafide work done by me.

Also, I declare that matter Embedded in this Technical report has not been
submitted for the award of any degree of any other Institution or University

By​ :-
​Deepesh Yadav
(17ECTEC005)
 INDEX

1. Introduction to Microprocessor
2. Evolution of microprocessor
3. Types
4. 8085 Microprocessor
a. Architecture of 8085
b. Bus organisation
c. 8085 Pin diagram
5. Microprocessor and interfacing
a. Memory interfacing
b. I/O interfacing
6. Applications of Microprocessor
7. Reference
 Introduction to Microprocessor

Microprocessor is an important part of the computer. Without it the computer is totally useless. It
is a chip that has all the functions of the CPU of a computer. The microprocessor has the
following functions of data storage, interaction with other peripheral devices and other time
related functions. The Microprocessor is the CPU (central processing unit) itself which has
undergone marvelous changes since its invention. Its role is to send and receive data and make
the computer function well. Commands need to be given for this chip to function that is already
fed inside the device in the form of current variations. On the whole we can say that a
microprocessor is a CPU integrated into a small silicon chip that comprises thousands of small
components such as- diodes, transistors and resistors that work together.

A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has computing and decision making
capabilities similar to the central processing unit of a computer. Any microprocessor based
systems having limited number of resources are called microcomputers. Nowadays,
microprocessors can be seen in almost all types of electronics devices like mobile phones,
printers, washing machines etc.

Fig.-​ ​Microprocessor-based system

A typical microprocessor consists of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in association with a
control unit to process the instruction execution. Almost all the microprocessors are based on the
principle of stored-program concept. In store-program concept, programs or instructions
Microprocessor and Microcontrollers are sequentially stored in the memory locations that are to
be executed. To do any task using a microprocessor, it is to be programmed by the user. So the
programmer must have an idea about its internal resources, features and supported instructions.
Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is provided by the microprocessor
manufacturer. The instruction set of a microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary machine
code and mnemonics. Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary numbers 0 and 1.
The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a machine language and it is
difficult for us to understand. Therefore, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called
mnemonics, which forms the assembly language. The conversion of assembly-level language
into binary machine-level language is done by using an application called assembler.

Evolution of Microprocessor
Microprocessors have turned into the brain of millions of gadgets, since the year 1971 i.e. devoid
of microprocessors these wonderful innovations of millions of gadgets would have not been
possible. Now come have a look at the gadgets in which the microprocessors are playing an
imperative role from more than 40 long years.

4-bit Microprocessors:-​ The first microprocessor was introduced in 1971 by Intel Corp. It was
named Intel 4004 as it was a 4 bit processor. It was a processor on a single chip. It could perform
simple arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction, boolean AND and boolean
OR. It had a control unit capable of performing control functions like fetching an instruction
from memory, decoding it, and generating control pulses to execute it. It was able to operate on 4
bits of data at a time. This first microprocessor was quite a success in industry. Soon other
microprocessors were also introduced. Intel introduced the enhanced version of 4004, the 4040.
8-bit Microprocessors:-​ The first 8 bit microprocessor which could perform arithmetic and
logic operations on 8 bit words was introduced in 1973 again by Intel. This was Intel 8008 and
was later followed by an improved version, Intel 8088. Some other 8 bit processors are Zilog-80
and Motorola M6800.
16-bit Microprocessors​:- The 8-bit processors were followed by 16 bit processors. They are
Intel 8086 and 80286.
32-bit Microprocessors:-​ The 32 bit microprocessors were introduced by several companies but
the most popular one is Intel 80386.
Pentium Series:-​ Instead of 80586, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium
processor. Its performance is closer to RISC performance. Pentium was followed by Pentium Pro
CPU. Pentium Pro allows multiple CPUs in a single system in order to achieve multiprocessing.
The MMX extension was added to Pentium Pro and the result was Pentiuum II. Microprocessor
and Microcontrollers The Pentium III provided high performance floating point operations for
certain types of computations by using the SIMD extensions to the instruction set. These new
instructions make the Pentium III faster than high-end RISC CPUs.
 Types of microprocessor

​There are basically 5 kinds of microprocessors namely:

Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors:​ They are also called as CISM in short and they
categorize a micro processor in which orders can be executed together along with other low level
activities. It mainly performs the task of uploading, downloading and recalling data into and
from the memory card. Apart from that it also does complex mathematical calculations within a
single command.

Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor:​ This processor is also called RISC. These kinds of
chips are made according to the function in which the microprocessor can carry out small things
within a particular command. In this way it completes more commands at a faster rate.

Superscalar Processors:​ This is a processor that copies the hardware on the microprocessor for
performing numerous tasks at a time. They can be used for arithmetic and as multipliers. They
have several operational units and thus carry out more than one command by constantly
transmitting various instructions to the superfluous operational units inside the processor.

The Application Specific Integrated Circuit:​ This processor is also known as ASIC. They are
used for specific purposes that comprises automotive emissions control or personal digital
assistants computers. This kind of processor is made with proper specification but apart from that
it can also be made using the off the shelf gears.

Digital Signal Multiprocessors:​ Also called as DSP’s, these are used for encoding and decoding
videos or to convert the digital and video to analog and analog to digital. They need a
microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical calculations. The chips of this processor are
employed in SONAR, RADAR, home theaters audio gears, Mobile phones and TV set top boxes.

Microprocessor Specifications
External and Internal Data Bus:​ The most initial microprocessors could handle information
only in 8 bits. As the width of the data bus increases it determines the amount of information that
can be moved in and out in a single operation. Apart from that it also states the amount of
instructions and numbers that can be used. Also the width of the internal bus and storage area
differs from the external bus. Thus it differs from company to company. However the Pentium
processors have an external 64 bit data bus.

Cache Memory:​ When the speed of the processor increases the RAM finds it difficult to
withstand it. Thus to minimize the size and the cost, RAM uses dynamic RAM which is faster in
one hand while on the other very expensive. Thus it is used less for temporary storage of files on
the microprocessor this is called as cache memory. It is also called as high speed memory and is
operated by a cache controller that identifies which data and instruction would be required for
the next and accordingly loads it into the cache.

Speed of Clock:​ The oscillator that is fixed above the motherboard generates a number of
electronic pulses that are used by the computer to synchronize operations. The change in the
signal from positive to negative and vice versa is a cycle and thus the amount of cycle per second
is calculated in hertz. The processor’s speed is generally the multiple of the external bus.

MIPS:​ A microprocessor generally requires 10 clocks to complete a single instruction. Also the
speed of the clock does not relate directly to the speed at which the CPU processes the
instructions. To measure more than one instruction at a time modern processors have multiple
pipelines, however apart from this a more accurate way to measure the speed of the processor is
with the help of MIPS (Millions of instructions per second).

Power Consumption:​ Power consumption is also a way of measuring the performance of the
microprocessor. The formula for this is volts X Amps = watts. If the power consumes much then
it is given as heat and if there is low consumption it helps in increasing the battery life of
notebook computers.
 ​8085 Microprocessor

This was introduced by the Intel Company in the year 1977 to 1990. It was compatible with Intel
8080 but needed less support for the hardware. The 5 in the model was added as it requires plus 5
voltages. Minus 5 voltage and plus 12 voltage. It is an 8 bit general purpose microprocessor that
can easily store 64k byte of memory. These were used in computers that used the CP or M
operating system.

8085 Microprocessor architecture:

In this microprocessor the program can be located from anywhere in the memory. Also the
program, data and the stack memories occupy equal memory. Also the information can be placed
anywhere as it uses 16 bit addresses. It has about 5 interrupts that range from the lowest to the
highest. It has 256 input and output ports. The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor
available as a 40-pin IC package and uses +5 V for power. It can run at a maximum frequency of
3 MHz. Its data bus width is 8-bit and address bus width is 16-bit, thus it can address 216 = 64
KB of memory. The internal architecture of 8085 is shown as Fig.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit:-​ The ALU performs the arithmetic and logical operations such as
Addition (ADD), Subtraction (SUB), AND, OR etc. It uses data from memory and from the
Accumulator to perform operations. The results of the arithmetic and logical operations are
stored in the accumulator.

Registers:-​ The 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register, as shown in
Fig. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: stack pointer and program counter. They are briefly
described as follows. The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are
identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE and HL to
perform some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data
into the register by using data copy instructions.

Fig.:- Register Organisation

Accumulator
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of ALU. This register is used to store 8-bit data
and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in the
accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flag register
The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data
condition of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero (Z), Carry
(CY), Sign (S), Parity (P) and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags. Their bit positions in the flag register
are shown in Fig. 4. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.

`
Fig.:- Flag Register

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a
memory pointer. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the
instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which
the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte is being fetched, the program counter is automatically
incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register, used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory
location in R/W memory, called stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16- bit
address in the stack pointer.

Instruction Register/Decoder
It is an 8-bit register that temporarily stores the current instruction of a program. Latest
instruction sent here from memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and
decodes or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to the next stage.

C​ontrol Unit
Generates signals on data bus, address bus and control bus within microprocessor to carry out the
instruction, which has been decoded. Typical buses and their timing are described as follows:
● Data Bus:​ Data bus carries data in binary form between microprocessor and other
external units such as memory. It is used to transmit data i.e. information, results of
arithmetic etc between memory and the microprocessor. Data bus is bidirectional in
nature. The data bus width of 8085 microprocessor is 8-bit.
● Address Bus​: The address bus carries addresses and is a one way bus from
microprocessor to the memory or other devices. 8085 microprocessors contain 16-bit
address bus and are generally identified as A0 - A15. The higher order address lines (A8
– A15) are unidirectional and the lower order lines (A0 – A7) are multiplexed
(time-shared) with the eight data bits (D0 – D7) and hence, they are bidirectional.
● Control Bus:​ Control bus are various lines which have specific functions for
coordinating and controlling microprocessor operations. The control bus carries control
signals partly unidirectional and partly bidirectional. The following control and status
signals are used by 8085 processor:
1. ALE (output): Address Latch Enable is a pulse that is provided when an address
appears on the AD0 – AD7 lines, after which it becomes 0.
2. RD (active low output): The Read signal indicates that data are being read from
the selected I/O or memory device and that they are available on the data bus. •
3. WR (active low output): The Write signal indicates that data on the data bus are to
be written into a selected memory or I/O location.
4. IO/M (output): It is a signal that distinguishes between a memory operation and
an I/O operation. When IO/M = 0 it is a memory operation and IO/M = 1 it is an
I/O operation.

Bus organization
The schematic representation of the 8085 bus structure is as shown in Fig. The microprocessor
performs primarily four operations:
● Memory Read: Reads data (or instruction) from memory.
 ● Memory Write: Writes data (or instruction) into memory.
● I/O Read: Accepts data from input device.
● I/O Write: Sends data to output device. The 8085 processor performs these functions
using address bus, data bus and control bus as shown in Fig

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION

Features:
● It is an 8-bit microprocessor
● Manufactured with N-MOS technology
● 40 pin IC package
● It has a 16-bit address bus and thus has 216 = 64 KB addressing capability.
● Operate with 3 MHz single-phase clock
● +5 V single power supply The logic pin layout and signal groups of the
8085nmicroprocessor are shown in Fig. 6. All the signals are classified into six
groups: • Address bus
● Data bus
● Control & status signals
● Power supply and frequency signals
● Externally initiated signals
● Serial I/O signals

Microprocessor and Interfacing

​A microprocessor to become a more useful device needs to be connected to other electronic
devices. In order to design a computer the microprocessor needs to be interfaced to the main
memory, keyboard, USB ports, disk memory etc. now in this process of interfacing we come
across two types namely Memory Interfacing and I/O Interfacing.

Memory interfacing:​ The microprocessor needs to access memory for the purpose of reading
instructions and codes stored in the memory. The memory requires a set of signals to read from
and write to the registers. The same way the microprocessor too transmits signals for the purpose
of data reading and writing. The process of interfacing here requires the requirement of the
memory with the signals of the microprocessor. Thus, it should be designed in such a way that
both of these match thus the primary purpose of the memory interfacing is to to help the
microprocessor in reading and writing data at the given register of the chip.

I/O interfacing:​ The keyboard and the displays need to be interfaced with the microprocessor as
it is used as a channel of communication. This is called as I/O interfacing. Latches and buffers
are used in this type for interfacing keyboards and displays with the microprocessor. However
one drawback in this method is that it can just perform a single function. It performs as an input
device when connected to the buffer and as an output device when connected to the latch. Thus
this interfacing has a limited capability. Now that you know what is a microprocessor and what
are its different types and usage in our technology you will definitely not have any doubt
regarding it in your near future and can confidently answer to people who know the least about
it.

Application of Microprocessor
● Business Calculator: ​A business calculator was invented in the year 1971. The Unicom
141P business calculator was out of the foremost gadgets that feature a microprocessor.
● Commodore PET: ​The PET was invented in the year 1971 and is broadly recognized as
the primary all-in one home computer.
● Washing Machine: ​The foremost microchip controlled washing machines were launched
in the year 1977 and gave a bang to the market, showcasing the varied usages of
innovative technology.
● Arcade Mania in the year 1980:​ Namco pioneered Pac-Man in the walkways of the
United States and ignited a new trend.
● Osborne 1 Laptop: ​With five screens and 10.7kgs of weight, Osborne 1 Laptop was
invented in the year 1981. It actually was the great grand-father of most modern laptops.
● Nintendo NES: ​Consoles revitalized the gaming industry in the year 1986 such as
Nintendo Entertainment System.
● Computing Democratized: ​Personal & business computing blasted with a broad variety
of laptops, desktops & even early tabs. These inventions came up in the year 1991.
● MP3 Player: ​The modern way to enjoy music forever altered in the last 1990s with the
foremost MP3 player, which was invented in the year 1997.
● BlackBerry: ​The Smartphone insurgence boosted with the launch of RIM’s Blackberry
850. The 1st BB was accessible in the year 1999.
● Apple iPod: ​Apple launched its 1st iPod in the year 2001; its release gave the future of
MP3 music format a new selection of set tunes.
● Microsoft Windows Tablet: ​Approximately a decade prior to the shopper’s fascination
with tabs, Microsoft Windows Tablet was launched in the year 2002, businesses were
employing these tabs for more useful jobs.
● Netbook:​ Netbooks were launched in the year 2008, as small and light-weighted gadgets
for carrying out uncomplicated jobs and enjoying media & internet content on the move.
● Apple iPod: ​Tabs strike the customers main-stream with the release of iPod in the year
2010.
● Digital Signage in the year 2011:​ Digital Signage was 1st of the vast new usages for the
microprocessor. Intellectual, internet allied gadgets are more and more found in the daily
life from business and retail to farming and automobiles.
● Ultrabook in the year 2011: ​The advancement of the Personal Computer takes an
additional gigantic step as trendy
● Ultrabook gadgets push ahead high performance computing experience.
 REFERENCES
(1) ​www.wikipedia.org

(2) ​www.ieee.org

(3) ​www.yuvaengineers.com

(4) ​www.seminarprojects.com

(5) ​www.​brainaspire.com

(6)​ www.tutorialspoint.com