1MRK505349-UEN en Application Manual Distributed Busbar Protection REB500 8.2
1MRK505349-UEN en Application Manual Distributed Busbar Protection REB500 8.2
1MRK505349-UEN en Application Manual Distributed Busbar Protection REB500 8.2
The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license
and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.
Trademarks
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product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trade-
marks of their respective holders.
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Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.
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Substation Automation Products
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Telephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
http://www.abb.com/substationautomation
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept
or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed prop-
erties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual
must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable,
including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied
with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and /or product
failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not lim-
ited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or
entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to
ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.
This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be com-
pletely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to
notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no
event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the
use of this manual or the application of the equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communi-
ties on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromag-
netic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equip-
ment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC).
This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the
product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the
product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The
product is designed in accordance with the international standards of the IEC
60255 series.
Safety information
Table of contents
Section 1 Introduction................................................................. 5
1.1 This manual .................................................................................... 5
1.2 Intended audience .......................................................................... 5
1.3 Product documentation ................................................................... 5
1.4 Symbols and conventions ............................................................... 6
1.4.1 Symbols..................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Document conventions............................................................... 6
Section 2 Overview .................................................................... 8
2.1 Application ...................................................................................... 8
2.2 System capacity.............................................................................. 9
Section 3 Software ................................................................... 12
3.1 System software REBSYS ............................................................ 12
3.2 Customer’s database .................................................................... 12
3.3 Human/machine interface program HMI500 .................................. 12
3.4 Local human/machine interface (local HMI) ................................... 12
3.5 Station monitoring system (SMS) .................................................. 13
3.6 Station automation system (SAS) .................................................. 13
Section 4 Signal acquisition and processing............................... 14
4.1 Analog inputs ................................................................................ 14
4.2 Maximum prolongation principle .................................................... 14
4.3 Binary inputs ................................................................................. 15
4.4 Binary outputs ............................................................................... 17
Section 5 Self-supervision ........................................................ 18
5.1 Diagnostic program ....................................................................... 18
5.2 Self-supervision system ................................................................ 19
5.2.1 Software supervision ................................................................ 19
5.2.2 Hardware supervision .............................................................. 21
5.2.3 Plausibility check...................................................................... 22
5.2.4 Internal analogue measurement supervision ............................ 23
Section 6 System Settings ........................................................ 25
6.1 Intertripping/transfer tripping.......................................................... 25
Application Manual 1
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Table of contents
2 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Table of contents
Application Manual 3
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Table of contents
4 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 1
Introduction
Section 1 Introduction
The application manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines for
the REB500. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose a typi-
cal protection function can be used. The manual can also be used when calculating
settings.
This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible for plan-
ning, pre-engineering and engineering.
The protection and control engineer must be experienced in electrical power engi-
neering and have knowledge of related technology, such as protection schemes and
communication principles.
Application Manual 5
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 1 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Introduction
1.4.1 Symbols
The information icon alerts the reader of important facts and condi-
tions.
The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your
project or how to use a certain function.
• Abbreviations and acronyms in this manual are spelled out in the glossary. The
glossary also contains definitions of important terms.
• Push button navigation in the LHMI menu structure is presented by using the
push button icons, e.g.:
To navigate the options, use and .
6 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 1
Introduction
Application Manual 7
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 2 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Overview
Section 2 Overview
The digital busbar system REB500 belongs to the generation of fully digital protec-
tion devices, i.e. the analog-to-digital conversion of the input variables takes place
immediately after the input transformers and all further processing of the resulting
digital signals is performed by programmable microprocessors.
The main features which enable the REB500 to fully satisfy the demands placed on
a modern protective device with respect to cost-effectiveness and functionality are
compact design, just a few different types of hardware units, modular software and
continuous self-supervision and diagnosis.
The structure of the protection system is bay-oriented. The bay units may be lo-
cated close to the switchgear in control and protection cubicles or in a central relay
room. Distributed bay units are connected to the central unit by an optical fiber
process bus. The central unit collects all the data and executes the protection algo-
rithms and auxiliary functions at station level.
The standard application of the protection system is that of busbar protection. Pro-
vision is made, however for integrating optional functions to detect, for example,
breaker failure, end zone faults, overcurrent and circuit-breaker pole discrepancy.
2.1 Application
The digital busbar protection has been designed for the high-speed selective protec-
tion of MV, HV and EHV busbars in 50 and 60 Hz power systems. Because of the
flexible and modular structure of both hardware and software, the protection can be
simply configured to suit the particular busbar arrangement.
It is thus able to protect all busbar layouts, whether a single set of busbars or quad-
ruple busbars with a transfer busbar. It is similarly applicable to ring busbars and
1½ breaker schemes. The maximum capacity for a quadruple busbar system is 60
feeders (60 bay units) with a maximum of 7 longitudinal breakers, 8 sections of
busbars and 32 protection zones.
The protection system detects phase and ground faults in solidly grounded and im-
pedance grounded power systems. The digital scheme only evaluates the primary
system currents. The main CTs do not have to fulfill any special requirements as is
the case, for example, with a high-impedance scheme. Even in the event of satura-
tion of the main CTs, the protection is still able to discriminate correctly between
internal and external faults.
8 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 2
Overview
The protection system is applicable to all busbar layouts, whether a single set of
busbars or quadruple busbars with a transfer busbar. It is similarly applicable to 1½
breaker schemes, ring busbars and duplex stations. The maximum capacity is 60
bay units (one per feeder or one per set of CTs on a bus-tie breaker; in the case of a
longitudinal isolator, either a separate bay unit is needed or alternatively it is in-
cluded in an existing bay unit). Up to 32 protection zones can be selectively pro-
tected and tripped.
It is possible to apply REB500 system without making use of its basic busbar pro-
tection function (e.g. as an independent breaker failure and end zone protection).
Application Manual 9
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 2 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Overview
I
II
Transfer
busbar
10 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 2
Overview
II
Application Manual 11
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 3 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Software
Section 3 Software
This software package is installed on the system processor board. It includes all the
system functions and also the local HMI (see Section 3.4 ) and the station monitor-
ing system (see Section 5).
The local HMI program forms an integral part of the system software REBSYS.
Accessed via the control unit on the central unit or a bay unit, the local HMI soft-
ware enables the following to be viewed, but for safety reasons not changed:
12 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 3
Software
• system settings
• settings of the protection functions installed
The REB500 system can be integrated in a station monitoring system (SMS). Refer
to the description of the station monitoring system (SMS) for further details.
The REB500 system can be integrated in a station automation system (SAS). Refer
to the description of the station automation system (SAS) for further details.
Application Manual 13
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 4 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Signal acquisition and processing
The protection system processes the current measurements digitally in the bay
units. For this purpose, 80 measurements a period are made of the busbar feeders’
currents. At a power system frequency of 50 Hz, this corresponds to a sampling
rate of 4.0 kHz and at 60 Hz of 4.8 kHz. The analog/digital converter has a range of
16 Bit.
These components are evaluated by all the protection functions in the bay unit. The
disturbance recorder monitors the original non-compensated secondary current sig-
nals. The current signals are also transferred to the central unit, which executes the
busbar protection function.
The optionally available voltages are measured essentially the same as currents
with the exception that maximum prolongation is not applied.
Basically it uses the maximum value detected in the sampling window should a CT
saturate.
14 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 4
Signal acquisition and processing
Time t0 is the interval between the last zero crossing before the maximum value is
detected and the end of the prolongation period. At a power system frequency of
50 Hz, this time is 12.5 ms (at 60 Hz, 10.4 ms). The rise time from the zero cross-
ing to the maximum value is defined as ta. The difference between t o and ta is time
th, which is then the time the maximum value in the sampling window is prolonged.
The longer time t a, the shorter the maximum value is prolonged.
High through-fault currents can cause one or more CTs to saturate and could give
rise to a false differential current, which, if no precautions were taken, might be
interpreted as an internal fault. The maximum prolongation function maintains pro-
tection stability and discrimination in the presence of CT saturation, because the
signals transferred are a good approximation of the phase-angle and amplitude of
the unsaturated signals (see Section 7. “Busbar protection”).
They pick up when the input voltage remains above 80% of the rated auxiliary
voltage for at least 20 ms and reset when it is below 65% for longer than 20 ms.
Application Manual 15
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 4 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Signal acquisition and processing
The standard binary inputs are all equipped with anti-bounce filters. The software
anti-bounce filter has no influence on a signal’s time stamp, i.e. the time stamp is
determined by the first occurrence of the signal at the input of the optocoupler.
Time stamp
Anti- bounce
filter time
Figure 8 Anti-bounce filter
The anti-bounce time for the special signals below is set to the minimum of 2 ms
instead of the standard time (normally 20 ms) set generally for the system:
A distinction is made between input signals with a slow response and those with a
fast response. Internally, REB500 processes the process bus signals in fast and
slow cycles according to their priority.
16 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 4
Signal acquisition and processing
The bay units generate two kinds of binary output signals, tripping commands and
logic signals. The central unit only generates logic signals.
Binary output signals are generated by the processors in the central and bay units as
determined by signal logics.
Output signals can be assigned to auxiliary output relays to actuate either a tripping
or signaling circuit. As a safety precaution, it is impossible to assign tripping com-
mands and logic signals to the same output relay, i.e. tripping commands can only
be combined with other tripping commands and logic signals with other logic sig-
nals. For example, the signals “21305_Trip” and “21105_EXTERNAL TRIP” can-
not be configured to operate the same output contact.
Application Manual 17
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 5 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Self-supervision
Section 5 Self-supervision
To ensure the maximum possible reliability, the REB500 is equipped with a self-
supervision function, which enables it to respond quickly to any hardware (HW) or
software (SW) errors. Some, such as an error in transmission via the process bus,
only affect a single data set and are generally of a transient nature. A serious error
would mean, for example, that reliable operation could no longer be guaranteed. It
is important to detect errors of this kind and to take the appropriate action, which
can include blocking the protection functions and tripping outputs.
The self-supervision and diagnostic function ensures the high availability of the
busbar protection. Errors and defects are immediately detected and signaled so that
corrective action can be taken without delay.
The self-supervision software forms part of the REBSYS system software (see Sec-
tion 3.1).
The task of the diagnostic program is to manage (start and stop) all the other appli-
cations (e.g. protection functions and binary inputs and outputs) and process the
data of the self-supervision function.
The system SW is divided into sub-systems that perform specific applications (pro-
tection functions, binary inputs and outputs, database controller etc.). The structure
of the diagnostic program reflects the structure and distributed architecture of the
protection system, i.e. it is also distributed between every module of the central
unit and bay units having a microprocessor.
Each level in the structure of the diagnostic program reports the status of the appli-
cations at the same or lower levels to the next level up. Enabling (release) signals
are distributed from top to bottom. As soon as the diagnostic program detects a
critical fault, it reports the corresponding status upwards and blocks the downwards
distribution of the enabling signal. The protection system thus propagates the
blocking of the enabling signal to block all tripping outputs. In the case of critical
faults, the protection system is shut down and restarted.
18 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 5
Self-supervision
The self-supervision system covers software and hardware and includes in addition
to the internal signals the monitoring of the external input values such as current
values (CT supervision) and the positions of the auxiliary contacts on isolators and
circuit-breakers (busbar replica).
The different layers of the self-supervision system displayed in Figure 9 are de-
scribed in further detail in the following sections:
1. Section 5.2.1
2. Section 5.2.2
3. Section 5.2.3
4. Section 5.2.4
5. Section 6.2.1
6. Section 7.7
The diagnostic program can control applications by detecting status changes (e.g.
initialization and stopping at the right instant). The applications report their statuses
Application Manual 19
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 5 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Self-supervision
A number of supervised criteria ensure the integrity of the data transferred via the
process bus. All data transferred via the process bus are subject to cyclic redun-
dancy checks as part of the Ethernet transmission.
Every binary input is equipped with its own anti-bounce software. As a rule, the
status of a signal is considered valid for processing if it persists 20 ms after its first
incidence.
The binary inputs are also supervised with respect to oscillations. If the status of an
input changes five times in 100 ms, the input is marked as “invalid”. In this case,
the signal is processed such that the reliability of the system is assured, i.e. invalid
blocking inputs are assumed to be active.
To achieve the maximum reliability of the system, every tripping command has an
associated enabling signal and should the diagnostics program detect an HW or SW
error, it suppresses the enabling signals for the binary outputs, i.e. the tripping out-
puts are inhibited.
All errors and defects detected by the self-supervision function are processed by
the diagnostics program and recorded as events. These are classified as “major er-
rors” if the proper operation of the protection functions can no longer be guaran-
teed.
20 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 5
Self-supervision
In such cases, the system is automatically restarted. All the output channels are
blocked, the protection devices are no longer standing by and the green LEDs on
the local control units flash.
Errors that do not endanger the proper operation of the protection functions are
classified as “minor errors”.
When the self-supervision function or the diagnostics program restarts the system
or a part of it, the procedure is signaled on the local control unit. The blocked status
of the system is signaled by the flashing yellow LED on all the units and on the
HMI.
While the system is starting, all the LEDs flash and the SW applications are indi-
cated by a designation (e.g. MPL, TIM etc.). The successful start-up of the system
can be seen from the fact that the main menu is displayed on all the units and that
the signal “41810_In service” is set.
The power supply units in the central and bay units are supervised with respect to
their permissible variations. An auxiliary supply voltage that is out of tolerance
counts as a major error, i.e. the protection system is shut down and restarted.
All main memories are tested by writing and then reading a test pattern.
Each of the tripping relays in a bay unit is fitted with a circuit for supervising the
integrity of the tripping relay coil.
It is impossible to supervise all parts of the protection chain, e.g. the binary input
circuits. It is also advisable to install an external trip circuit supervision system.
Application Manual 21
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 5 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Self-supervision
As was described in Section 5.2.2, all analog inputs of all the bay units are super-
vised. If such supervision detects a discrepancy, it blocks the respective bay unit.
This is performed locally and is complemented by a plausibility check carried out
by the central unit on the entire system which includes all the zones of the busbar
protection (BBP) application. This involves evaluating the current changes taking
place in all the bay units. The plausibility check is based on the fact that a change
of current (amplitude) caused by a busbar fault must be present in at least two bay
units of a busbar zone. (see Figure 10).
The busbar protection is not permitted to trip if this condition is not fulfilled.
There are situations and operating conditions in which the plausibility check is by-
passed, i.e. it bears no influence on the tripping decision by the busbar protection.
• The protection zone comprises only a single bay unit, or all other bay units of
this protection zone are not conducting any current (current below 0.075 x In)
(see Figure 12).
22 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 5
Self-supervision
The correct operation of the analogue inputs and the analog to digital (A/D) con-
verters is supervised by the internal comparison of ‘I L1+IL2+IL3= - IL0’.
The external wiring shown in the diagram below is mandatory for the internal ana-
logue measurement supervision.
Application Manual 23
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 5 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Self-supervision
Core-balance CT’s must not be used for IL0, if the supervision is ac-
tivated. The main current transformers of L1, L2 and L3 shall have
the same current ratio and under the HMI menu “current trans-
former” the settings for “I1,I2,I3” and “I4” shall be identical.
If currents are injected for test purposes on a single phase, e.g. during commission-
ing, the external wiring must include the neutral path (IL0). If not, the analogue
measurement supervision will block the protection algorithm.
24 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 6
System Settings
The intertripping system establishes an image of the busbar configuration and per-
forms essentially two tasks:
1. Only those feeders connected to busbar 1 are assigned to the measuring system
of busbar 1. The assignment of the feeders is carried out by the intertripping
system, which evaluates the positions of the isolators.
2. The measuring system on busbar 1 detects the internal fault and issues a trip-
ping command for busbar 1 to the intertripping system.
The intertripping system knows from the positions of the isolators, which feed-
ers are connected to busbar 1 and the tripping command to the circuit-breakers
of all those feeders with isolators closed onto busbar 1.
It is thus extremely important for the correct isolator positions to be reported to the
protection system.
The intertripping system also detects when protection zones are connected together
(e.g. both feeder isolators closed).
The busbar image is based on a topological principle, i.e. it only includes topologi-
cal items that are necessary from the point of view of protection. It starts with a
busbar section and checks all its electrical connections and constructs a protection
zone bounded by the following items:
Application Manual 25
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 6 1MRK 505 349-UEN
System Settings
• circuit-breaker/CT pairs
• bus-tie breakers
• CT/feeder pairs
• feeder
This procedure is repeated until all the sections of the busbar have been deter-
mined.
• busbars
• isolators and longitudinal isolators
• circuit-breakers
• CTs
• bus-tie breaker CTs
• bus-tie breakers
• feeders
• connections
26 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 6
System Settings
The statuses of the auxiliary contacts on the isolators and circuit-breakers reflect
the statuses of the latter (CLOSED or OPEN). Each of these statuses is represented
by an independent signal (one for CLOSED and one for OPEN).
The image of the isolators is refreshed every 50 ms and the one for the circuit-
breakers every 6 ms.
The supervision algorithm detects the following faults in the isolator and circuit-
breaker return confirmation circuits:
Application Manual 27
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 6 1MRK 505 349-UEN
System Settings
• Failure of the auxiliary supply in the return confirmation circuits (e.g. tripped
miniature circuit-breaker)
• Undefined status of the main isolator contacts (e.g. mechanical defect)
• Wiring error
• Undefined status due to incorrect simulation
A potentially-free N/O and N/C contact must be provided for each isolator and cir-
cuit-breaker. The N/O contact signals that the isolator or circuit-breaker is
“CLOSED” and the N/C contact that it is “OPEN”.
28 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 6
System Settings
6.2.5 Delay
Isolators require a certain time to operate and while they are in motion, the rela-
tionship between the status signals and therefore the integrity of the isolator image
may be briefly disturbed due to the different points at which the auxiliary contacts
are actuated. As this is quite normal, an isolator alarm should not be generated and
therefore the alarm has to be delayed.
If considered necessary, the isolator alarm can be arranged (set) to block the pro-
tection. There are two alternative settings:
• Block protection
Operation of the busbar protection and the intertripping system is completely
blocked.
• Discriminative blocking (preferred alternative)
Operation of the busbar protection and the intertripping system is only blocked
for the section of busbar (protection zone) concerned.
If the isolator alarm was initiated by an isolator or circuit-breaker that at the time
determined the assignment of protection zones, the “Switch inhibit” signal is also
set.
Application Manual 29
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 6 1MRK 505 349-UEN
System Settings
The “Switch inhibit” signal is not set, however, if the isolator or circuit-breaker
concerned does not determine the assignment of protection zones. Figure 15 shows
an example for a bus-tie breaker. Isolators Q1, Q2, Q10 and Q20 are open and
therefore the bus-tie breaker Q0 is not assigned to a protection zone and of no con-
sequence for the circuit-breaker image.
Figure 16 shows the responses of the signals in the event of an isolator alarm and
switch inhibit.
The isolator alarm is reset and the blocking of the protection cancelled by applying
a signal to the input “Accept bus image alarm”. The signal “Switch inhibit” stays
active.
If it is not acknowledged, the signal Isolator alarm is reset and blocking cancelled
automatically should the isolators and the circuit-breakers adopt correct statuses.
If the isolator alarm is set due to the failure of the auxiliary supply
for the return confirmation circuit (e.g. MCB. trip or deliberately
switched off for maintenance), it may be acknowledged. Providing
no switching operations are performed on the feeder, a hazardous
situation cannot arise because the last status is retained for busbar
protection.
30 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 6
System Settings
Where the REB500 station image includes an isolator or a circuit-breaker and the
isolator or circuit-breaker return confirmations are not configured as binary inputs,
the respective switch is considered to be closed. This only applies to active (un-
masked) bays.
The response of the protection functions in the event of a bay unit failing depends
on the status of the isolators.
If at the instant of failure all the isolators are open, i.e. the current is not assigned to
a measuring unit, an isolator alarm is generated immediately and, depending on the
system configuration, the protection zone is blocked (setting: everything blocked or
discriminative blocking) or the busbar protection continues to operate (setting: re-
main in operation).
If, on the other hand, one or several isolators are closed at the instant of the failure,
i.e. the current is being measured, the protection zone concerned is immediately
blocked and the signals “Isolator alarm” and “Switch inhibit” activated.
In the event of a failure of the central unit or an optical fiber cable, a bay unit con-
tinues to perform the local breaker failure, end fault and time overcurrent protec-
tion and disturbance recorder functions. This, however, is an emergency mode sub-
ject to limitations:
Application Manual 31
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 6 1MRK 505 349-UEN
System Settings
A bay unit can also start without the central unit in an emergency mode. The set-
tings last used are retained. The local breaker failure, end fault and time overcur-
rent protection and disturbance recorder functions are fully functional.
Blocking signals previously set by the central unit are maintained, but can be reset
using the local HMI.
In the emergency mode, the time is held at its value when a bay unit is switched
off. Upon restarting in the emergency mode, the internal time resumes from the
value it was held at.
32 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
Following pre-processing in the bay units (see Section 4.1), real and imaginary
components of the fundamental frequency are transferred to the central unit for fur-
ther processing every 6 ms.
The busbar protection performs a separate measurement for each protection zone
and each phase. A section of busbar that in the event of an internal fault would be
tripped as a single unit (no further subdivision by a circuit-breaker possible) is de-
fined as a protection zone.
The busbar protection (BBP) operates according to the principle of a combined dif-
ferential current measurement with operation and restraint features and a phase
comparison function. In a healthy condition and according to Kirchhoff’s first law,
all the currents flowing towards a busbar section must leave it again.
Application Manual 33
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
The restrained amplitude comparison algorithm detects an internal fault when the
settings for IKmin and k are exceeded. A tripping command is only issued, how-
ever, if the phase comparison function detects an internal fault at the same time.
The pick-up setting for the fault current (IKmin) must be less
(80%) than the lowest fault current that can occur on the busbars
(IKMS). There is a risk of the protection being too insensitive at
higher settings.
If the CT’s saturate at the minimum fault current, the feeder currents have to be
reduced by an empirically determined factor CR. The corrected current values form
the basis for calculating the setting for IKmin. The reduction factor CR is calcu-
lated as follows:
+
′= ∙
+
Where
IK the vector sum of feeder fault and load currents for an internal fault
IN CT rated current
n rated overcurrent factor
n′ effective overcurrent factor
PB power consumption of the burden at rated current
PE CT losses
PN CT rated power
T power system time constant
34 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
The minimum busbar fault current is 1300 A and is supplied by two feeders. The
time constant TN of the power system is 80 ms.
10 VA+5 VA
n = 10 ⋅ = 13.6
6VA+5 VA
20 VA+8 VA
n = 20 ⋅ = 40
6 VA+8 VA
A
C = 0.45 + 0.55 ⋅ e0.3⋅ A⋅ . ≈ 0.66
A
C = 0.45 + 0.55 ⋅ e0.3⋅ A⋅ ≈ 0.95
The factor k is normally set to 0.80. Numerous tests on a network model have
shown this setting to be the most favorable.
Application Manual 35
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
The neutral current has to be separately monitored in power systems with imped-
ance grounding (optional) (see Section 8.1. “Neutral current measurement”).It is
evaluated independently of the two conductor-sensitive protection functions.
The logical interlocking of the protection functions (Figure 17) shows that the pro-
tection system can only trip when both protection functions (restrained amplitude
and phase comparisons) detect a fault on the same busbar section and phase.
36 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
High through-fault currents can drive one or more of the CTs into saturation.
The resulting distorted current signals give rise to a false differential current and an
incorrect phase relationship between the currents. In extreme cases, an internal
fault might be simulated if no precautions were taken.
Application Manual 37
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
The preprocessing of the current signals in the bay units enables the protection al-
gorithms to detect faults discriminatively in all cases (even in the presence of CT
saturation).
The maximum prolongation principle (see Section 4.13) achieves a very good ap-
proximation with respect to the real and imaginary components (amplitude and
phase-angle) of the original current signal.
The differential current is the geometric sum of all the currents flowing to-
wards and away from the busbar. It is calculated from the fundamental components
of the currents conducted by the feeders and the bus-tie breakers:
= Re + ⋅ Im
The stability factor is derived from the restraint current which is the sum of
the currents of the various feeders. The following is an example for the determina-
tion of for phase Î{ 1, 2, 3}:
= Re + ⋅ Im
38 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
∑ Re + ⋅∑ Im
= =
∑ Re + ⋅ Im
where
The scheme detects an internal fault on the busbar when the stability factor ex-
ceeds the setting (typically 0.80) and the differential current is greater than
the setting for the restraint current . The differential current in normal opera-
tion or during a through-fault is close to zero. By including the restraint current in
the denominator the range for the stability factor becomes 0 £ £ 1.
Figure 18 Through-fault
| |
Applying the equation above to Figure 18 yields =| | | | | |
= 0.
| |
Applying the equation above to Figure 19 yields =| | | | | |
= 1.
Application Manual 39
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
| |
Applying the equation above to Figure 20 yields =| | | | | |
= 0.67.
40 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
The restrained amplitude comparison algorithm detects an internal fault when the
settings for IKmin and k are exceeded. A tripping command is only issued, however,
if the phase comparison function detects an internal fault at the same time.
The pick-up setting for the fault current (IKmin) must be less
(80%) than the lowest fault current that can occur on the busbars
(IKMS). There is a risk of the protection being too insensitive at
higher settings.
If the CT’s saturate at the minimum fault current, the feeder currents have to be
reduced by an empirically determined factor . The corrected current values form
the basis for calculating the setting for . The reduction factor is calculated
as follows:
Where
the vector sum of feeder fault and load currents for an internal fault
CT rated current
rated overcurrent factor
′ effective overcurrent factor
power consumption of the burden at rated current
CT losses
CT rated power
power system time constant
The minimum busbar fault current is 1300 A and is supplied by two feeders. The
time constant TN of the power system is 80 ms.
Application Manual 41
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
10 VA + 5 VA
= 10 ⋅ = 13.6
6VA + 5 VA
20 VA + 8 VA
= 20 ⋅ = 40
6 VA + 8 VA
A
= 0.45 + 0.55 ⋅ . ⋅ A⋅ . ≈ 0.66
A
= 0.45 + 0.55 ⋅ . ⋅ A⋅ ≈ 0.95
The factor is normally set to 0.80. Numerous tests on a network model have
shown this setting to be the most favorable.
42 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
Other parameters may also influence the setting in extreme cases. These are ex-
plained in the following examples.
Assuming an internal fault on a section of a busbar, the currents of all the feeders
connected to it flow towards the fault and have virtually the same phase-angle. In
normal operation or during a through-fault, on the other hand, at least one of the
currents is 180° out of phase with the others. The phase comparison function there-
fore compares the phase-angles of all the currents of each phase individually for
each zone of protection. The phase difference for tripping is 0° to 74°, i.e. if the
phase-angles of all the feeder currents of a protection zone lie within a band of 74°,
Application Manual 43
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
the phase comparison function decides that there is an internal fault. The pick-up
angle Dj of 74° is a fixed setting.
Busbar
44 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
The CT circuit fault in this case simulates a fault on the busbars with a fault current
D = 2 − 3 = 1.7 kA and becomes:
∆ − 1.7 kA
= = = ≈ 0.74
∑| | + 2.0 kA
False tripping can thus be avoided by setting > 1.7 kA and/or > 0.74.
This case corresponds to the previous case, but the values for D and are lower:
D = 1 − 2 = 0.3 kA
∆ − 0.3 kA
= = = ≈ 0.081 → ≪ 0.7
∑| | + 3.7 kA
A CT circuit fault under normal load conditions cannot cause false tripping.
Tripping can only take place when both functions (restrained amplitude compari-
son and phase comparison) detect an internal fault. The decision reached by the
phase comparison function is therefore of no consequence in the cases illustrated in
this section.
7.6.2.5 Summary
Considering case a, the pick-up setting for the fault current in the example given
must be > 2 kA. This is the only setting which will prevent tripping in case
a. Both settings, = 0.80 and > 1.7 kA prevent tripping in case b, and a
dangerous setting is impossible in case c.
Assuming a minimum fault current higher than 2.1 kA, the settings for the above
example become = 0.80 and > 2.1 kA. For a minimum fault current
Application Manual 45
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
lower than 2.1 kA or even lower than the maximum load current of 2 kA, the set-
ting of I Kmin can result in both a failure of the protection to trip when it should or a
false trip:
• With a setting of > 2 kA, the protection in the above example would not
detect a minimum fault current of 2 kA (excluding a CT fault).
• With a setting of < 2 kA, a fault in the CT circuit according to case a
would cause a false trip.
The best solution in this situation is to set to 80% of the minimum fault cur-
rent .
In certain circumstances, it is possible for currents to flow away from the busbars
during a busbar fault. Two examples of this are discussed below.
∆ = + + − = −
∑| | = + + − = +
∆ −
= =
∑| | +
The busbar protection will only trip if the total fault current is times higher
than . See Table 3 for a list of for different k settings.
46 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 7
Busbar protection
For the phase comparison function not to prevent tripping, the low
current check for including feeder currents in the phase comparison
(see Section 7.5 “Phase comparison”) must be set higher than the
through current . This must be determined when engineering the
scheme. An alternative is to disable the phase comparison function,
which also must be determined when engineering the scheme.
Busbar fault
∆ = + + + − =
The busbar protection will only trip if the total fault current is times higher
than . See Table 4 for a list of typical values of
For the phase comparison function not to prevent tripping, the low
current check for including feeder currents in the phase comparison
must be set higher than the loop current . This must be determined
when engineering the scheme. An alternative is to disable the phase
comparison function, which also must be determined when engi-
neering the scheme.
Application Manual 47
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 7 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Busbar protection
• short-circuited CTs
• faulty CTs
• wrong CT ratios
• incorrectly wired CT (wrong current directions and therefore phases)
• wrong isolator and circuit-breaker return confirmation signals
The differential current supervision feature forms part of the busbar protection
function and uses the same setting. Its operating value is set to a percentage of the
minimum fault current .
If the differential current exceeds the setting for a time longer than the time setting,
differential current alarm appears on the local HMI and the external signal
“41815_Diff. current alarm” is generated.
The alarm and any blocking that has taken place are only reset after the differential
current has disappeared again.
To ensure that faults can still be detected under low load conditions, the operating
value of the differential alarm must be set lower than the lowest possible load cur-
rent.
Provision is made for the differential current alarm to block the protection (config-
uration) in the event of differential alarm. There are two alternative settings:
48 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
Table 5 Ground fault current for different types of power system grounding
System grounding Consequences for the protection
Solidly grounded Fault current IKmin to Ikmax
All faults detected by the busbar protection.
Ungrounded Capacitive fault current
Ground faults detected by other protection devices. Detec-
tion by the busbar protection impossible.
Impedance grounded Limited ground fault current
Ground faults detected by busbar protection (neutral cur-
rent measurement)
Petersen coil Only residual ground fault current
Faults generally not detected, because the fault arc is ex-
tinguished.
Very often, the resistor (or resistors) limits the ground fault current to a value be-
low the sensitivity of the phase fault measuring units. The relatively high fault im-
pedance also has the effect that during a ground fault currents may also flow away
from the busbars. The phase fault units of a directional comparison scheme with
current restraint will not trip.
A fourth measuring unit specifically for the neutral current is therefore used to de-
tect ground faults in impedance grounded systems. For the best results, this is con-
nected to a core-balance CT that encompasses all three-phase conductors. Where
CTs of this type are not available, the neutral current is derived by vectorially add-
ing the three-phase currents (Holmgreen circuit).
Application Manual 49
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
+Ib
Ik = 2Ib
|Ik+Ib-Ib |
k=
|Ik+Ib|+|Ib |
Ik+Ib
k = 0,5
Ik
L1 L2 L3
HEST 985008 C
Figure 28 Impedance grounded network
• Limited single-phase to ground fault current levels (I kmin 1ph and k-factor val-
ues are possibly lower than the operating range of the phase measurement system).
• For a single-phase fault on the busbar, current can also flow away from the bus-
bar because of the relatively high fault impedance (Ib). As a consequence, the phase
comparison system may not be able to trip (since the phase-angle between and
| + | exceeds 74°).
At a fault current corresponding to twice the load current , flowing in the af-
fected phase L1, the restraining factor k is only 0.5. Thus the restrained amplitude
comparison function cannot detect the internal fault at the usual k setting of 0.80.
Furthermore, the current is flowing away from the busbar so the phase comparison
measures a phase-angle of approximately 180° thus preventing the trip command.
Therefore the neutral current I0 has to be measured as well and evaluated together
with the restrained amplitude comparison and the phase comparison functions.
50 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
none of the phase currents exceeds a set value (typically 5 IN). This prevents the
neutral current from being evaluated for phase-to-phase and three-phase faults.
Finally, the harmonic level is monitored to ensure that the neutral current is only
evaluated providing the measurement is uninfluenced by CT saturation. This fea-
ture also prevents the evaluation of the neutral current during transformer inrush
currents.
Detailed site data are essential to accurately engineer and set the neutral current
measuring systems.
PE CT losses
Application Manual 51
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
Instructions for calculation and the requirements to be fulfilled by the CTs are
given in detail in the application description “Ground fault protection for high volt-
age busbars” (1KHL020319-Aen).
Blocking is necessary for bus-tie breakers (see Section 8.2.1) and may be necessary
for feeders (see Section 8.2.2).
Blocking is cancelled as soon as the cause for it has disappeared and the protection
system receives an active “CB CLOSE” signal (see Section 8.2.4).
Blocking the measurement of certain CTs is a basic function of the busbar protec-
tion, which, with the exception of the circuit-breaker reclaim time and the binary
inputs for the circuit-breaker statuses and “CB CLOSE” signals, must be neither
configured nor set.
52 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
In the case of a bus-tie breaker with a single set of CTs, the cur-
rent measurement is assigned to both protection zones, to one in an
inverted sense.
Two bay units are necessary in the case of a bus-tie breaker with
two sets of CTs. The current measurements are assigned to the pro-
tection zones such that they overlap. A fault between the sets of CTs
thus trips both zones. The inversion of one of the current signals is
achieved by wiring it appropriately to the REB500 analog input.
The busbar protection excludes the bus-tie breaker CT from evaluation under the
following conditions.
The bus-tie breaker measurement is blocked when the breaker is open in order to
trip the busbar section effectively concerned for a fault between a single set of CTs
and the bus-tie breaker.
The CTs are not assigned to a protection zone when the bus-tie breaker is open and
therefore the protection zones extend to the bus-tie breaker itself. The correct zone
can thus be tripped for a fault between the CTs and the bus-tie breaker.
This operation also applies to bus-tie breakers with only a single set of CTs.
Application Manual 53
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
8.2.1.2 In the event of a protection function (BBP, BFP or EFP) tripping this
CB
To trip the section of busbar effectively concerned as quickly as possible for a fault
between the closed circuit-breaker and the CTs.
Where a bus-tie breaker is equipped with only one set of CTs, the latter is used for
both the neighboring protection zones and is automatically assigned to them when
configuring the system.
A fault between the CTs and the bus-tie breaker (i.e. on bus zone I but in protection
zone II) trips initially protection zone II (including the bus-tie breaker) immedi-
ately, i.e. the bus zone not involved in the fault.
A fault between the CTs and a closed bus-tie breaker is tripped after
the reclaim time.
In the case of bus-tie breakers with a set of CTs on both sides, both are assigned to
measuring systems. CT 2 is the limit of protection zone I and CT 1 the limit of pro-
tection zone II. A bay unit is needed for each set of CTs.
Both sets of CTs do not have to be used and if only one is configured, the scheme
is the same as described in the section for bus-tie breakers with a single set of CTs.
The function is the same as for bus-tie breakers with a single set of CTs.
54 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
Bus-tie breaker
CTs 1 CTs 2
8.2.1.3 Short-circuiting of a CT
The bus-tie breaker is excluded from the measurement when bus zones are also
connected by an isolator, for example:
The current flowing via the coupling between the busbars (Figure 32) is repre-
sented in the busbar protection by two current vectors of opposite direct (V+, V-).
The vectors are assigned according to measuring system S1 (vector V+) and S2
(vector V-).
• During this time, measuring systems S1 and S2 are connected to form one
common measuring system (S1/S2) to match the primary system.
• For the same time the bus-tie breaker measurement is blocked, i.e. the two
vectors V+ and V- are excluded.
The reasons for blocking the bus-tie breaker measurement are the following:
While the busbar sections are in parallel (Q1 and Q2 closed), the current (Ik1) of
any fault that occurs will divide into a part flowing directly (Ik11) and a part flow-
ing via the bus-tie breaker (Ik12). If included, the bus-tie breaker current (Ik12)
Application Manual 55
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
would be represented by the two vectors with opposing directions (V+, V-) and
assigned to the common measuring system (S1/S2). The consequence would be
that the
1. directional comparison of S1/S2 would prevent any tripping because the oppo-
sition of the current vectors (V+, V-) does not point to a fault on the busbars
(see Section 7.4).
2. restrained differential current measurement S1/S2 would see a restraint current
larger by double the bus-tie breaker current and this would reduce the stabili-
zation factor K to a value lower than setting (see Section 7.2.2).
Blocking the bus-tie breaker measurement excludes the two vectors V+ and V-
from the measurement so that they cannot prevent tripping.
Ik11
S1
S2
Ik12
Q1 Q2
Ik12
Ik1
V+
V-
In order to connect the sections of busbar 3 to left and right of the longitudinal iso-
lators (3A and 3B) together, the longitudinal bus-tie breaker has to be closed first.
The longitudinal isolator Q31 can then be closed. The situation is shown in the dia-
gram.
56 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
In these circumstances (see Figure 34), the measurement by the bay unit has to be
blocked to prevent the busbar protection from tripping for a fault between the cir-
cuit-breaker and the CTs when the circuit-breaker is open, because the fault is in
the protection zone of the end fault protection and not the busbar protection.
Application Manual 57
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
In systems that do not include an end fault protection function the statuses of feeder
circuit-breakers are not usually configured and they are considered to be perma-
nently closed. No blocking is then configured.
58 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
In both cases, the arc extinction and any re-ignition phenomena after opening the
circuit-breaker are taken into account.
It has to be assured that the CT does not conduct any current after
the reclaim time. If the delay is too short, false tripping of a
healthy section of busbar may result.
The reclaim time has to be set in accordance with the setting in-
struction under the Technical Manual.
Figure 36 illustrates the case of a bus-tie breaker reclaim time setting, which is too
short. The circuit-breaker reports that it is already “open” but the current is
still flowing. The response of the busbar protection is the following:
The measuring system for bus zone I can no longer measure the current flowing
away from the busbar through CT 2 because the measurement is already blocked.
A differential current corresponding to the fault current results and the measuring
system for bus zone I trips busbar I!
The measuring system for the bus zone can no longer measure the current flowing
towards the busbar through CT 1 because the measurement is already blocked. The
other feeders connected to bus zone II give rise to a differential current (sum of
currents flowing towards the busbar) and the measuring system for bus zone II
trips busbar II!
Application Manual 59
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
In order to be prepared for closing the breaker onto an existing fault (e.g. closed
grounding isolator or forgotten grounding clamp), the measurement has to be rein-
stated before the feeder or bus-tie breaker is actually closed. This is achieved by
activating the busbar protection input signal “11505_Close command CB”.
As soon as the circuit-breaker has reached the closed status (auxiliary contacts re-
port CLOSED), the “CLOSE CB” command can reset.
The simplest way of doing this is to take the “CLOSE CB” signal
directly from the circuit-breaker “CLOSE” coil.
The CLOSE CB signal is acquired and processed every 6 ms (fast part and fast sig-
nal).
Figure 37 shows the case of closing onto an existing fault (e.g. closed grounding
isolator or forgotten grounding clamp) when the “CLOSE CB” command was not
registered by the protection.
The arc ignites before the circuit-breaker can report that it is closed:
The measuring system for bus zone I is unable to measure the outgoing fault cur-
rent towards bus zone II, because the measurement of the bus-tie breaker current is
still blocked. A differential current equivalent to the fault current is therefore cre-
ated and the measuring system for bus zone I trips busbar I.
The measuring system for bus zone II is unable to measure the incoming fault cur-
rent flowing from bus zone I, because the measurement of the bus-tie breaker cur-
rent is still blocked. Since, however, there are no other feeders connected to bus
zone II that could produce a differential current, the bus zone II measuring sys-
tem does not trip.
60 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
The selective zone BBP can be extended to form a check zone protection (CzBBP).
This protection function, which is factory configured, is utilized as release for the
trip of BBP. Similar to the selective zone BBP the CzBBP is operated as a differen-
tial protection.
The check zone comprises all the outgoing feeders of the busbar, whereby the iso-
lator positions are not considered. Fundamentally the measurements of the cou-
plings are not included.
The principle of the check zone protection (CzBBP) is based on a stabilized differ-
ential current measurement i.e. on the differential current ( ) and the stabilizing
factor ( ).
Application Manual 61
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
Before the check zone sends a release signal to the selective zone busbar protec-
tion, the configured values of the check zone (CzBBP) values , and must be
attained.
The setting of the tripping value of the differential current measurement is based on
the minimum short circuit current of the busbar and in general is the same setting
for CzBBP and BBP.
Depending on the busbar configuration and the position of the circuit breakers and
the isolators it is possible that one busbar section has a fault, while the other unaf-
fected sections conduct normal operating current. For the CzBBP, which considers
the complete plant as one bus, this has the effect that simultaneously the short cir-
cuit current as well as the normal operating outflow currents are recorded. The out-
going operating current is further reflected in the calculation of the stabilization
factor (k). The setting value of k-factor of the check zone lies below the zone selec-
tive busbar protection and can be accordingly calculated as per the following exam-
ple.
62 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
BB 2
In the above example, the stabilization factor setting (k) for the check zone
(CzBBP) is k = 0.25 (next setting below the calculated value of k = 0.27). The set-
ting for the selective zone (BBP) has to be calculated according to Section 7.3 and
is typically k = 0.8.
This results in the following operating characteristic for CzBBP: The region above
the thick line is the operating zone.
Application Manual 63
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
If the check zone (CzBBP) in a REB500 protection system picks up, zone selective
tripping of the busbar protection is permitted in the following cases:
64 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 8
Special applications of BBP
Especially in plants where the activation current of the differential current criteria
(Idiff) is set below the maximum operating currents of the individual feeders, the
effect of incorrect isolator / circuit breaker positions has a very adverse effect.
The use of an overall check zone release criteria (CzBBP) which functions inde-
pendent of the position of the isolator / circuit breaker eliminates the danger of un-
desirable trippings.
Instead of a check zone release criteria (CzBBP) as an alternative the under voltage
release criteria (U<) can also be utilized (see Technical Manual)
As is described in the Section 8.3.2, all outgoing feeders of standard single and
double busbar systems can be included in a check zone (CzBBP) measurement, but
exclude the measurements from the couplers.
For complex busbar configurations e.g. 1½ - Breaker systems and complex multi-
busbar systems, which measurements have to be used in the check zone protection
will be determined during factory configuration.
Application Manual 65
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 8 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Special applications of BBP
As described under the Technical Manual a signal can be applied to the binary in-
puts “Inspection” and “Maintenance” which prevents the test injection current from
being included in the differential current measurement of the busbar protection
(BBP). This function relies on the position of the isolator concerned being set to
'OFF' in the busbar image in the REB500.
The check zone protection (CzBBP) does not take any isolator position into consid-
eration. This means that the test current of an outgoing feeder bay unit in the modi-
fication or maintenance mode is included in the check zone calculation. Depending
on the level of the test current, the check zone (CzBBP) may pick up, however the
busbar protection (BBP) is uninfluenced by the differential current and prevents the
pickup of the check zone from having any effect.
If it is desired that the check zone protection be bypassed (enabled) in the modifi-
cation or maintenance mode, the signal ‘12605_Bypass Check Zone’ must be acti-
vated in addition to the input ‘11620_Inspection_1-On’ or ‘11660_Maintenance-
On’.
66 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 9
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
If the pick-up current of the breaker backup function is set too low there is a risk
that BFP will not reset quickly enough after a circuit-breaker has been successfully
tripped. This can be the result of decaying oscillations in the CT secondary circuit.
Conversely BFP may fail to operate if the setting is too high. This situation could
arise, for example, due to severe CT saturation when the secondary current falls
below the setting and BFP does not start. Recommendations now follow which en-
able the pick-up current of BFP to be correctly set in relation to the CT data (n')
and the set time.
Basically, the current setting (IE) should be less than the minimum fault current
of the corresponding feeder (approx. 80%, i.e. 0.8). Just to satisfy this condi-
tion, the setting would be:
= 0.8 ⋅
This setting may be too high for conventional iron core CTs because the measure-
ment may not function correctly even at low fault currents due to transient compo-
nents in the fault current. A failure of the breaker to operate will always be de-
tected, but tripping could be delayed.
+
= ⋅
+
Application Manual 67
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 9 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
∗
=
1+2 ⋅ ⋅
∗
After obtaining the transient overcurrent factor ( ), the settings are given by:
∗
0.8 ⋅
≤ min ,
CT characteristic Value
Ratio 600/5 A
Rated burden P N 15 VA
Losses PE 7 VA
Rated overcurrent factor n 20
Lead burden PB 10 VA
Bay unit burden <0.1 VA
Rated frequency f: 50 Hz
Power system time constant TN 80 ms
Minimum fault current IKmin 450 A
15VA + 7VA
= 20 ⋅ = 25.88
10VA + 7VA
∗
25.88 25.88
= = = 0.99
1 + 2 ⋅ 50Hz ⋅ 0.08s 26.13
0.8 ⋅ 450A
≤ min 0.99, = min(0.99, 0.6) = 0.6
600A
Since these CTs are scarcely subject to saturation, the setting is only based on the
minimum fault current for the feeder:
= 0.8 ⋅
68 Application Manual
Distributed busbar protection REB500
1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 9
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
Timer t1 is started by an overcurrent and a signal from the main protection. A sec-
ond attempt to trip the circuit-breaker is made at the end of the set time t 1 plus the
internal processing time ta1. Timer t2 is also started at the end t1. Should the circuit-
breaker again fail to trip within the set time of t2 plus the internal processing time
ta2, the breakers surrounding the fault are intertripped.
Overcurrent function and a starting signal from the main protection start the timer
t1. The circuit-breaker successfully interrupts the fault current before the end of this
time and the overcurrent function resets. A backup tripping command is not gen-
erated (BFP t1).
Application Manual 69
Distributed busbar protection REB500
Section 9 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
Fault incidence
Tripping command Successful trip by main
by main protection protection
Case 1: Trip
Ik
tm tCB tv tmargin
BFP (t1) t1 ta1
tCB
BPP (t2)
Overcurrent function and a starting signal from the main protection start the timer
t1. The breaker fails, tripping is unsuccessful and the overcurrent function does not
reset. At the end of the timer setting t1 and the internal processing time t a1, a sec-
ond attempt is made to trip the same circuit-breaker which trips successfully before
the end of the timer setting t2 and the current function resets. Intertripping of the
surrounding circuit-breakers does not take place (BFP t2).
Fault incident
Tripping command Tripping command Successful backup
By main protection BFP-t1 trip BFP-t1
Ik
tm tCB tv tmargin
BFP(t1) t1 ta1 ta1
tCB
tCB tv tmargin
BFP (t2) t2
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Breaker failure protection (BFP)
Overcurrent function and a starting signal from the main protection start the timer
t1. The breaker fails, tripping and backup tripping are unsuccessful and the over-
current function does not reset. At the end of the timer settings t1 + t2 and the inter-
nal processing time ta2 intertripping of the surrounding circuit-breakers takes place
to isolate the fault.
Fault incidence
Tripping command Tripping command Tripping command
by main protection BFP-t1 BFP-t2
Ik
Remote tripping of the opposite end of the line can be configured to take place at
the end of time t1 or the end of time t2.
The settings of timers t1 and t2 can be determined according to the examples of
Cases 1 and 2 above.
To avoid any risk of a premature tripping command by BFP, the minimum setting
of the timer t1 must be longer than the maximum time required for a successful
main protection trip plus the maximum reset time of the overcurrent function.
> + +
As an example, the minimum setting for t1 for a circuit-breaker operating time (tCB)
of 40 ms would be
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Section 9 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
> +( + )+
As an example, the minimum setting for t1 for a circuit-breaker operating time (tCB)
of 40 ms would be:
The maximum tripping time can be calculated on the basis of the settings for t 1 and
t2, the recommended safety margin and the internal processing time.
= +( + )+ +
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Breaker failure protection (BFP)
=( + + )+2∗( + + )
The internal BFP can be changed for special applications. The BFP scheme de-
scribed here is the logic-type 1.
In stations with a bypass bus, the behavior with enabled BFP L0 system remains
the same as phase system.
The current setting for the BFP L0 system may be well below load
currents. If any measured neutral current exceeds the setting while a
L0 starting input is active after time t1 has passed, the BFP L0 sys-
tem will issue a three phase trip.
There are three options to obtain a neutral current 3I0 for the BFP L0 system :
Application Manual 73
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Breaker failure protection (BFP)
Several physical scenarios beyond the area of influence of the BFP L0 system
might lead to an incorrect measurement of the zero sequence current. The major
issues are the following:
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Breaker failure protection (BFP)
In case one or more CTs saturate, the summation of the three phase currents will
not lead to a correct representation of the residual current in the primary system:
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Section 9 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
9.4.1.3 CT inaccuracies
Another aspect to consider while setting the BFP L0 system is the inaccuracy of the
individual CTs, which is specified by the CT class. Depending on the amplitude of
the currents, this error is seen in the protection system as a neutral current (3I0),
which might reach tripping levels.
Per default setting these scenarios are neither detected nor taken into
account by the BFP algorithm. Consideration of such situations (cal-
culation and setting) is left to the user.
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Breaker failure protection (BFP)
The time grading characteristics for BFP L0 system is identical to the phase sys-
tem. Different settings for BFP phase and neutral system are possible.
Since the time setting for phase faults and ground faults can be dif-
ferent, the time grading (and setting) has to be done for both the
BFP phase and BFP neutral system separately.
Setting the timer t1-L0 below the timer t1 is usually not necessary and not recom-
mended. Deviations from this guideline have to be verified by a detailed setting
calculation.
The timers of BFP can also be started independently of the overcurrent check and
the main protection inputs via an external input.
The breaker failure function includes the setting “Active for CB open”. If this set-
ting is enabled, the timers t1 and t2 are started independent from the circuit-breaker
position (this is the factory configuration).
If “Active for CB open” is disabled, the timers t1 and t2 are not started when the
circuit-breaker is open, i.e. the breaker failure function is disabled.
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Additional protection features
10.1.1.1 Problem
10.1.1.2 Solution
The enabling signals from the external undervoltage relays are connected to the
respective “31805_External release BB zone” input signal.
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Additional protection features
10.1.1.3 Result
In the event of a fault on a given busbar section (e.g. BB1), the busbar protection
function for BB1 trips, but the tripping signal has to wait for the enabling signal for
BB1. A fault on a busbar section will normally cause a voltage collapse, which is
detected by the external undervoltage relay for BB1. The undervoltage relay thus
also trips and transmits its enabling signal to REB500. REB500 then trips all the
feeders connected to busbar section 1.
10.1.2.1 Problem
In a solidly grounded power system, transfer tripping by the EFP has to be inter-
locked by the internal undervoltage function.
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Additional protection features
10.1.2.2 Solution
10.1.2.3 Result
A fault between the open circuit-breaker and the CTs (end fault) generally causes a
voltage collapse which is detected by the internal undervoltage function. The un-
dervoltage function thus also trips and transmits its enabling signal to the EFP
function in the same bay unit, which sends a transfer tripping command to the pro-
tection at the remote end of the line.
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Additional protection features
10.1.3.1 Problem
10.1.3.2 Solution
10.1.3.3 Result
In the event of a fault on a given busbar section (e.g. BB1), the busbar protection
function for BB1 trips. A fault on a busbar section will normally cause a voltage
collapse, which is detected by the internal undervoltage function for BB1. The un-
dervoltage function thus also trips and transmits a signal to enable tripping of BB1.
REB500 then trips all the feeders connected to busbar section 1.
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Section 10 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Additional protection features
10.1.4.1 Problem
10.1.4.2 Solution
REB500 evaluates all the VTs assigned to the respective protection zone (see Tech-
nical Manual). Assignment takes place via the intertripping logic, i.e. it depends on
the statuses of the isolators. Tripping is only enabled when all the voltage functions
assigned to the protection zone in question generate an enabling signal (AND
logic).
This means that an overvoltage function cannot enable tripping of the protection
zone should the voltage be interrupted either due to a tripped m.c.b. or an open-
circuit.
This means that an undervoltage function will enable tripping of the protection
zone should the voltage be interrupted either due to a tripped m.c.b. or an open-
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1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 10
Additional protection features
circuit. Since, however, the other undervoltage functions assigned to the protection
zone are also evaluated; they prevent tripping from taking place.
REB500 is thus able derive the voltage on the busbars, even if there are no VTs to
measure it directly. Tripping of a protection zone to which no VTs are assigned
(e.g. all the isolators open) is enabled by the voltage function.
10.1.4.3 Result
In the event of a fault on a given busbar section (e.g. BB1), the busbar protection
function for BB1 trips. A fault on a busbar section will normally cause a voltage
collapse, which in this case is detected by all the undervoltage functions in all the
bay units assigned to BB1. Since for all of them the release criterion is fulfilled,
intertripping is enabled and REB500 isolates BB1.
10.1.5.1 Problem
In stations in which the maximum load current of some feeders can exceed the
minimum fault current of the protection zones (e.g. ground fault in impedance
grounded power systems), an interrupted CT circuit can cause a differential current
higher than the setting of the current comparison circuit.
10.1.5.2 Solution
To guard against this, the internal REB500 undervoltage function can be config-
ured as an additional neutral current criterion for the BBP function.
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Additional protection features
10.1.5.3 Result
In the event of a ground fault on a given busbar section (e.g. BB1), the neutral
measuring system for BB1 trips. A ground fault on a busbar section will normally
cause a voltage collapse, which is detected by the internal undervoltage function
for BB1. REB500 then isolates BB1.
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1MRK 505 349-UEN Section 11
1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
This section describes the application of the busbar, breaker failure and end fault
protection functions in 1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations. The description is
based on typical station layouts.
1½ breaker schemes can be divided into five main groups (versions 1 to 5) which
have to be considered separately from the point of view of discrimination, along
with one version for the application of REB500 to duplex stations:
Table 7 lists the characteristics of these 6 versions (* indicates that the characteris-
tic is not relevant to REB500).
One advantage of REB500 in the case of a 1½ breaker scheme is that the so-called
T zone is fully protected.
The T zone is the section of busbar between the CTs plus the line T up to the open
line isolator. The bay protection (distance protection) does not detect faults in this
zone correctly, because the voltage measured is the wrong one (open line isolator).
This zone is normally protected by an overcurrent function included in the line pro-
tection. This reacts, however, to CT saturation during through-faults (e.g. busbar
faults) and could mal-operate.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
REB500 uses its current restrained differential protection and phase comparison
functions to protect this zone. The corresponding algorithm operates discriminately
even if CTs saturate.
Busbar protection systems are generally used to discriminatively protect main bus-
bars. In addition to this, however, REB500 is also able to effectively protect the T
zone of a 1½ breaker scheme, because it creates an image of the topology of the
entire station with up to 32 independent protection zones, each processed by the
busbar protection algorithms (current restrained differential and phase comparison
protection).
For REB500 to protect the T zone, its image of the station must include all the
components of the 1½ breaker scheme (circuit-breakers, CTs and line isolator).
The same applies when applying the breaker failure and end fault options.
The T zone protection relies on the image of the station to measure (current re-
strained differential and phase comparison) at the correct points and to intertrip the
correct breakers after it has detected an internal fault (both breakers limiting the T
zone).
The breaker failure and end fault functions use the REB500 image of the station to
intertrip the correct breakers, respectively to transfer trip the correct remote breaker
(tripping signal to the re-mote end of a line, i.e. signal 21115_REMOTE TRIP).
In the reverse direction, transfer trip signals from the remote end of a line are dis-
tributed to the bay units of the appropriate feeders (signal 11105_External TRIP).
An active “External trip” input signal trips the circuit-breakers limiting the T zone
via the REB500 tripping contacts and starts the appropriate breaker failure func-
tion.
In the following explanations and figures, LP refers to line protection (e.g. distance
protection) and TP to transformer protection (e.g. differential protection).
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
BU BU BU
1 2 3
S1 S2
X Y
Q6 Q6
LP TP
A1 A2
When the line isolator Q6 is closed, faults in the T zones (X and Y) are detected
and tripped by the feeder protection (line protection or transformer protection). The
T zones are considered to be part of the line or the transformer feeder.
11.1.2.1 Line
If the VT on A1 is on the line side of the isolator Q6, the distance protection is una-
ble to protect the T zone (X) when the isolator Q6 is open, because the voltage it
needs for measurement is either missing or wrong.
In stations equipped with REB500, there is the possibility of it taking over the pro-
tection of the T zone. To this end, the status signal for isolator Q6 is connected to
the bay unit (BU1) and when the isolator is open, a measuring system specifically
for the T zone (X) is activated in REB500. As in the case of the main busbars,
measurement is based on the current restrained differential and phase comparison
busbar protection algorithms, which are considerably more stable during through-
faults with CT saturation than overcurrent protection and therefore to be preferred.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
Each diameter in version 1 is equipped with three CTs. This arrangement means
that in relation to the circuit-breakers the protection zones cannot overlap and the
three ‘short zones’ be-tween the circuit-breakers and the respective CTs need to be
protected by an optional end fault function in each of the bay units BU1…BU3.
BU BU BU
1 2 3
S1 S2
X Y
Q6 Q6
LP TP
A1 A2
With the exception of the end fault function, the same conditions and considera-
tions apply to version 2 as to version 1. Since each diameter is equipped with 6
CTs, the protection zones can be arranged to overlap and an additional end fault
protection is not needed.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
Because of the additional CTs in the feeders, a clear distinction can be made be-
tween T zone and line on the one hand and T zone and transformer feeder on the
other. Regardless of the location of any line isolator, the T zones are always pro-
tected.
In conventional systems, the T zones in this case are normally protected by high-
impedance (circulating current) schemes, i.e. each T zone has its own high-imped-
ance protection.
REB500 can protect the T zones in this kind of arrangement as well. To this end, a
REB500 bay unit is installed for each T zone which is also connected to the line
CT, respectively the trans-former feeder CT As in the case of the main busbars,
measure-ment is based on the current restrained differential and phase comparison
busbar protection algorithms and always effectively protects the T zones in all op-
erating modes.
The three ‘short zones’ between the circuit-breakers and the respective CTs need to
be protected by an optional end fault function in each of the bay units BU1…BU3.
In this arrangement of the primary plant, REB500 treats the three circuit-breakers
and associated CTs as bus-tie breakers:
REB500 provides the following advantages with regard to the protection of the T
zone compared with a conventional high-impedance scheme:
• Only one additional bay unit is needed per T zone instead of a complete high-
impedance scheme.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
• Compared with a high-impedance scheme, REB500 does not require the main
CTs to fulfill such high demands.
• Less wiring because busbar, breaker failure, end fault and T zone protection
functions are all in the same unit.
With the exception of the end fault function, the same conditions and considera-
tions apply to Version 4 as to Version 3.
The three extra CTs (3 bay units) in each diameter create “bus-tie breakers” each
with two sets of CTs. By overlapping the zones, faults between the sets of CTs can
be tripped without delay.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
Where REB500 is only acting as busbar protection (i.e. T zone, breaker failure and
end fault protection functions are not required), an image of the T zone is not cre-
ated in REB500. In this case, a 1½ breaker scheme is considered as two single bus-
bars.
Generally, all the REB500 bay units are connected to the same central unit for this
type of configuration. Both busbars S1 and S2 belong then to the same protection
system.
On occasions, the user specifies that busbars S1 and S2 shall be protected by inde-
pendent systems, in which case, two central units are needed and the bay units of
one busbar assigned to one and the bay units of the other busbar to the other. The
ad-vantage is that the failure of a system or during maintenance only one protection
system is affected. Safe operation of the station can be maintained by transferring
all the feeders conducting load current to the busbar system, which is still operat-
ing.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
Those busbar protection measuring systems are activated in REB500 that are
needed to reflect the prevailing operating conditions (isolator statuses).
For operating mode 5, the feeder isolators Q1 and Q2 are open and isolator Q6 is
closed and therefore a single measuring system X//Y is formed that discrimina-
tively protects zone X-Y.
The number of bay units needed in a particular station is in most cases the greater
of the total number of circuit-breakers or the total number of CTs in the REB500
image.
The example below shows the assignment of bays to bay units based on version 1
of the T zone protection. The two feeder bays which contain neither circuit-break-
ers nor CTs are each assigned to the bay unit for the CT and circuit-breaker going
to the busbar on their side. The circuit-breaker and CT in the center are assigned to
a bay unit of their own.
If there are CTs in the feeders or on both sides of the circuit-breakers and these are
included in the busbar protection, the number of bay units needed increases in ac-
cordance with the above relationship.
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1½ breaker schemes and duplex stations
Application Manual 93
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Section 12 1MRK 505 349-UEN
Complex stations
In practice, complex bus-tie arrangements are frequently necessary to meet all the
requirements with respect to reliability of supply and switching adaptability to suit
operating circumstances.
If the breaker failure function in BU1 is started by an external device when operat-
ing via the bypass busbar, the entire busbar 2 is tripped instead of just circuit-
breaker Q9.
This can be prevented if circuit-breaker Q9 in BU2 is equipped with its own CT,
thus enabling an additional protection zone to be defined for the busbar protection.
Busbar 1
Busbar 2
Q0 Q9
Bypass
Busbar
BU1 BU2
The term “series tie” is used when referring to the connection of busbars or busbar
sections via two or more bus-tie breakers in series. A typical example of a series tie
is a 1½ breaker scheme. In an arrangement of this kind, each circuit-breaker/CT
pair is treated as a bus-tie breaker (bus-tie A S1-Sx , bus-tie B Sx-Sy , bus-tie C
Sy-S2). When all three breakers are closed, busbars S1 and S2 are connected via a
“series tie” A-B-C.
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Complex stations
Providing all the feeders are part of a 1½ breaker scheme, the necessity to block a
bus-tie breaker when there is a parallel connection between the busbars as dis-
cussed previously is irrelevant, because there are no feeders with isolators to each
of the main busbars and therefore no possibility of the 1½ breaker diameters being
paralleled.
In a mixed system, the response of the system with respect to the parallel connec-
tion has to be considered.
When there is a parallel connection between the busbars (Q1 and Q2 closed), the
busbar protection measuring systems S1 and S2 are combined to form a single
measuring system (S1/S2).
Assuming the three circuit-breakers of the diameter are closed, the current of a bus-
bar fault (Ik1) divides into a direct portion (Ik11) and a portion via the series tie A-
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Complex stations
B-C (Ik12). The T zone feeders Sx and Sy can also make fault current contribu-
tions (Ik2) and (Ik3). In relation to the main busbars (S1 and S2) in parallel, the
current (Ik12) flows out through bus-tie C and back through bus-tie A. For a fault
on the busbars, the combined measuring system (S1/S2) is thus presented with two
opposing current vectors indicating an external fault and the phase comparison
blocks tripping.
To overcome this possibility, REB500 has a special blocking logic which can be
configured for series ties. This consists in defining the starting and finishing points
of series ties and not evaluating measurements between them when both are in the
same measuring zone.
In the example shown, the starting point (busbar connection to bus-tie A) and the
finishing point (busbar connection to bus-tie C) belong to the same measuring zone
(S1/S2) and therefore the measurements of the three bus-tie breakers A, B and C
are not evaluated.
In normal operation, i.e. when the main busbars are not in parallel, the two T zones
Sx and Sy treated discriminatively as independent protection zones. When the bus-
bars are paralleled and the series ties excluded from evaluation, the feeder currents
(Ik2 and Ik3) are still measured, but not those into and out of the two T zones
through their respective bus-ties. The T zone measurements are therefore invalid.
For this reason, not only are the measurements of the series tie excluded from eval-
uation, but in addition the diameter CTs are short-circuited. This means that the
two T zones Sx and Sy are connected to the main busbars S1/S2 and a measuring
zone S1/Sx/Sy/S2 is created, which correctly includes the two feeder currents (Ik2,
Ik3).
Application of the extended bus-tie blocking logic is only possible providing the
feeders in the T zones are equipped with protection CT cores connected to REB500
bay units.
It can only be configured for a bus-tie breaker during initial engineering of the sys-
tem. By opening the HMI500 “Configuration” menu and selecting “Circuit-break-
ers”, it is possible to see whether the logic is active for a particular bus-tie breaker
or not, but the setting cannot be changed.
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Complex stations
Figure 66 shows a reduced 1½ breaker scheme. With the additional bus-tie logic,
the measurements of bus-ties A and B are excluded from evaluation and their CTs
short-circuited while the main busbars S1 and S2 are connected in parallel (Q1 and
Q2 closed). A combined measuring zone S1/Sx/S2 is created in which all faults are
correctly detected.
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Complex stations
Excluding the bus-tie measurement only functions absolutely reliably providing the
auxiliary contacts reliably reflect the statuses of the bus-tie breakers, which neces-
sarily be assumed unless the auxiliary contacts have a fail-safe mechanical linkage.
Some circuit-breakers are designed to be used both as a bus-tie and feeder circuit-
breaker. Figure 68 shows an example.
If Q1, Q2, and Q20 are closed while Q2 and Q7 are open we have a bus-tie
breaker.
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Complex stations
If Q1 or Q2, and Q0 and Q7 are closed, while Q20 is open, we have a feeder cir-
cuit-breaker.
This signal is generated when an external protection device trips (including one in
the remote station) and isolates fault on transmission lines or transformer feeders
by operating the REB500 tripping contact.
On normal feeders, the “External TRIP” signal only trips the circuit-breaker of the
respective feeder. Its effect for special configurations is as follows:
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Complex stations
The “External TRIP” signal trips circuit-breaker Q0 of Feeder 1, but the fault is
still not cleared because the bypass isolator Q7 is closed. The busbar protection
then intertrips busbar 3 to finally clear the fault.