Lecture 10 – Water Distribution

System

Engr.Gul-E-Hina
Lecturer ,
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research(IEER)
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

[email protected]
Water Distribution System
Components
• Pipes

• Fire Hydrants

• Valves

• Service Reservoirs (OHR)

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Water Distribution System
Types of Water Distribution System
1- Gravity distribution
• Natural slope, spring at peak
• Economical & easy to install
• Site specific not applicable in all scenario
• For fire protection we generally install pumps

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Water Distribution System
2- Direct Pumping
• High electricity cost
• Operator role important (Constant attendance)
• Power /tube well or fire breakdown problem
• Pressure variation
• Pumps are design at peak hourly flow
• Several pumps to deal varying demand
• No storage

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Water Distribution System
3- Pumping with Storage
• Excess water pumped during periods of low
consumption stored in OHR
• High consumption periods water drawn out to
augment pumped water
• Constant pumping rate
• Economical as pumping rate is set at maximum
daily instead of peak hourly flow
• More reliable due to fire fighting reserve

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Water Distribution System

Pumping with storage

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Water Distribution System
• Types of Layout
Dead End or Tree System
• Irregularly developed cities(No proper planning)
Advantages
1. Easy to design
2. Less valve to cut off supplies
Disadvantages
1. Stagnation of water at dead ends
2. Large portions of cities for repairs to be cut off

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Water Distribution System
Grid –Iron System
• No stagnation
• More valves(costly)
• Difficult to design
• Expensive option but more reliable
• More common in developed countries

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Water Distribution System
• Types of water supply
Continuous
• No infiltration
• More water use
Intermittent
• Infiltration/Seepage (more chance of contamination)
• Storing water in dirty containers
• Taps carelessly kept open
• Consumers waste stored water to get fresh water

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Water Distribution System
Pipe Distribution System

Secondary
Primary Tub
ewe
ll

Tertiary

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Water Distribution System
Primary Feeders
• Main skeleton
• Water pumping to OHR and various parts of city
• In cities form loops, about 1 km apart.
• Looping allows continuous flow and adequate fire flows.
• Provided with air relief valve & blow off valve
• Size >300mm ϕ

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Water Distribution System
Secondary feeder
• Carry water from Primary feeder to cater for normal
supplies +firefighting(12”- Lahore)
• Smaller loops within loops of primary feeder
• In cities these are few blocks apart
• Sizes are 200mm, 250, 300mm ϕ
Small distribution mains/Tertiary Feeder
• Form grid over areas and supply water to fire hydrant
and domestic supply lines (150 mm ϕ)
Domestic supply lines
• Generally the sizes are <100-150 mm ϕ normal size is
75mm
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Water Distribution System
Consideration Pipe Layout
1. Right of way: Should not intersect private property
2. Not on mines/ military remains
3. Not to damage existing infrastructure(telephone lines,
sewerage pipes.
4. For high points use air release valves and low points blow
off valve
5. Avoid point of inflection “Concrete blocks at point of
inflection(Thrust blocks)”
6. When crossing river/stream better to attach with bridge or
if passing through stream keep narrowest section when in
need to bury pipes
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Water Distribution System

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Laying of Distribution System
Excavation
• Min depth : 1 m to protect the pipe against traffic load
• Trench width: Sufficient width be provided for proper
laying & jointing of pipes.
Pipe Trench width

2” 1.5’

3” 2’

4” 2’

6” 2’

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Laying of Distribution System
Laying & Jointing
• This include removal of pipes from vehicle, conveying it to
the storage in a yard or at street , placing it in a trench and
making proper joints.
Thrust blocks
• PCC blocks are provided at all tees, bends & dead ends to
nullify water thrust
Back Filling
• Back filling material should be free from large stones.

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Over Head Reservoir
(OHT)
Terminologies
Yield
The portion of precipitation on the watershed that can
be collected for use.

Safe Yield
It is the minimum yield recorded for given past period.

Draft
It is the intended or actually quantity of water drawn
for use.
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Capacity of Overhead Reservoir
Objective of Storage
1. Uniform or desired pumping rate of water over a given
time

2. Equalize demand over a period of high use or when

pumping discontinued

3. Emergency Services
• Fire Demand
• Tube well changes
• Electrical breakdown

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Capacity of Overhead Reservoir
• Storage capacity= Equalizing storage(15-30% Max
daily demand) + Fire Fighting (2-10hrs) +
Emergency (Variable)

• Public Health engineering Department (PHED)

recommended storage capacities for
1. Electric pumps – 1/6 th of avg. daily consumption
2. Diesel Pumps – ¼ th of avg. daily consumption

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Determination of Required Storage
Mass Diagram

•Graphical representation for finding the storage in reservoir.

•Also called Ripple diagram
•Mass diagram present the accumulated total discharge as a
function of time.
•For mass diagram records of stream flow for substantial
period of time is required generally more than 30 years.

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Determination of Required Storage

Draft

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Determination of Required Storage
Problem 1: From the following record of average monthly
stream flows:

Month Flow(m3X 106) Month Flow(m3X 106) Month Flow

(m3X 106)

1 0.18 8 0.08 15 1.01

2 1.02 9 0.07
3 1.32 10 0.04
4 0.51 11 0.1
5 0.87 12 0.26
6 0.67 13 0.2
7 0.19 14 1.10

Determine the require reservoir size to provide a uniform flow(draft) of

11000 m3 /day

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Determination of Required Storage

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Determination of Required Storage
Design the storage reservoir for a constant outflow rate of
8055 gallons for the following data:
Sr.No Time Flow Sr.N Time Flow
. (hr) (gal/min) o. (hr) (gal/min)
1 8 50
14 9 200
2 9 92
15 10 80
3 10 230
16 11 60
4 11 310
17 12 70
5 12 270
18 1 55
6 1 140
19 2 40
7 2 90
20 3 70
8 3 110
21 4 75
9 4 80
22 5 45
10 5 150
23 6 55
11 6 230
24 7 35
12 7 305
13 8 380
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Types of Water Supply Pipes
Water Supply Pipes
• Various types of pipes are available for the construction of
water supply network.
• The following points should be considered for selection;

 Carrying capacity
 Durability
 First cost
 Maintenance cost
 Type of water to be conveyed

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Water Supply Pipes
1. Cast Iron Pipes:
• Most widely used for city water supply
• Average life of pipes 100 years
• Corrosion (tuberculation)may reduce its capacity by
70%,must be lined with cement or bitumen
• Roughness coefficient (C)for new pipe is 130
• Roughness coefficient (C) for old pipe is 100

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Water Supply Pipes
2. Steel Pipes:
• Contains less carbon than cast iron pipe
• Average life is 25-50 years
• Frequently used for trunk mains
• Difficult to make connections, hence seldom used for water
distribution
• Much stronger and lighter than cast iron pipes
• Cheaper than cast iron pipes
• Cannot withstand vacuum, hence collapse
• Highly susceptible to corrosion, hence high maintenance charges
required.

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Water Supply Pipes
3. Ductile Pipes:
• Similar to C.I pipes except their increased ductility(it is
the property of a metal of being capable to be drawn out
into wire)
• Ductile iron is produced by adding a controlled amount of
Mg into molten iron of low sulphur and phosphorus
content
• Stronger, tougher and more elastic than C.I
• More expensive than C.I

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Water Supply Pipes
4. Galvanized Iron Pipes:
• Produced by dipping C.I pipes in molten zinc
• Resistant to corrosion
• Mainly used for plumbing
• Maximum diameter 6 inches
5. Concrete Pipes:
• Usual size of RCC pipes 400 mm and above
• Not subjected to corrosion
• Manufactured at or near site
• Average life of pipe is 75 years
• Roughness coefficient is between 138 to 15

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Water Supply Pipes
6. Asbestos Cement Pipes:
• Sizes available between 100mm-600 mm
• Average life – 30 years
• Immune to actions of acids, salts, soil, corrosion
• Less pumping cost due to less friction
• Roughness coefficient is equal to 140
7. Poly vinyl chloride Pipes:
• Mainly used for domestic plumbing
• Easy to install , easy to handle
• Cheaper in material cost
• Weak to sustain load
• Only available up to 350mm diameter size
• Expected life – 25 years
• PVC becomes brittle when placed in sunlight
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Water Supply Pipes
8. POLYPROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER
(PPRC)
• Exceptional corrosion & erosion resistance
• Anti-Fungal & Non-toxic
• Inherited characteristic of high impact strength
• Wide Temperature range: -40C to +950C (suitable for both hot & cold applications)
• Long Service life, above 50 years over a wide temperature range.
• Highly economical as compared to G. I , C. I, M.S, PVC
• Superior Impact, Fracture Resistance & Minimum Crack Transmission due to Co-polymer
with random assortment.
• PPR-C being an Eco-Friendly product does not catches fire straightforwardly,
indeed in case of fire it

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Types of Valves
1.Gate Valve(sluice valve)
• Used to shut off water supply mains for repair
• Generally placed at street corners where lines intersect.

2.Global Valve
• Used in the plumbing system on smaller pipes.
• They create lot of head loss

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Types of Valves
3.Check Valve
• Uni-directional flow
• Discharge side of pump to reduce water hammer
effect (pumping stations)

4.Butterfly Valve
• Used in filter plants and high pressure distribution systems.
• Shut off very slowly to avoid water hammer.

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Types of Valves
5.Pressure Regulating Valve
• Reduce pressure downstream side to any desired magnitude(60 PSI)
• Spring and adjustable diaphragm in order to increase or decrease the
water pressure within the water supply service

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore 1

Types of Valves
6. Air Relief Valve
• It allows the accumulated air in the pipe to escape
• It also allows the external air to enter the pipe to break the vacuum.
• Placed at high points of the line

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Types of Valves
7. Blow off Valve
• Used to drain a line, or to remove accumulated sediments
• Located at low points.

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Types of Valves
8. Altitude Valve
• Close automatically a supply line to an elevated tank when full
• Differential in forces between a spring load and the water level in the
reservoir.
• When the force of the spring is overcome by the force of the reservoir
head, the pilot closes the main valve
• Desired high water level set by adjusting the spring force

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Fire hydrants

• At least 2 hose outlets and larger pumper outlet

• Located at street intersection 1-2 m from the edge of
road

1m3/min

0.5 m

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