0% found this document useful (0 votes)
170 views132 pages

Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction

This document provides an overview of the proceedings from a workshop on earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete building construction that was held in July 1977 at the University of California, Berkeley. The workshop was organized to discuss the state-of-the-art in design and construction of seismic-resistant reinforced concrete buildings and to establish future research needs and priorities. The proceedings are compiled into three volumes, with Volume I containing the organization, recommendations, and appendices and Volumes II and III containing the technical reports and papers presented at the workshop.

Uploaded by

Benmark Jabay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
170 views132 pages

Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction

This document provides an overview of the proceedings from a workshop on earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete building construction that was held in July 1977 at the University of California, Berkeley. The workshop was organized to discuss the state-of-the-art in design and construction of seismic-resistant reinforced concrete buildings and to establish future research needs and priorities. The proceedings are compiled into three volumes, with Volume I containing the organization, recommendations, and appendices and Volumes II and III containing the technical reports and papers presented at the workshop.

Uploaded by

Benmark Jabay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 132

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED

CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION


Proceedings of a Workshop Held at
The University of California
Berkeley, California
July 11-15, 1977

In Three Volumes

Sponsored by the National Science Foundation


Grant No. NSF/ENV76-01923

Vitelmo V. Bertero, Organizer


Stephen A. Mahin, Organizing Secretary

Steering Committee:
William E. Gates
Neil M. Hawkins
John B. Scalzi
Mete A. Sozen
Loring A. Wyllie, Jr.

VOLUME I
ORGANIZATION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

Issued June 1978


I I

II
Preface

The material contained in these three volumes constitutes the proceedings of a workshop
on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction (ERCBC) sponsored by
the National Science Foundation, and held at the University of California, Berkeley, July 11-15,
1977. The main purposes of the workshop were to provide a means for the exchange of infor-
mation related to the state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice in the design and construction of
seismic-resistant reinforced concrete buildings, to evaluate current progress, and to establish
research needs and priorities for future work.

The specific objectives and organization of the workshop are summarized in the Introduc-
tion to the first volume. The final recommendations of the workshop form the main body of
that volume. Four appendixes follow, containing the program, the list of participants, the list
of working groups, and, lastly, a research directory.

Volumes 2 and 3 comprise the technical reports and papers that were presented. These
furnished the background material for the discussions which ultimately resulted in the final
recommendations of the workshop.

It is hoped that these proceedings will help mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes
by encouraging practitioners to implement those recent findings from the research and profes-
sional communities that will improve current practice in ERCBC, and by providing researchers
and agencies sponsoring research with guidelines for ensuring that future research is oriented
toward solving current problems. It is also hoped that the proceedings will serve to stimulate
communication and improve cooperation between practitioners, educators, researchers, and
representatives from industry and government agencies working in the field of ERCBC.

It is not possible here to thank all the individuals who contributed to the success of the
workshop, but a few should be mentioned. The assistance of Dr. John B. Scalzi, Manager of
the Earthquake Engineering Program of the National Science Foundation, during the planning
of the workshop, and his continuous support and encouragement are gratefully acknowledged.
The able assistance of Dr. Stephen A. Mahin, who acted as organizing secretary, throughout all
phases of the workshop is greatly appreciated. In addition, thanks must be extended to the
members of the steering committee: W. Gates, N. Hawkins, J. Scalzi, M. Sozen, and L. Wyl-
lie, Jr., for their technical assistance; to the session chairmen; the heads and recording secre-
taries of the working groups; to H. Barry and L. Reid of University Extension for coordinating
schedules, arranging accommodations, and making the workshop an enjoyable experience for all
the participants; and to L. Tsai, not only for invaluable editorial assistance in the preparation of
these volumes, but for her continued help throughout the various phases of the workshop.
Finally, special and sincere appreciation goes to the authors of the technical reports and to all
the participants, who took time from their busy schedules to collaborate in the workshop. The
success of the workshop is the result of their individual and combined efforts.

Funding for this workshop was made possible by grant ENV76-01923 from the National
Science Foundation. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. These proceedings constitute
the final report to the sponsor. The conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not
necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Vitelmo V. Bertero
Berkeley, California
June 1978

Preceding page blank iii


I
!
TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I: ORGANIZATION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Preface • • • • • iii

Table of Contents v

Introduction 1

Final Recommendations 5

Appendix A - Workshop Program 41


Appendix B - List of Participants 55

Appendix C - List of Working Group Members 63

Appendix D - Research Directory Related to ERCBC 69

VOLUME II: TECHNICAL PAPERS

Preface • • • • • iii

Table of Contents v

AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE ART IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT


REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Accomplishments and Research and Development Needs

An Overview of the State-of-the-Art in Earthquake


Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construc-
tion in the United States of America
J. BZwne •••••••••• 119
An Overview of the State-of-the-Art in Earthquake-
Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction
in Canada
S. Uzwneri. S. Otani. and M. CoZZins 138

A European View on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced


Concrete Building Construction
J. Ferry Borges . • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • •• 168

Preceding page blank


A Review of Recent Research in Japan as Related to
the Earthquake-Resistant Design of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
H. Aoyama . . . . . • 185

Seismic Design Requirements in a Mexican 1976 Code


E. Rosenb Zueth •.••• • • • • • 216

Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Buildings


in Mexico: Research Needs and Practical Problems
L. Esteva • • . • . • • . • •••.• 234

Accomplishments and Research and Development Needs


in New Zealand
R. Park • • • • • . • • • 255

Design Earthquakes

Design Earthquakes - Uncertainties in Ground Motion


Input and their Effects on Building Construction
N. Donovan .•••••••...•••..•. 296

State-of-the-Art in Establishing Design Earthquakes


V. Bertero . . • • . • • • • • . . • • • • 315

Contributing Paper:
Uncertainties in Seismic Input and Response Parameters -
Development of Stable Design Parameters
H. Shah and C. Mortgat •••••• 346

AN OVERVIEH OF THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN EARTHQUAKE-


RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Summary of Present Codes and Standards in the World Related to ERCBC;


Future Codes

Evolution of Codes and Standards for Earthquake-Resistant


Reinforced Concrete Building Construction (ERCBC)
R. Sharpe • • • • . . . • • • • . . • • 371

Summary of Present Codes and Standards in the World


M. Watabe • 408

Seismic Codes based on Semi-Probabilistic Approach

Seismic Code based on Semi-Probabilistic Approach


J'. Benjamin • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 427

vi
Contributing Paper:
The Purpose and Effects of Earthquake Codes - A Case
Study of Semi-Probabilistic Approach
H. Shah and T. Zsutty • . • • . . . • • • 453

An Overview of the State-of-the-Practice and User Needs for Improving


ERCBC

An Overview of User Needs for Improving Earthquake-


Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction
B. Olsen ....•...•.. 489

An Overview of the State-of-the-Practice and of User


Needs for Improving ERCBC (Emphasis on California)
E. Teal . . 504
An Overview of the State-of-the-Practice and of User
Needs for Improving ERCBC (Canadian Aspects)
F. Knoll .•.••.••...• 522
Contributing Paper:
User Needs for Improving Earthquake-Resistant
Reinforced Concrete Building Construction
E. Zacher . . . . • . . . . . • . . • • • . 541

USER NEEDS

Applicability of Presented Research Output; Needs for Integrating


Research Programs and for Research and Development by Teams of
Researchers and Professionals

Earthquake Research and User Needs


B. Bresler ..•..• 547
Applicability of Earthquake Research from the User's
Viewpoint
L. WyUie, Jr. 553

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Social and Economic Effects of Earthquake Prediction


(Abstract)
R. Turner . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . . 559

vii
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED AND
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MATERIALS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS

Concrete

Mechanical Properties of Concrete


R. Preece . . • • . 563

Constitutive Relations for Concretes under Seismic


Conditions
M. Taylor 569

Contributing Papers:
Confined Concrete: Research and Development Needs
V. BerteX'o and J. VaZZenas • • • . • • • 594
Strength and Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Columns
with Rectangular Ties
S. Uzwneri and S. Sheikh 611
A Note on the Failure Criterion for Diagonally
Cracked Concrete
M. Collins ..•..••••••••••• 624

Reinforcing Steel

Mechanical Characteristics and Performance of


Reinforcing Steel under Seismic Conditions
J. Me Dermott • . . • • 629

Mechanical Characteristics and Bond of Reinforcing


Steel under Seismic Conditions
E. Popov ••••• 658

Contributing Papers:
Constitutive Relations of Steel: Effects on Hysteretic
Behavior of Structural Concrete Members and on Strength
Considerations in Seismic Design
R. Park • . . • • . • • • • . • • • • • • . 683
Development Length Requirements for Reinforcing Bars
under Seismic Conditions
N. Hawkins .•....•••.•••.•.•.. 696 -

viii
REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS,
INCLUDING TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS: I~~ORTANCE OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

New Buildings
(a) Cast-in-Field and Precast and Prestressed

Structural Systems for Earthquake Resistant Concrete


Buildings
M. Fintel and S. Ghosh ...•........• 707

contributing Papers:
Soft Story Concept Applied at St. Joseph Health Care
Center
A. Popoff, Jr. 742
The 18-Storied Shiinamachi Building
N. Ohmori ..•..•....• 756

(b) Precast Concrete Composite Systems


Contributing Paper:
State of the Art of Precast Concrete Technique in
Japan
A. Ikeda, T. Yamada, S. Kawamura, and S. Fujii 770

Existing Buildings: Methods for Repairing and Retrofitting


(Strengthening, Stiffening, and Toughening)

Methods for Repairing and Retrofitting (Strengthening)


Existing Buildings
J. Warner . . . • • . . • • . 789

Methods and Costs of Reinforcing Veterans Administration


Existing Buildings
J. Lefter • . . • 820

Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete


Members and Buildings
R. Hanson . . . . • • 840

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Problems in Modeling and its Influence in Estimating Dynamic


Characteristics

The Art of Modeling Buildings for Dynamic Seismic


Analysis
W. Gates 857

ix
Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
L. Selna .•..•••••• 887

Contributing Pape~s:

Problems in the Practical Application of Computer


Analysis to Reinforced Concrete Building Design
C. Poland •••••••••.•.. 938
Effects of Two-Dimensional Earthquake Motion on
Response of Ric Columns
D. Pecknold and M. SuhaY'Wa~dy • • • 950

Computer Programs Available for Analysis of Seismic Response of


Reinforced Concrete Buildings (Two- and Three-dimensional); Future
Improvements and Developments

An Overview of the State-of-the-Practice of the Usage


of Computer Programs
G. Brandow • • • . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 960

Computer Programs for Analysis of Seismic Response


of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
G. Powell ••••••.•••.•••• 969

Contributing Paper:
Elastic Analysis of Walls with Openings
E. Popov •••.••• 981

Preliminary Design vs. Analysis: Use of Computers for Preliminary


Design and Final Detailing in ERCBC

Computer Aided Design of Earthquake Resistant


Reinforced Concrete Buildings
N. GreVe • • • • . • • 983

On the Use of Computers in the Seismic-Resistant


Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
S. Mahin ••.•••••••••••• 996

VOLUME III: TECHNICAL PAPERS

Preface • • • • • • iii

Table of Contents v

x
DESIGN METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT P~INFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION OF MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES; CORRELATION
WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

Design of Ric Moment-Resisting Frames: Practical and Ideal Methods

Design of Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames


D. Strand. •. • •.•••••• 1023

Capacity Design of Reinforced Concrete Ductile Frames


T. Paulay . •• • •••••••• 1043

Contributing Paper:
Reinforced Concrete Ductile Frames - the Use of
Diagonal Reinforcing to Solve the Joint Problem
R. Poole ••.•••.•.••••• 1076

Problem of Damage to Nonstructural Components and Equipment

The Problem of Damage to Nonstructural Components


and Equipment
K. Merz •. 1098

Contributing Paper:
Problem of Damage to Nonstructural Components
and Equipment: Walls and Stairs
G. Me Kenzie 1128

Use of Optimization Procedures in Design of Moment-Resisting Frames

Computer-Aided Optimum Design of Ductile Ric


Moment-Resisting Frames
S. Zagajeski and V. Bertero . 1140

Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Elements and Sub-


assemblages of Ric Frames

Experimental and Analytical Investigations of


Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Earthquake
Loading
P. Gergely 1175

Behavior of Elements and Subassemblages - R.C. Frames


J. Jirsa •.•.••••.•• 1196

xi
Contributing Paper:
A Method for Delaying Shear Strength Decay of
RC Beams
C. Saribner and J. Wight 1215

Importance of Reinforcement Details

Contributing liiper:
Reinforcing Bars in Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced
Concrete Building Construction
W. Blaak .....•••••.. 1242

Behavior of Flat Slab Systems, Diaphragms, and Infilled Frames under


Seismic Conditions

Seismic Response Constraints for Slab Systems


N. Hawkins . • • • • . • 1253

Contributing Paper:
Hysteretic Behavior of Infilled Frames
R. KUngner • . • . . . . . . 1276

DESIGN METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS


RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION OF FRAME-WALL STRUCTURES; CORRELATION WITH
FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

Design of RIc Frame-Wall Structures: Practical and Ideal Methods

Design of Frame-Wall Structures


A. Dereaho . . • • • • 1281

Design of Reinforced Concrete Frame-Wall Structures:


Criteria and Practical Considerations
E. El-r;esser • . . • . • . • • . . . 1311

Earthquake Resistant Structural Walls


T. Paul-ay •••••.•• 1339

Contributing Papers:
Design of RIc Frame-Wall Structures
T. Takeda . . . • . • 1366
A Practical Method to Evaluate Seismic Capacity of
Existing Medium- and Low-Rise RIc Buildings with Emphasis
on the Seismic Capacity of Frame-Wall Buildings
H. Dmemura and T. Okada . . • • • . • • • . • . . . . , 1381

xii
Shear Wall Researchable Items
J. Meehan • . . • • 1387

Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Elements and Sub-


assemblages of Frame-Wall Structures: Single Walls, Coupled Walls,
Frame-Walls, etc.

Laboratory Tests of Earthquake-Resistant


Structural Wall Systems and Elements
A. Fiorato and W. Corley 1388

Importance of Reinforcement Details for ERCBC

Contributing Papers:
Importance of Reinforcement Details in Earthquake-
Resistant Structural Walls
A. Fiorato, R. Oesterle, and W. Corley 1430
Coupling Beams of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
T. Paulay ....• ., •...•••.• 1452

FOUNDATIONS AND RETAINING STRUCTURES

Design and Detailing of Different Types of Ric Foundations and


Retaining Structures; Determination of Soil Pressure and Design
Forces

Seismic Rocking Problem of Rigid Compensated


:Foundations
L. Zeevaert • • . 1463

Cont~buting Papers:
Comments on Structure-Soil Interactions during
Earthquakes
L. Wyllie, J'X'. 1495
Discussion of "Comments on Structure-Soil Interactions
during Earthquakes"
W. Holmes • . . • . • • . • • . • • • . . • • . 1506
Cast-in-Field geinforced Concrete Systems for New
Buildings - Design of Foundations
S. Teixeira • . . • . , . . . . • • . • • . . . 1512
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REAL BUILDINGS, MODELS OF
COMPLETE BUILDINGS, AND LARGE SUBASSEMBLAGES OF BUILDINGS;
CORRELATION WITH ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND WITH DATA
FROM :FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

xiii
Real Buildings: Strong-Motion Instrumentation;
Dynamic Testing of RIc Buildings

Dynamic Response Investigations of Real


Buildings
S. Freeman, K. Honda, and J. Blume 1517

Experimental Investigations - Correlation


with Analysis
R. Shepherd and P. Jennings • . • . • . 1537

contributing Papers:
Large-Scale Dynamic Shaking of ll-Story
Reinforced Concrete Buildings
R. Mayes and T. Galambos 1555
Dynamic Behavior of an Eleven-Story Masonry
Building
R. Stephen and J. Bow.ukamp 1588
Strong-Motion Instrumentation of Reinforced
Concrete Buildings
C. Rojahn • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • 1596

Use of Earthquake Simulators and Large-Scale Loading Facilities

Earthquake Simulation in the Laboratory


M. Sozen ••... 1606

The Experimental Investigation on ERCBC with Emphasis


on the Use of Earthquake Response Simulators in Japan
T. Okada ••.••.• , •••••• 1630

Use of Earthquake Simulators and Large-Scale Loading


Facilities in ERCBC
V. Bertero, R. Clough, and M. Oliva • • . 1652

Contributing Paper:
Experimental Research Needs for Earthquake-Resistant
Reinforced Concrete Building Construction
H. Krawinkler • . . • • • •. • ••••..• 1682

DESIGN METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS


RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF PRESTRESSED AND PREFABRICATED
STRUCTURES; CORRELATION WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

xiv
Design of Prestressed Structures for ERCBC

Design of Earthquake-Resistant, Prestressed


Concrete Structures
T. Y. Lin, F. KuZka, and J. Tai . . . . 1693

Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures


R. Park . . . . . • • . . . • . . • . 1722

Design of Prefabricated Structures for ERCBC

Seismic Design of Precast Concrete Panel Buildings


J. Beeker and C. LZorente • . . 1753

An Evaluation of the State of the Art in the Design


and Construction of Prefabricated Buildings in
Seismically Active Areas of the United States
R. EngZekirk ••..•.....•.•. 1799

Some Aspects of Application and Behaviour of Large


Panel Systems in Seismic Regions of Europe
M. VeZkov and D. Jurukovski • • . . . • . 1815

Contributing Papers:
Earthquake Resistant Design of Precast Concrete
Bearing Wall Type Structures - A Designer's Dilemma
V. Mujumdar . . . . . ...•. 1837
Seismic Resistance vs. Progressive Collapse of
Precast Concrete Panel Buildings
R. FuZZer . . . ••.. 1852

Production and Repair Aspects of Industrialized Buildings

Contributing Paper:
Production and Repair Aspects of Industrialized Buildings
W. Hester . . • • • . . . • • 1861

Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Cast-in-Field or Precast


Elements and their Subassemblages used in Prefabricated and/or Pre-
stressed Structures for ERCBC

Analytical and Experimental Studies of Prestressed


and Precast Concrete Elements
N. Hawkins ....•... 1871

Experimental Investigations of Subassemblages of Partially


Prestressed and Prestressed Concrete Framed Structures
R. Park and K. Thompson • • . . • . • • • • . . • . . • 1910

xv
- --- -------------------------------------------------
Introduction

Significant advancements have been achieved during the last decade in the design and
construction of seismic-resistant reinforced concrete buildings. This progress has resulted from
analytical and experimental research conducted at various institutions, as well as from lessons
gained by inspecting damages caused by recent earthquakes. Considerable human and
economic resources have been devoted to research on specific problems related to earthquake-
resistant design and construction and this has produced a tremendous volume of worldwide
information.

Despite advancements in this field, significant gaps still remain in our understanding of
the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete buildings, and numerous areas exist in which spe-
cialists, both researchers and practitioners alike, continue to disagree. This is not surprising
because of the complexity of seismic response of buildings and the multitude of reinforced con-
crete structural systems, configurations, and details encountered in practice. Although addi-
tional research on seismic behavior is needed to solve these problems, this may not be
sufficient by itself, since achievement of efficient seismic-resistant construction requires integra-
tion of knowledge obtained from many diverse fields. This integration is difficult because of the
limited communication between experts working independently in different areas. Most of the
available information has been published in widely dispersed publications or presented orally,
and little effort has been made to assemble and integrate these data in a form that encourages
their systematic discussion, evaluation, and dissemination among the various specialists in this
field.

To improve this situation, it was felt that researchers, professionals, and representatives
from industry and government working in the field of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete
building construction (ERCBC), should be brought together in a workshop to discuss and
evaluate the available information and to determine priorities for future research needs.

Objectives
The main objectives of the workshop were to (1) evaluate current knowledge and practice
in the planning, design, and construction of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete buildings;
(2) review the objectives and scope of existing research programs and discuss their findings to
provide feedback to researchers; (3) examine needs and priorities for immediate, as well as
long-range, research required to remove gaps in current knowledge and to improve current
practice; and (4) improve communication and cooperation (at both the national and interna-
tional levels) between research and professional organizations, as well as between different
research groups.

Contents and Organization


To achieve these objectives, eighty-four specialists from the professional, industrial
(materials manufacturing), and research· disciplines were invited to attend and participate in a
workshop held at the University of California, Berkeley, during the week of July 11-15, 1977.
The ERCBC Workshop was organized by Vitelmo V. Bertero with the help of Stephen A.
Mahin, who acted as Organizing Secretary, and a steering committee, whose members were
selected on the basis of their knowledge and extensive experience in the field. The workshop
was conducted by University Extension of the University of California and sponsored by the
National Science Foundation.

The workshop activities were divided into two parts. In the first part, the state-of-the-art
and state-of-the-practice in ERCBC were discussed. Experts in various areas of seismic-
resistant design and construction were chosen to present review articles on the different
2

features involved in this type of construction. Open discussion followed each presentation,
emphasizing comments by practitioners. The final workshop agenda, including a list of the
papers presented in the eleven workshop sessions, is reproduceq in appendix A. A list of the
participants and their professional affiliations is included in appendix B.

In the second part of the workshop, ten working groups met to assess ongoing research in
the different areas involved in ERCBC, define research needs, and establish priorities for future
research. Nine working groups were originally formed; however, during the workshop it
became evident that a number of participants shared a concern regarding the integration,
interpretation, and utilization of experimental research. To provide a forum for this discussion,
a tenth group was formed. The members of each of the working groups are listed in appendix
C.

The chairmen of the nine original groups were supplied with a brief statement defining
the scope of the group's task. These statements, after some modifications by the respective
working groups, are reproduced at the beginning of the recommendations of each working
group. The recommendations submitted by each working group were formulated after several
meetings at which all interested participants could attend. These recommendations were then
presented to and discussed by all of the participants, and modified when necessary during the
concluding session of the workshop. The organizer, organizing secretary, and steering commit-
tee then met to review, discuss, and edit the workshop recommendations. The working group
chairmen then reviewed and approved the fj.nal recommendations for their group. The final
recommendations included in these proceedings have been distilled from the discussions of the
various participants and working groups and consequently do not constitute an individual
endorsement by a particular participant or organization.

Participation in the workshop was by invitation. Eighty-four participants were selected on


the basis of their experience in the field of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete building
construction, for their knowledge of current research programs in the field, and for their aware-
ness of research needs or practical problems in the general field of earthquake engineering.

There were two classifications of participants: main· participants were requested to prepare
a comprehensive state-of-the-art or state-of-the-practice report on at least one of the main sub-
jects included in the workshop program; regular participants were invited to participate volun-
tarily in the discussions and to prepare a short contributing paper or discussion on any of the
subjects included in the technical program of the workshop. All participants were assigned to
serve on at least one of the ten working groups (see appendix C). Participants were also
requested to submit a set of draft recommendations to be considered by the appropriate
workshop working group. These draft recommendations were distributed to the other partici-
pants, along with preprints of the technical papers, well before the workshop.

The workshop proceedings are published in three volumes. The first volume includes the
final recommendations, the program, the list of participants, list of working group members,
and a compilation of research publications related to the field. The publication list is included
in appendix D to serve as a directory of current research. It contains only those references sup-
plied by different participants and is not comprehensive. It is hoped that the directory can be
completed and updated in the future for the benefit of researchers and practitioners working in
this field. Technical papers, which encompass state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice reports,
as well as contributing papers, presented at the workshop, are published in the second and third
volumes. Responsibility for the contents of these papers rests solely with the individual
authors. The texts and illustrations of the papers have been reproduced from camera-ready ori-
ginals supplied by the authors; in a few instances, retyping and manuscript arrangement were
necessary.
3

Summary of Recommendations: Identification of High-Priority Needs


The 114 recommendations formulated during the workshop deal with a wide variety of
research, development, and other needs for improving ERCBC. Priorities have been assigned
to these recommendations by the working group that developed them. It is hoped that recom-
mendations in this form will serve as guidelines to researchers and sponsoring agencies for
current and long-term research needs.

After reviewing the final recommendations, the organizer, organizing secretary, and steer-
ing committee attempted to identify needs of highest overall priority, or of common concern to
several working groups. Among those identified, the following deserve special mention.

1. Cooperation and Communication


Every effort should be made to improve cooperation and communication between
researchers and professionals, as well as between researchers themselves. Effective exchange of
research information should be accomplished on both a national and international basis.

2. Evaluation and Dissemination of Available Data


Effective methods are needed for reviewing and evaluating available data and disseminat-
ing pertinent design-oriented technical information in simple, comprehensible terms. Effective
evaluation and dissemination will require precise definition and agreement on the main parame-
ters controlling building performance, and formulation of guidelines for collecting and reducing
data and presenting results. Dissemination of technical information could be facilitated by pub-
lishing design and analysis guidelines and technical reviews in bulletins or pamphlets; organiz-
ing workshops and short courses on well-defined topics; encouraging roadshow-type presenta-
tions; and creating an information center.

3. Research and Development Needs


A. General. -- Integrated analytical and experimental research is needed on the three-
dimensional linear-elastic and hysteretic behavior of real buildings and their subassemblages
under seismic loading conditions. Emphasis should be placed on comprehensive studies of: the
stress-strain relationship of different types of reinforced concrete materials, considering varia-
tion in combined multiaxial and shear stresses; bond-slip relationships; behavior of different
types of foundations under seismic excitations and its effect on building response to determine
guidelines for selecting and designing foundation systems; influence of different floor systems
(including diaphragm deformability); effect of joint flexibility, considering possible bond
deterioration; column behavior under biaxial lateral forces and axial loads varying from tension
to compression; and effect of nonstructural components. Generic studies of connections, com-
ponents, and subassemblages forming part of the primary seismic load-carrying system in prefa-
bricated concrete buildings should be performed. Similar studies should be conducted on pres-
tressed concrete components and assemblies.

To carry out all of these studies, it will be necessary to develop several large-scale loading
facilities (structural floor-wall reaction systems); make greater use of the few available small-
and medium-sized simulators; detemine the need and feasibility of a large earthquake simulator
capable of testing full-scale structures; and develop efficient computer simulation techniques to
model realistic structures and perform design-oriented parametric studies.

Researchers and professionals should evaluate current building code detailing require-
ments; establish criteria to indicate the appropriate method of design according to the expected
nature of structural action; evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the added expense of providing
earthquake resistance beyond that required for safety, as compared with the cost of repairinl
infrequent damages; and develop guidelines for seismic analysis and design that can be used b:
4

the design profession. All these should be done considering different types of buildings in
different seismic regions.

B. Existing Buildings. -- Procedures should be developed to determine the seismic resis-


tance and acceptable damage levels of existing buildings. Evaluation is needed of the materials
and techniques presently usee! in repairing and retrofitting. Guides for their use should be
prepared and new methods explored. Forced vibration tests up to collapse are suggested for
buildings scheduled to be demolished.
\
\ \
5

FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS
7

WORKING GROUP 1

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE


OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MATERIALS
UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS

Working Group 1 reviewed current knowledge and practice related to the mechanical
characteristics and performance of reinforced and prestressed concrete materials under seismic
loading conditions and formulated recommendations for advancing the state of knowledge and
for improving material behavior in ERCBC. The group evaluated the available data regarding:
the mechanical characteristics of the component materials and of the composite material
(confined concrete, bond, etc.); methods for determining and specifying these characteristics;
quality control and quality assurance procedures; and mathematical models of material behavior.
The recommendations formulated by this working group are presented in a single category in
order of their priority.

A. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

It is recommended that conventional monotonic testing procedures be supplemented by


extensive cycling experiments including reversals of load and/or deformation and different
rates of loading or straining. In order for work to be readily comparable, a strong effort
should be made by experimenters to agree on standard testing procedures or methods for
presenting experimental results. The development of mathematical models, where
appropriate, should be intensively pursued.

1. CONDUCT COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES ON THE STRESS-STRAIN RELA-


TIONSHIP OF NORMAL AND HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE CONFINED BY
DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT AND OF PLAIN CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING,
INCLUDING VARYING MULTIAXIAL (TENSION AND COMPRESSION) AND
SHEAR STRESS COMBINATIONS.
The amount of confinement significantly affects the mechanical characteristics of
concrete. Mechanisms of confinement for circular and rectangular hoops differ. For
rectangular hoops most of the data available are on square or simple rectangular ties.
The effect of using supplementary cross ties and overlapping ties should be studied
as should the effect of different amounts and arrangements of the main longitudinal
bars on the behavior of confined concrete. The use of single and double rectangular
spirals should also be investigated and compared with results obtained from studies
on circular spirals. These studies should include the determination of the stress-
strain curves under monotonically increasing uniaxial compression, as well as the
investigation of the effect of strain gradient and cyclic loading on the behavior of
confined concrete. The effect of cover should be investigated by considering speci-
mens with and without cover. Such studies should be complemented by investiga-
tions of plain concrete under multiaxial stress states representative of those encoun-
tered under seismic loading conditions. Sufficient replications of tests should .
conducted at different laboratories to permit the statistical treatment of data.

Preceding pagE
-- ._- ------------------------------

The effect of confinement on the mechanical characteristics of concrete should be


reported on a consistent basis. Some researchers currently report only the gross
stress-strain curves, while others plot the stress determined on the basis of an arbi-
trarily defined area of the confined core versus strains computed from deformations
measured on an arbitrarily selected gage length. Guidelines on what should be
measured in such investigations as well as the instrumentation to be used should be
established.

2. CONDUCT COMPREHENSIVE EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STU-


DIES ON BOND-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS, INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF
SPLICES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANCHORAGES UNDER SIMULATED
SEISMIC LOADING CONDITIONS.
The amount of available information in this area is very limited. Among the topics
requiring attention are the following (listed in their approximate order of priority):
(a) systematic experiments for determining a generalized bond-slip relationship for a
single bar embedded in stone concrete; (b) extension of the above study to include
groups of bars, the effect of splices and other types of anchorage; (c) formulation of
a generalized bond-slip relationship; and (d) investigation of bond and anchorage
characteristics of welded wire fabric.
The implications of loading history and rates of loading and/or deformation in these
problems must receive particular attention. Therefore, the above studies should
consider a wide range of loading histories at various loading rates (including shock
loading) and the effects of confinement, axial compression, and dowel actions.
Instrumentation should be planned carefully in all of these tests to obtain reliable
data on the main parameters affecting the bond-slip relationship.
The effect of bond-slip on overall structural behavior under cyclic loading should be
investigated, with particular attention given to the effect of possible degradation of
flexural strength and stiffness at a joint resulting from bond-slip.

3. CONDUCT STUDIES ON THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT-


WEIGHT CONCRETE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH REINFORCING STEEL
UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS.
Lightweight materials offer the advantage of a significant increase in strength per
unit weight. Test results are needed to determine the applicability of lightweight
aggregate concrete to earthquake-resistant construction, especially as related to: (a)
effect of confinement on strain capacity and strength; (b) interaction of reinforcing
steel and lightweight concrete in a joint; (c) bond behavior of reinforcing steel and
lightweight concrete; (d) effect of lightweight aggregate on shear transfer in cracked
sections; (e) behavior of high-strength lightweight concrete [greater than 5,000 psi
(35 MPa)]; and (f) properties of various materials (including marginal aggregates).

4. CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS OF BUCKLING OF THE MAIN REINFORCE-


MENT.
Tie spacing required for preventing buckling of compressive longitudinal reinforce-
ment strained into the inelastic range under cyclic loading requires further investiga-
tion. The type (configuration) and size of tie, as well as the spacing and stress levels
in the ties are, important variables that should be considered. Yielding of the ties
may result in a significant decrease in the buckling load of the main bar. The use of
supplementary cross ties and their configuration should be investigated. The rela-
tionship of tie spacing to type and size of aggregate should be studied.
9

5. CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING PROPERTIES OF DAMAGED


AND REPAIRED CONCRETE.
For every structure which collapses there are hundreds which suffer damage. This
damage varies from almost zero to incipient collapse. There are major questions
that remain to be resolved regarding such structures. For example, (a) how can
concrete damage be detected and quantified?; (b) what behavior can be expected of
damaged concrete?; (c) what behavior can be expected of repaired concrete?; (d)
what are the bond relationships in damaged and repaired concrete?; and (e) what
correlation can be obtained between data from core and nondestructive testing, and
laboratory test specimens?
Questions related to damaged and repaired structural concrete may well be major
considerations in the economics of seismic-resistant design. Resolution of these
questions requires cooperation among different branches of the profession.

6. CONDUCT STUDIES ON CRITERIA FOR GROUTING TENDONS AND FOR


ACCEPTANCE OF PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC LOADING
SITUATIONS. CONDUCT TESTS TO DEFINE THE CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN
CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIRED ULTIMATE STRAIN FOR PRESTRESS-
ING STEELS.
Little information is available regarding the behavior of prestressing steels and sys-
tems under seismic loading conditions. Research is needed to develop recommenda-
tions for grouting tendons, considering the effects of possible cracking and bond-slip
on desired level of corrosion resistance and anchorage. Current procedures for
acceptance of tendon systems (especially anchorage devices) under seismic loading
conditions should be re-evaluated in view of the large stresses that can be developed
in tendons located in regions of high bending or rotation ofa member. The effects
of metallurgy, finishing methods, construction procedures, prior load history,
fluctuating environmental conditions, strain rate and tendon type on the cyclic
stress-strain characteristics of prestressing tendons need to be defined experimen-
tally. Research is also needed to determine the ultimate strain of prestressing steel
required to achieve adequate flexural ductility in members.

7. CONDUCT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF RATE


OF LOADING OR DEFORMATION, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRA-
TIONS (FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE) ON SLIDING SHEAR AND SHEAR
TRANSFER.
These investigations should include studies on sliding shear over a wide range of
surfaces (e.g. rough to smooth) under both tension and compression, with and
without transverse steel across the sliding plane and with sliding planes intentionally
created or due to cracking.

8. CARRY OUT INVESTIGATIONS OF NEW MATERIALS, OR DEVELOP INNO-


VATIVE WAYS OF USING TRADITIONAL MATERIALS FOR SEISMIC CON-
DITIONS.
Some recent advances in materials science have suggested new materials which may
offer improved performance of concrete structures under seismic conditions. These
materials include: (a) fiber reinforced concrete; (b) loop-fiber reinforced concrete;
(c) high-strength concrete; (d) high-strength lightweight concrete; (e) polymer con-
crete; and (0 expansive and self-stressing concrete. Additional information is also
needed on grouts and other bonding materials to establish their characteristics and
interaction with concrete, particularly under seismic conditions.
10

9. CONDUCT STUDIES TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM SHAPE OF STRESS-STRAIN


RELATIONSHIP, EFFECTS OF BENDING AND REBENDING, AND OPTIMUM
SURFACE DEFORMATION CRITERION FOR REINFORCING STEEL.
Investigations should be conducted into the optimum shape of the stress-strain rela-
tionship for reinforcing bars in order to provide a member with adequate plastic
hinge rotation capacity while avoiding excessive overstrength due to strain harden-
ing. Experimental evidence is needed to reassure designers that bending and subse-
quent straightening or rebending of bars in cast-in-place and precast members during
construction do not consume the entire strain capacity of the steel prior to the
demands that an earthquake might place on the bar. Additional research is needed
to determine criteria for selecting surface deformations as a function of desired bond
and bendability characteristics.

10. CONDUCT STUDIES OF LONG-TERM LOADING EFFECTS IN DRYING


ENVIRONMENT AND THE EFFECT OF PRIOR CRACKING ON THE
BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS.
Present design rules assume that concrete will carry its full modular ratio share of
loads. However, it is evident from column failures seen in recent earthquakes that
in all probability the concrete has shrunk so much that the vertical reinforcing steel
is carrying virtually all the dead load. When earthquake shock loading occurs, the
bars yield and buckle. outward, and all of the exterior shell is lost and cannot share
the load. Most of the research on column strength under dynamic loading is based
upon laboratory-prepared columns tested at relatively early ages before significant
drying shrinkage has taken place. There is a need to study the effects of long-term
sustained loads in a drying environment so that tensile shrinkage takes place prior to
overloading from earthquake shock.
11

WORKING GROUP 2

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN EARTHQUAKE-


RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Working Group 2 reviewed the use of computer programs in the design and analysis of
ERCBC. Recommendations were developed for research and development needed to improve
mathematical modeling of ERCBC; to study the effects of uncertainties in modeling; and to
improve linear and nonlinear computer programs. The recommendations formulated by this
group are divided into three categories. Category A contains a recommendation for improving
dissemination of current knowledge to the design profession. Category B contains recommen-
dations for improving or studying the effects of modeling in ERCBC. Category C contains
recommendations for computer program development needs. Within each category, recom-
mendations are ranked in order of their priority.

A. GENERAL RECOMMENDATION

1. DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN


THAT CAN BE USED BY THE DESIGN PROFESSION.
Current seismic codes and practices such as those recommended by the SEAOC 1 and
under consideration by the ATC 2 require dynamic seismic analysis in certain situa-
tions (e.g. irregular buildings) but do not generally provide guidance in suggesting
appropriate modeling assumptions, analytical methods, and design stress levels.
Such a document should be based on current knowledge and be presented in such a
form as to facilitate periodic upgrading as new information becomes available from
research studies. It could also serve as an effective tool for technology transfer.

B. STRUCTURAL MODELING

1. PERFORM SENSITIVITY ANALYSES OF TYPICAL STRUCTURES TO GUIDE


THE DESIGNER IN SELECTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS, STRUCTURAL
MODELS, AND MEMBER STRENGTHS.
Even with the best available structural analyses, wide ranges of numerical values can
be obtained by changing modeling assumptions. Analytical studies are needed to
identify, for various types of structural systems, those modeling parameters to which
the response may be particularly sensitive. Such parameters might relate to, for
example, floor diaphragm deformability, foundation flexibility, joint flexibility,
simplified shear wall and frame idealization, loading conditions, and mass distribu-
tion.
1. Seismology Committee. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary. Structural Engineers
Association of California. San Francisco, California. 1975.
2. Final Review Draft of Recommended Comprehensive Seismic Design Provisions for Buildings. Applied Technolo-
gy Council. Palo Alto, California. January 1,1977.
12

Such studies could also be used to assess the reliability of simple modeling tech-
niques and design methods that could be employed in preliminary design. One
approach to this would be to design several different common types of structural sys-
tems using a variety of analysis and modeling assumptions. The response of these
designs could then be computed using various simple and complex elastic and inelas-
tic analysis methods in order to evaluate both the reliability of the analytical
methods and the accuracy of the design and modeling assumptions.

2. CONTINUE RESEARCH ON IMPROVED METHODS FOR IDEALIZING THE


LINEAR-ELASTIC STIFFNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CON-
CRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
Key areas requiring research are the determination of effective section properties for
girders including realistic contributions from floor systems of various types, the
classification and idealization of non-rigid diaphragms, the idealization of different
wall configurations such as intersecting, perforated, or core walls, the modeling of
joint flexibility, and the representation of flexible foundation constraints, especially
in the case of shear walls.

3. CONTINUE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR MODEL-


ING THE INELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
There are still major areas of research which require additional study to define the
nonlinear stiffness and damping characteristics of many reinforced concrete struc-
tural elements and nonstructural components. Realistic force-deflection relation-
ships, including stiffness and strength degradation under cyclic loading, should be
developed. Existing analytical models for flexural elements should be compared and
evaluated in view of available experimental data. Reliable and economical mechani-
cal models need to be developed to represent the overall behavior of reinforced con-
crete columns, floor systems, beam-column joint regions, and structural walls.
Analytical models should be verified by comparing results with experimental data
and with observed earthquake damage.

4. INITIATE STUDIES TO ESTABLISH METHODS FOR MODELING THE STIF-


FENING AND DAMPING CONTRIBUTIONS OF NONSTRUCTURAL ELE-
MENTS.
The influence of nonstructural elements on building period, force distribution, and
effective damping for new and existing buildings is well recognized. However, reli-
able methods for assessing and/or modeling the effect of these types of elements on
seismic structural response are not generally available. Determination of these
methods will require integrated analytical and experimental investigations on a wide
variety of nonstructural elements (and methods for connecting these elements to
structural components).

5. CONTINUE RESEARCH TO ESTABLISH MORE ACCURATE METHODS FOR


ESTIMATING AND MODELING DAMPING.
Damping is one of the major factors influencing dynamic response. The various
types or forms of damping in a structure need to be identified and quantified for
various construction materials and at varying strain levels.
13

6. CONTINUE VERIFICATION OF COMPUTER ANALYSIS METHODS AND


MODELING TECHNIQUES USING DATA OBTAINED FROM ACTUAL REIN-
FORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND
MOTIONS OR VIBRATION TESTS.
Computer analysis methods and structural modeling techniques should be evaluated
in terms of their ability to predict actual building behavior. Comparisons of experi-
mental results obtained from ambient and forced field vibration tests or from earth-
quake simulator studies with analytically predicted results should be encouraged.
Analytical studies of earthquake-induced building damages are of particular value
since they provide a check on the reliability of analytical assumptions. It is essential
to coordinate instrumentation programs for actual buildings and experimental tests
to obtain sufficient data for evaluating analytical methods and improving them where
necessary.

7. CONTINUE STUDIES ON THE PROBABILISTIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC


RESPONSE.
Estimation of the seismic response of structures is not a deterministic problem,
although deterministic techniques are commonly used. Studies of probabilistic tech-
niques should continue in the hope of improving the rationality of the analysis and
design process.

C. COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

1. DEVELOP A COMPREHENSIVE LINEAR-ELASTIC ANALYSIS COMPUTER


PROGRAM FOR USE BY THE PROFESSION.
Currently available programs tend to be inefficient, expensive, and difficult to access,
or significantly restrictive as to the types of structures that can be modeled. In
developing new computer programs consideration should be given to new computer
technologies and new computational and data processing techniques.
The following program features, in addition to those currently available, are desir-
able:
ability to model perforated walls and cores
ability to model deformable, perforated and/or multiple floor diaphragms
ability to analyze full three-dimensional structural behavior
ability to consider three-dimensional excitations
ability to model foundation flexibility
ability to model flexibility or deformability of joint regions
allowance for different damping ratios in different parts of a structure
incorporation of design-oriented input/output
modular construction, with a data base which is accessible to pre- and
post-processors
restart capability
error checking capability
14

2. DEVELOP PRACTICAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO AID IN DESIGN.


There is a need for computer programs to perform design checking computations in
addition to structural analyses. Further studies are needed on the logic of the design
checking process, using such tools as tabular decision logic. A set of guidelines for
program development is also desirable to ensure that programs can be used, under-
stood, and modified by persons other than the original developer. These guidelines
should include advice on input, output, and data structures in the hope of achieving
consistency among programs from various sources.

3. CONTINUE STUDIES ON IMPROVING COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND


REDUCING COMPUTER COSTS FOR BOTH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC
ANALYSIS.
Large structures may be excessively expensive to analyze elastically in terms of
man-hour costs and/or computer time. Such procedures as substructuring and using
"macroelements" promise major savings in total effort and should be developed
further. Inelastic analyses are currently much more expensive than elastic analyses,
and are not economically feasible for large three-dimensional structures. Continued
research on inelastic analysis techniques will undoubtedly lead to major reductions in
cost and improvements in reliability.

4. CONSIDER DEVELOPMENT, OVER THE LONG-TERM (APPROXIMATELY 10


YEARS), OF A PRODUCTION-TYPE PROGRAM FOR INELASTIC ANALYSIS
OPERATING ON THE SAME DATA BASE AS PRODUCTION-TYPE ELASTIC
ANALYSIS PROGRAMS.
As computational efficiency improves and computer technology becomes more
advanced, inelastic analyses will probably become feasible for practical use. In order
to avoid duplication of effort in input data preparation, inelastic analysis programs
intended for production use should employ the same data base and, hence, the same
input data, as production-type elastic analysis programs.
15

WORKING GROUP·3

EXISTING BUILDINGS

Working Group 3 discussed methods for: identifying existing buildings that may be poten-
tially hazardous; evaluating the nature and degree of the hazard, if any; and modifying the
buildings through strengthening, stiffening and/or toughening of the structure. The group felt
that building codes are written for new construction and are not directly applicable to repair or
rehabilitation of existing buildings. Recommendations formulated by the group are divided into
three categories of equal priority. Category A consists of recommendations for determining the
seismic resistance of existing buildings, category B deals with methods for improving their
seismic resistance, and category C concerns recommendations regarding public policy. Within
each category the recommendations are in order of their priority.

A. PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE


OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

There is presently insufficient information available on the seismic resistance of many


types of existing buildings, and often the methodology for determining this resistance is
not well developed.

1. DEVELOP DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE SEISMIC


RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS.
Existing procedures should be assembled, evaluated, and improved where necessary,
and new methods should be developed accordingly. Guidelines should be esta-
blished for evaluating the seismic resistance of existing buildings to be rehabilitated
as well as buildings damaged in earthquakes. Guidelines for emergency repair of
structures are also needed.

2. ESTABLISH STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF TYPICAL STRUC-


TURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES.
Integrated field, laboratory and analytical studies will be needed to determine
material, member, and structural characteristics as well as failure mechanisms for
existing buildings.

3. DETERMINE THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF EXISTING BUILDINGS SO


RESEARCH PRIORITIES CAN BE ESTABLISHED FOR A GIVEN SEISMIC
REGION.
A large number of buildings must be carefully surveyed to identify the type of build-
ing and construction, and to determine the number and distribution of buildings for
each type. Research priorities appropriate for each seismic region may be better
established when this information is available.
16

4. FORMULATE A PROGRAM TO DISSEMINATE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE TO


THE PROFESSION.

B. PROCEDURES FOR IMPROVING THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF EXISTING


BUILDINGS

I. PREPARE A GUIDELINE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND TECH-


NIQUES FOR BOTH REPAIR AND RETROFITTING.
These materials and techniques are often unfamiliar. Methods and procedures
which have been previously proven should be catalogued.

2. IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE PERTINENT PHYSICAL MATERIAL PROPER-


TIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF
EXISTING BUILDINGS.
Although many materials and techniques have been used in the past, limited data
concerning their characteristics and the properties of the retrofitted building are
available. Full-scale and laboratory experiments are needed to determine these
characteristics and properties.

3. ESTABLISH SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, AND/OR PERFORMANCE CRI-


TERIA FOR THESE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES.
In order to stimulate the development of effective and economic repair materials and
techniques, performance criteria, specifications and/or standards must be esta-
blished. Methods for determining compliance and procedures for updating these cri-
teria must be developed.

C. CRITERIA FOR PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING RELATIVE TO THE SEISMIC


SAFETY OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

I. ESTABLISH APPROPRIATE LEVELS OF SAFETY.


A reasonable level of structural and nonstructural performance must be established
as a function of the risk, the use or occupancy of the building and the expected
remaining life of the building.

2. DETERMINE ACCEPTABLE DAMAGE LEVELS.


In some types of existing buildings, more damage would be acceptable than in new
buildings--provided that life safety is maintained. Criteria for historical or special
structures must be determined individually.
17

WORKING GROUP 4

CAST-IN-PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE


SYSTEMS FOR NEW BUILDINGS

This working group reviewed and discussed current knowledge and practice related to
selection of effective structural systems, design criteria, code requirements, preliminary design,
final detailing, and construction and maintenance aspects of cast-in-place reinforced concrete
systems for new buildings. The main recommendations formulated by the group are presented
in four categories. Category A contains seven recommendations related to design criteria and
methods. Category B consists of a series of eleven recommendations regarding structural
behavior. In category C, three recommendations are presented dealing with research needs for
improving construction. Four recommendations regarding research needs and establishment of
design procedures for foundations of ERCBC are grouped under category D. Recommenda-
tions are presented in each category in their order of priority.

A. DESIGN CRITERIA AND METHODS

1. ASSEMBLE A PAMPHLET OR A SERIES OF PAMPHLETS TO PROVIDE THE


STRUCTURAL DESIGNER WITH GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING STRUC-
TURAL SYSTEMS.
These pamphlets should contain descriptions of alternative structural systems as well
as methods and criteria for selecting these systems. The relative advantages and
disadvantages of each structural system should be discussed in relation to safety,
damage control, and cost for the various levels of lateral loads and various building
functions.

2. DEVELOP A FEASIBLE AND RELIABLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE


FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS.
As long as the fundamental period is used as an index value in determining the
lateral forces and the response displacements, it will be necessary to develop a work-
able and reliable method for establishing this index. Developmental work is
required to reconcile information from the field, from the laboratory, and from
analytical models.

3. FORMULATE A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE RELA-


TIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THEORETICAL RESPONSE, BASED ON A
LINEAR-ELASTIC MODEL, AND THE ACTUAL RESPONSE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS.
The use of spectral modal analysis in design requires a set of consistent and credible
factors for modifying the response calculated using linear-response models to esti-
mate actual seismic behavior. Studies toward this objective will require workable
definitions of structural systems used in practice.
18

4. DEVELOP A SERIES OF "BENCHMARK STRUCTURES" FOR COMPARING


AND EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ANY PROPOSED CODE CHANGES.
The availability of a set of benchmark designs would facilitate a reasonably uniform
test of proposed code changes and would at least encourage code writers to test code
changes on the basis of their effects on realistic buildings.

5. DEVELOP DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES,


COUPLED WALLS, AND FRAMES INTERACTING WITH WALLS.
Development is needed in methods for designing and detailing these three fre-
quently used structural systems in order to approach uniform levels of safety, servi-
ceability, and economy. Studies should integrate analytically developed information
and field and experimental observations to determine (a) explicit drift limitations
related to the vulnerability of the building contents as well as the structure itself,
and (b) plausible maximum toughness requirements including rules specifying
dimensions and/or details necessary for satisfying these requirements.

6. REVIEW MAXIMA AND MINIMA IMPOSED BY BUILDING CODES.


The merits of code limitations such as those of member sizes, relative amounts of
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, partial post-tensioning, and member capa-
cities should be evaluated. Limits on moment redistribution to obtain more
economical reinforcement and to reduce forces imposed on the beam-column joints
should be explored.

7. ESTABLISH CRITERIA TO INDICATE THE APPROPRIATE METHOD OF


DESIGN ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF STRUCTURAL ACTION.
There are drastic differences between methods for designing and proportioning rein-
forced concrete frames and walls. Walls often have openings, and the geometry of a
wall with large openings may approach that of a frame. Procedures should be esta-
blished for determining the method of design so that basic decisions can be made on
the basis of behavioral characteristics rather than traditional definitions.

B. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

1. PERFORM EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF COLUMNS SUB-


JECTED TO BIAXIAL FORCES.
The behavior of columns subjected to cyclic two-directional lateral forces and axial
loads ranging from tension to compression (with the axial load varying as a function
of the lateral forces) should be studied. Test specimens should reproduce realisti-
cally the conditions in actual frames.

2. PERFORM EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BEAM-


COLUMN JOINTS SUBJECTED TO TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL LOAD-
ING.
The experiments should investigate the behavior of joints subjected to large shear
and anchorage stresses. Parameters to be studied include: (a) the amount and type
of transverse reinforcement, (b) the depth-to-width ratio of the beams, (c) the
column-width to beam-width ratio, (d) eccentricities of the elements framing into
the joint, (e) torsional stiffening induced by the slab, (0 use of high-strength con-
crete within the joint, and (g) use of partial post-tensioning.
19

3. CONDUCT RESEARCH TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS


OF STRUCTURAL WALLS, INCLUDING BOX-TYPE CONFIGURATIONS,
UNDER LOADS SIMULATING EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS.
The behavior of structural walls under seismic loading conditions needs further
study, especially for shear stresses ranging from6E sE,to where Ie' is given in
psi (o.5E to o.7E, where Ie' is given in MPa). Problems related to buckling of
walls should also be investigated. Structural walls and cores subjected to multidirec-
tional forces should be considered.

4. OBTAIN EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE RESPONSE OF COUPLED WALL


AND FRAME-WALL SYSTEMS INCLUDING THOSE USING FLAT PLATES AS
PART OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM.
Studies should consider the interaction of walls with frames and coupled walls. The
effectiveness of horizontal diaphragms in distributing forces to the components of
the lateral force resisting system should be evaluated.

5. DEVELOP A CONSENSUS ON REQUIRED "DUCTILITY."


Because of the likelihood that critical regions may be subjected to deformational
reversals well into the inelastic range during severe seismic excitations, the basic
design concept in which the estimated "ductility" demand on a critical region must be
less than the computed or experimental value of ductility capacity based on mono-
tonic loading is inadequate. Definitions of ductility or other parameters (including
numbers of reversals) suitable for seismic-resistant design must be developed.
Based on analytical studies and field observations, information regarding the
required values of these response parameters should be determined for different
types of buildings in different seismic regions. Information is also required regard-
ing attainable values of these parameters based on the type of building system and
pertinent structural details.

6. ENCOURAGE RESEARCH ON STRUCTURES USING COMBINATIONS OF


MATERIALS.
There is a dearth of information on the response characteristics of structures using
combinations of materials such as cast-in-place and precast prestressed reinforced
concrete; or cast-in-place concrete and structural steel.

7. OBTAIN INFORMATION NECESSARY TO DEVELOP DETAILS FOR ISOLAT-


ING NONSTRUCTURAL WALLS OR PARTITIONS FROM THE STRUCTURE
BY PROVIDING SUFFICIENT CLEARANCE TO ALLOW FOR NON-
INTERACTING SEISMIC DEFORMATIONS.
Minimum clearances between structural and nonstructural components which are
appropriate for each type of structural system (frame, shear wall, etc.) need to be
established. Such clearances must allow for development of desired inelastic defor-
mations in the structure without destruction of nonstructural components. The ulti-
mate goal of this research is to provide a basis for inclusion of minimum design
clearances in code requirements.
Economically feasible details should be developed which will provide support for
nonstructural walls against out-of-plane seismic forces and yet allow freedom for
interstory drift in the plane of the walls. Details should be developed which are
20

suitable for corners and tee-junction walls, as well as details for junctions of walls
with columns. The soundness of these details should be tested in full story height
sections subjected to appropriate lateral deformations.

8. DESIGN WALLS IN THE FORM OF ENGINEERED INFILL PANELS SO AS TO


DISSIPATE ENERGY IN THE INELASTIC RANGE.
Research should be conducted to find the best forms of infill panels for hysteretic
energy dissipation. Criteria should include (a) gradual decay of strength and
stiffness in the nonlinear range, (b) economy, (c) architectural appearance, and (d)
mass reduction.
Criteria should be developed for determining when engineered infill panels will
increase safety and damage control of a building subjected to strong ground motions.

9. DEVELOP STANDARD SUPPORT DETAILS FOR STAIRS TO ALLOW FREE-


DOM OF MOVEMENT WITHIN A STAIRWELL.
The behavior of stairs within an enclosed stairwell distorted by building drift is criti-
cal. Slip joints or other details which allow flights of stairs to remain unstressed dur-
ing building response should be developed.

10. DEVELOP METHODS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF ARCHITECTURAL


SURFACE TREATMENTS
Architectural surface treatments can critically affect the performance of structural
elements.

11. CONDUCT FURTHER STUDIES AIMED AT REALIZING THE FULL POTEN-


TIAL OF SPECIAL DEVICES FOR REDUCING SEISMICALLY-INDUCED
FORCES IN A STRUCTURE.
The main .problem associated with the use of such devices concerns their reliability.
Tests of large-scale models of the devices using available earthquake simulator facil-
ities appear to be the best possible way of conducting reliability studies at the
present time.

C. CONSTRUCTION

1. ESTABLISH LIMITATIONS FOR LOCATIONS, CONFIGURATIONS AND CON-


STRUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS IN BEAMS, GIRDERS, COLUMNS,
SHEAR WALLS, AND SLABS AS THEY RELATE TO THE SEISMIC RESIS-
TANCE OF A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM.

2. DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCRETE MIX AND


SHRINKAGE AND THE EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE ON CASTING SEQUENCE
AND THE AREA OR DIMENSION OF CASTING ELEMENTS AS RELATED TO
THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF BUILDING SYSTEMS.

3. PERFORM STATISTICAL STUDIES OF ACTUAL PLACING TOLERANCES OF


FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, AND CONCRETE SURFACES TO ASSESS
THEIR EFFECTS ON EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS AND
JOINTS.
21

D. FOUNDATIONS

1. DETERMINE METHODS TO SELECT PROPER FOUNDATION SYSTEMS.

2. ESTABLISH DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES


AND ELEMENTS (INCLUDING PILES, CAISSONS, AND TIE BEAMS),
RECOGNIZING SOIL-STRUCTURE STIFFNESS INTERACTION AND IMPOSED
DISPLACEMENTS AS WELL AS TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF SOIL PRES-
SURE. INSTALL INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE LATERAL AND VERTICAL
PRESSURE ON BURIED STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS DURING
EARTHQUAKES.

3. INSTALL INSTRUMENTS AND CONDUCT COMPLEMENTARY ANALYTI-


CAL WORK TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF OUT-OF-PHASE GROUND
MOTIONS AND SURFACE WAVES AND THEIR EFFECT ON STRUCTURES.

4. CONDUCT RESEARCH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ACTUAL MECHAN-


ISMS OF COUPLING OF STRUCTURE TO GROUND BY THE FOUNDATION
SYSTEM.
Complete understanding of this mechanism and reliable determination of appropriate
soil parameters would lead to the prediction of coupling efficiency and of effects of
coupling on structural response. This information can then be used to develop
design criteria for all types of foundations and foundation ties to resist the effects of
coupling forces, such as sliding and overturning, especially in the case of structural
walls.
22

WORKING GROUP 5

PRESTRESSED AND INDUSTRIALIZED


CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

This group discussed and offered recommendations for improving ERCBC utilizing as its
main seismic-resistant system prestressed and/or industrialized structural concrete elements or
components. Among the different topics suggested to this group for discussion were: selection
of effective structural systems; design criteria; code requirements; preliminary design; final
detailing; and construction and maintenance aspects. The recommendations developed and
approved by the group are compiled in three main categories. Category A deals with prefabri-
cated concrete buildings, while category B contains recommendations concerning post-tensioned
buildings. A general recommendation regarding nonstructural concrete elements is offered in
category C. Within each category recommendations are listed in order of priority. The group
did not prioritize recommendations between prefabricated and post-tensioned concrete but did
endorse a lower priority for the nonstructural precast component recommendations.

A. PREFABRICATED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

1. DEVELOP INTERIM GUIDELINES THAT IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE PRINCI-


PLES AND METHODOLOGY FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF PREFABRI-
CATED CONCRETE BUILDINGS.
There are no guidelines, code provisions, or generally accepted design principles and
methodology presently available for the design and construction of prefabricated
concrete buildings. An interim manual of guidelines is needed to provide immediate
guidance to the profession and serve as a focal point for the identification of further
research.
A symposium should be held immediately following the development of the interim
guidelines to present practitioners, researchers, code officials, and constructors a
forum to discuss the guidelines and formulate code provisions.

2. MAKE GENERIC STUDIES OF CONNECTIONS AND COMPONENTS FORM-


ING PART OF THE PRIMARY LOAD-CARRYING SYSTEM FOR SEISMIC
FORCES IN PREFABRICATED CONCRETE BUILDINGS.
There are only a few studies of a limited number of connection types under simu-
lated seismic loading. The studies should cover non-tensioned and post-tensioned
horizontal and vertical connections subjected to the full loads that would exist during
an earthquake. Component studies should examine elements of various types (light-
weight prestressed, precast, etc.) and various cross-sections. Of particular impor-
tance are connections and components for industrialized load-bearing concrete struc-
tures.
23

3. STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF DIAPHRAGMS WITH AND WITHOUT OPEN-


INGS AND CONSTRUCTED OF PRECAST ELEMENTS.
Large numbers of precast floors are utilized for all types of structural systems.
Knowledge of the force-transfer mechanism within and between elements, and
between these floor elements and walls is needed. Of particular importance are the
effects of topping and its varying characteristics.

4. STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF WALLS WITH AND WITHOUT OPENINGS AND


CONSTRUCTED OF PRECAST ELEMENTS.
Many walls are assembled from various types of precast elements and their ability to
resist seismic forces is largely unknown. Also of concern are soil-structure interac-
tion problems for such walls, rocking effects, and differences between the behavior
of walls with and without boundary elements.

5. CONDUCT ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES TO ASSESS THE


POTENTIAL RANGE OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR FOR PREFABRICATED
STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES.
The analytical studies should intially be based on currently available experimental
data. The work should include parametric studies to identify appropriate design phi-
losophies and focus on aspects of the response where prefabricated buildings differ
from cast-in-place concrete buildings.

B. POST-TENSIONED BUILDINGS

1. CONDUCT ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE APPROPRIATE


STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS, LEVEL OF DESIGN FORCES AND DRIFT
CONSTRAINTS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC
ZONES.
Present building code concepts for steel and concrete structures essentially assume
an elasto-plastic behavior so that the simple extension of those concepts to pres-
tressed concrete structures is inappropriate because of the more dominant elastic
response of prestressed structures based on available experimental data. Various
prestressed concrete structural configurations for seismic zones should be explored
with an aim to recommending design lateral forces and drift constraints which would
provide measures of safety against collapse and control of nonstructural damage
comparable to those provided in current building codes for structural steel and rein-
forced concrete lateral load-resisting systems.

2. CONDUCT COORDINATED ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES


TO DEFINE THE DEGREE OF DAMPING, STIFFNESS, ABRUPTNESS OF
FAILURE, AND HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
SUBASSEMBLAGES CONTAINING COMBINATIONS OF PRESTRESSING TEN-
DONDS AND DEFORMED BAR REINFORCEMENT SIMILAR TO THOSE
LIKELY IN PRACTICE.
Little work has been done within the United States on the seismic response of pres-
tressed concrete structures; consequently, many fundamental questions remain
unanswered for members having the proportions and combinations of tendons and
deformed bars likely in practice. A basic program of investigation should be
developed aimed at providing knowledge necessary to bring understanding of the
behavior of prestressed concrete flexural members under reversed cyclic loading to
the same level as that existing for reinforced concrete flexural members.
24

Recommendations should be developed for limits on the amount and distribution of


prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement, on confinement requirements, and
on minimum values of MulMer consistent with the design assumptions for the
member.

3. DEVELOP RECOMMENDED DESIGN PRACTICES FOR PRESTRESSED CON-


CRETE JOINTS.
Subassemblage tests have shown that joints in prestressed structures may be less
critical than those in reinforced concrete structures. If so, the building industry may
move rapidly to use prestressing in the joints of critical elements in seismic zones.
Research should define the contributions of the concrete, tendon forces, and hoop
steel and additional bonded steel to the strength and deformational characteristics of
reversed, cyclically loaded joints with particular attention to requirements for bond-
ing of the tendons through the joints to the location of anchorages at the external
faces of the joints. This research should be undertaken for both beam-column and
slab-column joints with the effects of banded construction being examined in the
latter case.

4. DEFINE THE CYCLIC SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE


ELEMENTS.
There is little information available on the behavior of members critical in shear
and, especially, on effects of shear reinforcement or additional bonded longitudinal
reinforcement. Systematic testing should be undertaken to define the strength and
deformational characteristics of elements critical in shear, especially for regions
where the tendon is draped or where the support is in the transfer zone of the
member.

S. CONDUCT CYCLIC LOAD TESTS ON PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED CON-


CRETE COLUMNS.
The quantity of confining steel necessary to achieve adequate curvature ductility,
particularly at high compression load levels, and to prevent bar buckling, under
reversed loading should be studied.

C. NONSTRUCTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS

I. EVALUATE DESIGN FORCES AND DETAILS FOR CONNECTIONS ATTACH-


ING NONSTRUCTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS.
There is ample evidence from observed earthquake damage that nonstructural pre-
cast elements are often improperly attached.
25

WORKING GROUP 6

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

This working group dealt with issues relating to experiments on actual buildings, large-
scale laboratory experiments, and correlation of analytical and experimental investigations with
observed earthquake damage. The consensus of the working group was to divide the research
and development needs into three main categories. Recommendations grouped in category A
demand new research efforts or major departures from current experimental activities and are
considered of the highest priority. Category B comprises a series of recommendations concern-
ing the extension or improvement of current efforts. Finally, after analyzing the value of
experimental investigations to engineering practice and comparing experimental research needs
in ERCBC with the limited number of facilities available and research groups conducting such
research, this working group formulated general policy-related recommendations which are
presented under category C. Within each category the recommendations are not ordered
according to priority.

A. SIGNIFICANT NEW RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS

1. CONDUCT AN IN-DEPTH STUDY ON THE NEED AND FEASIBILITY OF A


LARGE EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR CAPABLE OF TESTING FULL-SCALE
STRUCTURES.
The complexities of the earthquake response of many real structures imposes limita-
tions on any testing technique not capable of reproducing field conditions. The need
on the national level for a truly large shaking platform that could be used for full-
scale testing has been recognized by many research groups and practicing engineers.
A careful evaluation of the advantages and limitations of a large-scale earthquake
simulator should be performed. This evaluation should consider the possible alter-
natives to such a large-scale simulator, the costs of such a facility, and the best way
for the simulator to be used by all segments of the engineering profession.

2. CONSTRUCT MEDIUM-SIZED EARTHQUAKE SIMULATORS WITH A


VARIETY OF CAPABILITIES.
Earthquake simulators have proven to be extremely valuable and versatile laboratory
tools. It is recommended that the few available small- and medium-sized simulators
be used more intensively in research related to ERCBC, and that a few new
medium-sized simulators [with characteristic dimensions between 10 ft and 30 ft (3
m and 10 m)] be constructed for research purposes. These simulators could have a
variety of capabilities, depending on specific interests and applications. For example,
some should include the capability of generating multiaxial motions for studying the
effects of rocking and torsion. These simulators would also expand the capability for
studying scaling effects and other consequences of dynamic modeling.
26

3. DEVELOP LOADING FACILITIES WITH THE CAPABILITY OF SUBJECTING


STRUCTURAL SUBASSEMBLAGES OR SYSTEMS TO COMPLEX LOADING
ARRANGEMENTS AND LOADING HISTORIES.
With the increased need for data describing the response of structures under com-
plex loadings, laboratory facilities will need to be improved. Such improvements
include the construction of structural floor-wall reaction systems with the capacity to
develop multidimensional loads which can be applied to large-scale multistory struc-
tures. Laboratories should be encouraged to examine the desirability of computer-
actuator on-line systems which have the capability of using computers to control the
loading applied to the structure as a function of both a specified earthquake ground
motion and the structural response. On-line systems will also permit an evaluation
of loading histories for less complex testing arrangements. Several facilities should
be developed to permit more extensive parametric studies. The different labora-
tories should correlate and confirm findings and exchange methodologies.

4. OBTAIN RESPONSE DATA FROM BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO INTENSE


GROUND MOTIONS; ALSO, DEVELOP INSTRUMENTATION TO RECORD
STRUCTURAL DEFORMATIONS AND OTHER DATA, IN ADDITION TO
BUILDING MOTION.
The response of buildings subjected to extremely strong near-field ground motions
has not yet been recorded. Until this is done, we are lacking the full-scale
verification that modern methods of analysis and design are leading to structures
which perform as intended.
As a related problem, there is a need for significantly more in-depth measurements
of the earthquake response of buildings. The response of several reinforced con-
crete buildings should be measured in much more detail than is possible under
present programs. The measurement systems should provide information on defor-
mations of structural elements, behavior of seismic joints, drift, development of
building torsion, foundation deformations, etc. Instrumentation must be highly reli-
able, requiring minimal maintenance.

5. CARRY OUT LARGE AMPLITUDE FORCED VIBRATION TESTS OF FULL-


SCALE STRUCTURES IN WHICH BUILDINGS ARE TESTED WELL INTO THE
DAMAGING RANGE OF AMPLITUDES.
Within the last year, two full-size building frames have been subjected to large
amplitude motions generated by newly-employed high capacity shaking machines. In
these tests, one conducted on a test structure in Nevada, and another on a building
that was to be torn down, -in 51. Louis, Missouri, the structures were shaken hard
enough to cause spalling and cracking of the concrete, formation of plastic hinge'S",
and other forms of degradation and damage. Thus, this type of test has the potential
of shaking structures at amplitude levels comparable to those generated by actual
earthquakes. These tests obviously provide valuable results, particularly concerning
the overall behavior of the structure which can otherwise be evaluated only by post-
earthquake studies.
The two tests mentioned above were conducted with ad-hoc, prototype vibration
generators, inferring a need for the design and development of reliable, general-
purpose shaking machines capable of high force levels. As a complement to the
large amplitude, forced vibration tests, the possibility of static field tests of full-scale
structures should be considered.
27

B. EXTENSION OR IMPROVEMENT OF CURRENT RESEARCH EFFORTS

1. CONTINUE FIELD INSPECTION, STUDY, AND INTERPRETATION OF


EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE IN MAJOR EARTHQUAKES THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD.
Earthquake inspection requirements are broad in scope and dependent on the
characteristics of individual earthquakes. They can, however, be divided into three
types: (a) field observations immediately after the earthquakes; (b) preliminary
interpretation of earthquake damage; and (c) comparison of measurements of earth-
quake response with results of experimental and analytical investigations. Each of
these efforts requires different characteristics of personnel and has different funding
requirements. For example, the effectiveness of post-earthquake field observations
requires that funding and modes of operation and cooperation be pre-established and
maintained.

2. EXPAND FIELD TESTING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES TO INCLUDE


EXAMINATION OF A MUCH WIDER SELECTION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE.
The structural response characteristics of various structural and nonstructural sys-
tems should be investigated at various stages of construction. Research is needed
on various types of structural systems, including cast-in-place, large-panel, and pres-
tressed concrete structures. Additional information is also needed on the soil-
structure interaction phenomenon and the in-plane bending of the floor systems for
very stiff reinforced concrete buildings. The amplitude-dependent properties of rein-
forced concrete structures need to be determined for amplitudes up to and including
minor structural damage.

3. CORRELATE VIBRATION TEST DATA ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES FROM


AMBIENT, FORCED VIBRATION TESTS, AND EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE.
A number of studies on multistory, steel frame structures has noted good correla-
tion of frequencies, mode shapes, and damping values between forced and ambient
(wind-excited) vibration data. Few correlative studies, however, have been made on
concrete structures. This correlation should also be expanded to include the
response of structures to recorded earthquake motions. These tests cover several
orders of magnitude of structural response, and it is therefore necessary to deter-
mine the relations among the test data so that the best indication of earthquake
response can be obtained from tests made at lower amplitudes of motion.

4. DEVELOP ADDITIONAL METHODS OF TESTING FULL-SCALE STRUC-


TURES INCLUDING THE EXAMINATION OF EXPLOSION-GENERATED
GROUND MOTIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES.
The generation of potentially damaging ground motions has been achieved in the
Soviet Union by the use of controlled detonation of chemical explosives. The feasi-
bility of this technique should be investigated, in particular, its ability to generate
ground shaking having the same spectral characteristics as a strong earthquake
motion. In addition, strong ground shaking generated by underground nuclear
explosions should be used as opportunities present themselves. Other techniques of
testing, such as pull-back tests and methods for generating large forces at low fre-
quencies, should also be explored.
28

C. GENERAL POLICY-RELATED RECOMMENDATIONS

1. CONSOLIDATE EXISTING DATA AND DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR STAN-


DARDIZING DATA OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
OF BUILDINGS.
The value of experimental investigations for engineering practice can be greatly
enhanced if comparisons can be made among data from various sources. For this to
be effective, however, comparable data must be included in the investigations, and
the terminology must be defined and standardized. Standardization should not res-
trict the development of innovative procedures, but should, for example, be used to
acknowledge that some data are dependent on amplitude ·of motion (e.g. period,
stiffness, damping), while others require qualitative definitions (e.g. elastic limit,
ultimate strength). The guidelines should also be useful in planning testing pro-
grams.

2. ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TESTING FACILITIES AND


PROGRAMS SUITABLE FOR SMALL RESEARCH GROUPS.
Because much of the current experimental work is concentrated in a limited number
of institutions, there is a need for additional investigators and research groups to
become significantly involved in experimental research.
It is believed that with sufficient innovation such experimental research can be con-
ducted with modest commitment of expenditures and staff. As a complementary
means of involving additional researchers in the experimental efforts in earthquake-
resistant design of concrete structures, the increased participation of visiting staff
members from other institutions in the programs of the larger facilities should be
encouraged.

3. EVALUATE THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADDED EXPENSE OF PRO-


VIDING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BEYOND THAT REQUIRED FOR
SAFETY, AS COMPARED WITH THE COST OF REPAIRING INFREQUENT
DAMAGE SUSTAINED IN EARTHQUAKES.
There is a need to understand relations between costs of preventing damage and
costs of repairing possible damage, due, both to moderate earthquakes with a strong
probability of occurrence, as well as to extremely strong shaking, which is much less
likely.
This knowledge is required in choosing the appropriate level of earthquake resistance
for new construction, for existing buildings with substandard earthquake resistance,
and for damaged buildings which require repair. Experimental investigations of
selected buildings can be used to determine the susceptibility to damage of existing
buildings. This will contribute to the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of programs
for abating the earthquake hazard posed by old buildings.
29

WORKING GROUP 7

PROFESSIONAL USER NEEDS

This group was primarily concerned with the following problems: (1) to assess current
knowledge and practice in ERCBC; (2) to evaluate the relevancy of present research results to
actual user needs; (3) to recommend means for more effective cooperation between researchers
and professional users; and (4) to identify and develop strategies for more rapidly disseminat-
ing, evaluating, and screening research findings which may be beneficial to ERCBC so that they
can be implemented in design practice.
This working group, after discussing and developing recommendations for the above
issues, compiled them into two categories. Included in category A are recommendations
regarding means for improving cooperation between researchers and professional users and for
more rapidly disseminating, evaluating, and screening research findings. In category B, the
working group identified research and development needs. In this category, the first eight
recommendations were identifed as having higher priority than the subsequent recommenda-
tions.

A. IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND COOPERATION BETWEEN


RESEARCHERS AND PROFESSIONALS

1. INCLUDE PRACTICAL ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS IN PROPOSED


DESIGN-ORIENTED RESEARCH PROJECTS TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVE-
NESS AND USEFULNESS OF THE RESULTS FOR THE PROFESSION.
Proper planning of a research project to utilize results cannot be overemphasized.
Researchers should avail themselves of consultants and professionals to assist in
carefully conceiving reseach projects both needed by the profession and which will
be useful to structural designers.

2. ENCOURAGE RESEARCHERS TO WORK IN A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER-


ING OFFICE OR A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY TO GAIN PRACTICAL
UNDERSTANDING OF SEISMIC DESIGN PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTION.
Considerable research is currently being conducted by young people who, immedi-
ately after receiving their degree, have obtained an academic or research position at
a research institution without being exposed to the practical problems that face the
profession. For the researcher engaged in applied research aimed at design usage,
an application of practical engineering realities is essential. Researchers in this area
are thus encouraged to spend sabbatical leaves or summers gaining this practical
knowledge in design offices or through similar experiences.
30

3. ORGANIZE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS OF RESEARCHERS TO INVESTI-


GATE MANY OF THE NEEDS IN THE FIELD OF ERCBC.
In order to solve the many complex problems in earthquake engineering which
require knowledge in different disciplines (such as structure-soil-seismic-input ques-
tions), multidisciplinary research teams are essential for thorough understanding.
Even within the purely structural fields, multidisciplinary teams of computer, materi-
als, and laboratory experts are needed for maximum profitability of effort on many
problems.

4. DEVELOP AN EFFECTIVE TRANSFER MECHANISM BETWEEN RESEARCH-


ERS AND THE PROFESSION.
The profession needs to convey its needs to the research community through
workshops, advisory committees, and the like. Research results must be compiled,
evaluated, and disseminated to the average engineer. Knowledgeable groups should
be supported to compile and disseminate research findings in road-show-type presen-
tations with printed notes for all interested communities at a nominal cost to the
design profession. Additional programs should be organized and presented to the
related professions, such as architecture, and mechanical and electrical engineering.
New reseach findings should also be integrated into college curricula.

5. CREATE SPECIALIZED INFORMATION CENTERS AS CLEARING HOUSES


TO COLLECT AND DISSEMINATE INFORMATION AS REQUESTED IN
SPECIFIC AREAS.
The volume of literature generated today is staggering and often hard to locate.
Information centers or clearing houses, located in various universities, should be
established in the many related fields of ERCBC to collect, digest, catalog, and
disseminate research. Funding should be sufficient to permit the entire profession
to avail themselves of this service at costs not to exceed those of reproduction.
International research efforts and results should also be actively solicited, translated,
and made available.

B. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

1. DEVELOP DESIGN GUIDELINES, WITH DETAILS AND DESIGN EXAMPLES,


BASED ON RESEARCH FINDINGS TO GUIDE PRACTICING ENGINEERS IN
THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF NEW STRUCTURES.
Seismic design requirements have become increasingly complex, and much of this
can be attributed to research findings. The practicing structural engineer has
received little assistance in interpreting these requirements in his or her design.
Guidelines, with details and design examples, offer relief in several ways: (1) tested
and reliable details instead of those used over the years based on the "judgments" of
years ago; (2) reduction in construction cost; and (3) reduction of the time lag from
research to practical application.
31

2. REVIEW ANSI, ASTM, AND OTHER NATIONAL STANDARDS TO DETER-


MINE WHETHER THOSE CITED BY STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ARE APPLI-
CABLE TO SEISMIC DESIGN.
Engineers and building code officials must cite standard material tests and material
composition, but such standards are derived from various sources and seldom reflect
seismic design considerations. Research is needed to determine whether these are
applicable to seismic design.

3. CONDUCT RESEARCH ON THE CAPACITY OF ANCHOR BOLTS EMBEDDED


IN CONCRETE.
Little work has been done to assess the capacity of anchor bolts embedded in con-
crete under cyclic loading. Present values are based on estimated factors of safety,
generally derived from static loading, yet failure of this component can be as critical
as failure of an embedded reinforcement bar. This research should include inserts,
expansion bolts, and bolts with combined bending and shear.

4. DIRECT MORE RESEARCH TOWARD IMPROVING SHRINKAGE CHARAC-


TERISTICS OF CONCRETE.
One of the most prominent adverse characteristics of concrete is shrinkage, which is
frequently manifested as extensive cracking. In recent years the development and
use of expansive concrete has successfully counteracted the effects of drying shrink-
age in certain applications, but its availability is limited at present.

5. CONDUCT RESEARCH ON BASIC BUILDING COMPONENTS SUCH AS


SLABS, WALLS, ETC.
Research to date has generally concentrated on beam-column frames. The ductility,
stiffness characteristics, and design requirements for slab-column and slab-wall sys-
tems need further study. Such structural systems may be useful in many structural
applications, especially in low-rise structures located in regions of low seismicity.
Shear walls may also provide efficient and economical systems for resisting seismic
lateral forces in some types of buildings. The inelastic behavior of slabs and walls
needs to be investigated. Research is needed to improve understanding of
diaphragm behavior, especially in terms of their stiffness and load transfer capabili-
ties.

6. EVALUATE THE COST-BENEFIT RELATIONSHIPS FOR VARIOUS MODIFI-


CATIONS OF SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND DIFFERENT
DEGREES OF RESISTANCE.
Implications of design and construction costs associated with various alternative
seismic design methods need evaluation and documentation. Further studies of a
spirit similar to the ATC-2 document are needed, especially for areas of lower
seismicity.

7.. CONDUCT RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN ERCBC CONSIDERING THE APPLI-


CABILITY OF REDUCED DUCTILITY AND FORCING REQUIREMENTS FOR
AREAS OTHER THAN THOSE OF HIGHEST SEISMICITY.
Research appropriately concentrates on maximization of seismic resistance. How-
ever, consideration of reduced requirements for zones of lower seismicity should be
included in research efforts, especially when easily available from spin-oft's of other
projects.
32

8. ENCOURAGE RESEARCH TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL PROCEDURES WHICH


IDENTIFY SYSTEMATICALLY THE DAMPING, DUCTILITY, BOND, AND
OTHER ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL COM-
PONENTS AND SYSTEMS.
There is a great need in the profession for realistic values of parameters such as
damping in the elastic and inelastic stages, the available and required ductilities in a
structure, the reserve bond after the initiation of slippage, and other energy dissipa-
tion characteristics of structures. These are all parameters associated with reducing
the expected responses to seismic action and aid in the development of economic
designs when these parameters can be defined as realistic and practical.

9. CONDUCT RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LIGHTWEIGHT CON-


CRETE COMPONENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING.
Lightweight concrete offers a potential advantage in seismic design because it weighs
less than normal concrete. However, little research has been done on its behavior
under cyclic loading. It is suspected of being brittle and subject to severe strength
degradation under such loading conditions. Research is needed to offer guides for
the proper use of this material.

10. DEVELOP DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE PRACTICING ENGINEER, WITH


DETAILS AND DESIGN EXAMPLES, IN THE "RETROFITTING" OF EXISTING
BUILDINGS BASED ON RESEARCH FINDINGS.
Many existing buildings fail to meet current seismic design requirements and may
therefore pose a great safety hazard. Seismic "retrofitting" of these buildings is in
many respects more complex and challenging than designing new structures, but few
guidelines are available. Engineers need a reliable guide, with details of design
examples, so that they can design reliable, economic schemes for retrofitting existing
buildings. Much research is needed on retrofitting techniques before such guidelines
can be written.

11. CONDUCT RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PRESTRESSED CON-


CRETE COMPONENTS AND JOINTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING INTO THE
INELASTIC RANGE.
Prestressed concrete offers potential advantages in seismic design but the behavior
of components and joints under inelastic cyclic loading is questionable. Prestressed
concrete generally has little ability to dissipate energy in its present methods of use.
Research is needed to offer guides to the intelligent use of prestressed concrete in
seismic design.

12. DEVELOP PRACTICAL METHODS OF INELASTIC DESIGN.


Inelastic dynamic analysis is impracticable as a design tool for the typical design case
and will probably remain so. An efficient and reliable design method which accounts
for possible yielding is needed, however. This design method should be aimed at a
structural response with energy dissipation occurring at desired places, eliminating all
mechanisms containing brittle elements or other situations which can limit stable
behavior such as local instability. Methods should be capable of allowing the
designer to estimate and limit inelastic deformations and displacements.
33

13. DEVELOP A SIMPLE, WORKABLE CODE FOR DESIGN OF REINFORCED


CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
Structural engineers, whether or not designing in seismic zones, need a simple,
workable reinforced concrete design code. The design of reinforced concrete does
not generally warrant complex mathematical expressions in view of the many vari-
ables that cannot be quantitatively recognized in design, e.g., variations in load,
material properties, construction tolerances, shrinkage and creep effects, and stresses
induced by reshoring, curing, and differential settlement of foundations.
34

WORKING GROUP 8

NATIONAL COOPERATION

This working group was requested to recommend means for improving communication at
the national level between producers, professionals, and researchers; and for integrating more
closely the research carried out at different institutions. The recommendations developed by
this group are separated into two categories. Category A consists of recommendations for
improving nationwide communication between those involved in ERCBC and category B is
related to methods for integrating research activities.

A. lMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATION CONCERNING ERCBC

1. DETERMINE EFFECTIVE MEANS OF TRANSMITTING RESEARCH RESULTS


TO PRACTICING ENGINEERS.
There is a great need to collect, distill, and present research results for practical
application. Special reports, booklets, journal articles, specialty meetings, and short
courses containing practical design examples may serve this purpose. Regular
research reports containing practical design information should also be widely
disseminated and published in journals.

2. ESTABLISH EFFECTIVE MEANS WHEREBY PRACTITIONERS CAN INFORM


RESEARCHERS OF PROBLEM AREAS THAT NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED.
Short courses or meetings should be organized by universities, professional associa-
tions, local engineering groups, or others, to permit and encourage dialogue between
practitioners and researchers. Such discussions might be organized around a specific
topic of interest or problem area. Periodic surveys by universities or professional
engineering groups of professional questions and suggestions regarding research may
also be useful.

3. PROVIDE DESIGN GUIDELINES AND TECHNICAL BULLETINS ILLUSTRAT-


ING PROPER APPLICATION OF PRODUCTS.
Trade associations, marketing groups, producers, and/or suppliers, as well as techni-
cal committees of professional societies, should provide professional engineers and
others with design guidelines for proper application of products. Such technical
guides or bulletins should contain detailed quantitative examples illustrating com-
mon design solutions. The adequacy of such guides and bulletins should be
evaluated by appropriate technical professional committees or others of demon-
strated competence.
35

4. DEVELOP EFFECTIVE MEANS OF COMMUNICATING THE ESSENTIALS OF


EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING TO PLANNERS, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS,
ARCHITECTS, AND BUILDING OFFICIALS.
There are many misconceptions regarding the nature of earthquake-resistant design,
the risks involved, the efforts that must be devoted to design, and the added costs of
construction. Special seminars and publications should be developed directed to the
interests of the various nonengineering professions involved in effecting seismic-
resistant design.

5. ADVANCE COOPERATION BETWEEN RESEARCHERS, PRACTITIONERS,


AND MODEL CODE WRITING BODIES WITH RESPECT TO SEISMIC
EFFECTS.

B. INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH IN ERCBC

1. DEVELOP METHODS FOR EXCHANGING RESEARCH INFORMATION.


Regular (e.g. annual) meetings of researchers and practitioners in ERCBC should be
organized where research results and needs can be discussed. Regular exchange of
research reports must be encouraged.

2. INTEGRATE RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN SIMILAR AREAS OF ERCBC.


Whenever possible, research programs conducted at different institutions should be
integrated and coordinated in such a way that the total information obtained will be
maximized. This may be accomplished in a variety of ways including voluntary
cooperation between researchers, inclusion of researchers on program advisory
panels, and funded workshops of researchers and professionals interested in a
specific area of research related to ERCBC.
36

WORKING GROUP 9

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

This working group assessed the means and effectiveness of international communication
and cooperation between researchers and professionals working in the field of ERCBC. The
group developed and agreed on a series of recommendations of a general nature which are
separated into two categories. Category A consists of a general recommendation and category B
contains a number of more specific recommendations for improving ERCBC.

A. GENERAL RECOMMENDATION

1. ENCOURAGE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION


FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING (IAEE) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.
The group reviewed and discussed the report of the IAEE Committee on Interna-
tional Cooperation and generally agreed with the suggestions of this committee.
Topics suggested by the IAEE Committee include: (a) publication of monograph
series in earthquake engineering; (b) collaboration on formulating basic concepts for
seismic codes; (c) organization of regional courses on earthquake engineering; (d)
publication of pamphlet on "Inspection of Earthquake Damage"; (e) publication of
pamphlet on "Protection Against Earthquake"; and (f) international planning of
dense, strong-motion seismograph arrays.

B. MEANS OF IMPROVING ERCBC

1. ENCOURAGE COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR OF STRUC-


TURAL CONCRETE UNDER REPEATED LOADING.
It was recognized that distances between research centers have hindered cooperation
on a worldwide basis. It is recommended that national and international organiza-
tions take steps to improve cooperation in this area.

2. ENCOURAGE WORKSHOPS AND INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON WELL-


DEFINED TOPICS FOR INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGE OF IDEAS AND
RESEARCH FINDINGS.
The format of the workshop, Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building
Construction (University of California, Berkeley, July 1977) is a good example to
follow.

3. ENCOURAGE INTERCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND RESEARCH PER-


SONNEL TO AID IN MORE UNIFIED RESEARCH EFFORTS. LARGE TEST-
ING FACILITIES SHOULD BE MADE AVAILABLE ON A COO PERf TI'm
BASIS.
37

4. ORGANIZE REGIONAL, SPECIALIZED SHORT COURSES TO HELP IMPLE-


MENT RESEARCH RESULTS INTO PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE.

5. ENCOURAGE COOPERATION BETWEEN TEAMS CARRYING OUT POST-


EARTHQUAKE INSPECTION.
38

WORKING GROUP 10

SEISMIC TESTING AND PERFORMANCE

During the workshop it became evident that a number of the participants on different
working groups shared concerns regarding the integration, interpretation, and utilization of
experimental research. In order to provide a forum for this discussion, Working Group 10 was
formed to discuss general problems related to seismic testing and performance. This working
group formulated the single recommendation presented below.

A. GENERAL RECOMMENDATION

1. EXPERTS INCLUDING RESEARCHERS AND PRACTICING ENGINEERS


SHOULD BE CONVENED IN A PANEL TO:

(a) SURVEY, ANALYZE, AND EVALUATE THE MAIN PARAMETERS (AS


WELL AS THEIR DEFINITIONS) THAT ARE PRESENTLY USED IN
RESEARCH (ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL) AND IN PRACTICE
TO DESCRIBE THE INELASTIC MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE MATERIALS, SECTIONS, REGIONS,
MEMBERS, SUBASSEMBLAGES, STRUCTURES, AND WHOLE SOIL-
BUILDING SYSTEMS.
In order to realize the maximum benefit from research conducted at various
institutions, it is desirable that results be presented whenever possible in terms
of unambiguous parameters. All too often researchers present results in terms
of different parameters without providing sufficient information to allow com-
parison.
One parameter of particular concern is ductility. While ductility is a useful
concept, it has a precise definition and quantitative meaning only for the ideal-
ized case of monotonic, linear elasto-perfectly plastic behavior. Its use in real
cases where behavior significantly differs from this idealized case leads to much
ambiguity and confusion. It is thus difficult to make valid comparisons of
"available" ductility values reported by different researchers because they are
often based on different response parameters or on yielding values determined
using different and/or unexplained definitions.
These experimentally obtained "available" ductility values are also often
misused in analytical studies of the "demand" or "required" ductility due to the
difficulty of establishing realistic values for the "linear-elastic stiffness and
yielding strength." Attempts should be made to integrate the definitions of
response parameters that are used in experimental test programs and in analyti-
cal investigations.
Furthermore, it is highly questionable whether the performance of different
building systems can be properly described and evaluated on the sole basis of
elastic stiffness, yielding strength, and ductility. Consequently, there ir ~~~"
n

to introduce additional parameters for describing the total hysteretic


39

dissipation, number of cycles of reversed deformations, and the degradation in


stiffness and strength that has been observed under seismic conditions.

(b) PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING CONTROL OR REFERENCE


TESTS IN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS WHICH WOULD PERMIT
VALID COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT
RESEARCHERS. THESE GUIDELINES SHOULD COVER: SPECIMENS,
LOADING CONDITIONS (RATE AND HISTORY), INSTRUMENTATION,
REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA, AND RESULTS
(MINIMUM INFORMATION TO BE PRESENTED IN RESEARCH
REPORTS).
Note that these guidelines refer only to control or reference tests, and should not
be used to restrict the development of innovative testing procedures.

(c) EVALUATE PERFORMANCE OBTAINED IN DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL


STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS (CARRIED OUT IN
THE FIELD OR IN THE LABORATORY) AND ASSESS THE IMPLICA-
TIONS OF SUCH PERFORMANCE ON SEISMIC-RESISTANT DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION IN REGIONS OF DIFFERENT SEISMICITY.
Before results of analytical or experimental studies are used to formulate
design standards, they should be carefully evaluated in terms of the level of
structural performance expected and realistic estimates of the severity of ine-
lastic deformational demands required of structural components in various
types of soil-building systems accounting for site seismicity. The use of analyt-
ical or experimental results obtained using loading conditions that do not real-
istically reflect those resulting from actual earthquake ground motions expected
at a sitc during the life of a structure may result in unnecessarily increased
construction and design costs on one hand or in unconservatively designed
structures on the other. Furthermore, the use of simplified design criteria
based on lower bounds of strength and deformational capacities, while facilitat-
ing application by professional engineers, can in some cases result in costly and
overconservative designs, especially in areas of low seismicity. Thus, design
requirements to achieve economical structures that perform satisfactorily dur-
ing earthquakes should account for the type of soil-building system employed
and the local seismicity.

Because of the complex nature of these problems and the scarcity of reliable data,
the cooperation of foreign experts in this field should be sought by including them
as participants in the group or as consultants.
-
~o ~/~~~6 ~~J'?-
4-1

Appendix A

WORKSHOP PROGRAM

Preceding page
j!
,/'

/
/

(\/
\
\, \
\
43
WORKSHOP ON EARTHQUAKE.RESISTANT REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
University of California, Berkeley, July 11-15, 1977

PROGRAM

MONDAY, JULY 11

7:45 REGISTRATION

8:30 INTRODUCTION V. BeM:eJt.o, J. SM1.zi


9 :00 SESSION l AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Co-Chairmen: H. Vegenkolb, J. Penzien


Recording Secretary: V. Row

1.1 Accomplishments and Research and Development Needs

AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EARTHQUAKE-


RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
J. Btwne
AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN CANADA
S. UzwneJt.1, S. O.tan1, M. Co.elin&
A EUROfEAN VIEW ON EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
J. FeM.y BOItgu
A REVlEW or RECENT RESEARCH IN JAPAN AS RELATED
TO THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
H. AcljW7la.
BREAK

SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS IN A MEXICAN 1976 CODE


E. 'ROl.Jenbfueth (plLe6en:ted by L E-6:teva)
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
IN MEXICO: RESEARCH NEEDS AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
L. E-6:teva.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
IN NEW ZEALAND
R. PMk
1.2 Design Earthquakes

DESIGN EARTHQUAKES - UNCERTAINTIES IN GROUND

Preced}ngpagebla~
44 MOTION INrUT AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
N. Donovan
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN ESTABLISHING DESIGN
EARTHQUAKES
V. BeJc;tVW

Contributing Paper:
UNCERTAINTIES IN SEISMIC INPUT AND RESPONSE
PARAMETERS - DEVELOPMENT OF STABLE DESIGN
PARAMETERS
H. Shah, C. Mo4tgat
1.3 Discussion: Panel and Participants

LUNCH

14:00 SESSION II AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN


EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Co-Chairmen: J. Btwne, J. FVlJtIj Bo/tge1>


Recording Secretary: L. MctUk

11.1 Summary of Present Codes and Standards in the


World Related !£. ERCBC;Future Codes

EVOLUTION OF CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EARTHQUAKE-


RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUC-
TION (ERCBC)
R. ShMpe
SUMMARY OF rRESENT CODES AND STANDARDS IN THE WORLD
M. Watabe
II. 2 Seismic Codes Based .Q!l. Semi-Probabilistic Approach

SEISMIC CODE BASED ON SEMI-PROBABILISTIC APPROACH


J. Benjan0!
Contributing Paper:
THE PURPOSE AND EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE CODES -
A CASE STUDY OF SEMI-PROBABILISTIC APPROACH
H. Shah, T. Z!.>uftlj

BREAK

11.3 An Overview of the State-of-the-Practice and


User Needs for IiiiProving ERCBC --

AN OVERVIEW OF USER NEEDS FOR IMPROVING


EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILD-
ING CONSTRUCTION
B. 016en

AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE AND OF


USER NEEDS FOR IMPROVING ERCBC (EMPHASIS ON
CALIFORNIA)
E. Teat
4S
AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE AND OF
USER NEEDS FOR IMPROVING ERCBC (CANADIAN ASPECTS)
F. Knoll
Cpntributing Paper:
USER NEEDS FOR I~WROVING EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
E. ZaeheJt

11.4 Discussion: Panel and Participants

FORMATION OF WORKING GROUPS AND GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

19:00 WORKSHOP BANQUET

Faculty Club, preceded'" by reception at 18:00


Keynote Address: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
PREDICTIONS
R. TWtneJt

TUESDAY, JULY 12

8:00 SESSION III MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF


REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED ~CRETE MATERIALS
UNDERSEISMICCONDITIONS

Co-Chairmen: B. Btt~.e.eJt, W. Co!L.tey


Recording Secretary: J. Komendan;t

III.l Concrete

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE


R. Plteeee (pJ1.~en.ted by R. Sehwe-i.n)

CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR CONCRETES UNDER


SEISMIC CONDITIONS
M. Tay.e.olt

Contributing Papers:
CONFINED CONCRETE: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
V. BeJtteJto, J. VaUen.a6
STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS WITH RECTANGULAR TIES
S. UzumeJU, s. she-i.kh
A NOTE ON THE FAILURE CRITERION FOR DIAGONALLY
CRACKED CONCRETE
M. Co.f..Un6
III.2 Reinforcing Steel

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF


REINFORCING STEEL UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
J. Me VeJtmoti
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BOND OF REINFORCING
STEEL UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
E. Popov
46
Contributing Papers:
CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS OF STEEL: EFFECTS ON
HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
MEMBERS AND ON STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS IN
SEISMIC DESIGN
R. PaJl.k
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCING
BARS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
N. Haw~

III.3 Discussion: Panel and Participants

BREAK

10:00 SESSION IV REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL


SYSTEMS INCLUDING TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:
IMPORTAWCE OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Co-Chairmen: T. Okada, B. O~en
Recording Secretary: J. Axtey
IV.l New Buildings:

(a) Cast-in-Field and Precast and Prestressed

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT


CONCRETE BUILDINGS
M. 'Fbz;(:et, S. GhoJ.ih
Contributing Papers:
SOFT STORY CONCEPT APPLIED AT ST. JOSEPH HEALTH
CARE CENTER
A. POPOnn, Jft.
THE 18-STORIED SHIINAMACHI BUILDING
N. OhmoIU.

(b) Precast Concrete Composite Systems

Contributing Paper:
STATE OF THE ART OF PRECAST CONCRETE TECHNIQUE
IN JAPAN
A. Ikeda, T. Yamada, S. KaJJJamWta., S. Fuj-U.
IV.2 Existing Buildings: Methods for Repairing and
Retrofitting (Strengthening, Stiffening, and
Toughening)

METHODS FOR REPAIRING AND RETROFITTING


(STRENGTHENING) EXISTING BUILDINGS
J. WaJl.neJt
METHODS AND COSTS OF REINFORCING VETERANS
ADMINISTRATION EXISTING BUILDINGS
J. Len;(:eJt
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
MEMBERS AND BUILDINGS
R. Hal'!J.ion
47
Discussion:
V. Jepheoft

IV.3 Discussion: Panel and Participants

LUNCH

13:30 SESSION V NETHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Co-Chairmen: E. E.t6U-6eJt, L. E-6teva


Recording Secretary: S. MalUn

V.l Problems in Modeling and Its Influence in


Estimating Dynamic Characteristics

THE ART OF NODELING BUILDINGS FOR DYNANIC SEISNIC


ANALYSIS
W. Gatu

MODELING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS


L. Se1.na

Contributing Papers:
PROBLENS IN THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CONPUTER
ANALYSIS TO REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN
C. Pol.a.nd
EFFECTS OF TWO-DlNENSIONAL EARTHQUAKE NOTION ON
RESPONSE OF RIc COLUNNS
V. Peeknold, M. Suhanwandy
BREAK

V.2 Computer Programs Available for Analysis of


Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
(two- and three-dimensional); Future Improvements
and Developments

AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE OF THE


USAGE OF CONPUTER PROGRANS
G. B!u:tndow
CONPUTER PROGRANS FOR ANALYSIS OF SEISNIC RESPONSE
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
G. Powell.

Contributing Paper:
ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF WALLS WITH OPENINGS
E. PopOV
V.3 Preliminary Design vs. Analysis: Use of
Computers for Preliminary Design and Final
Detailing in ERCBC

CONPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT


REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
N. G/teve
48
ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN THE SEISMIC-RESISTANT
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
S.MahiVl.

V.4 Discussion: Panel and Participants

15:30 WORKING GROUP MEETINGS

19:30 WORKING GROUP MEETINGS

WEDNESDAY, JULY 14

8:00 SESSION VI DESIGN METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL


INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUC-
TION OF MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES; CORRELATION
WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS OFEARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

Co-Chairmen: R. EVl.gte~, R. Pank


Recording Secretaries: S. ZagajeAfU, R. I<UngVl.eJl
Vr.1 Design of Ric Moment-Resisting Frames:
Practical and Ideal Methods

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MOMENT-RESISTING


FRAMES
V. S.tJta.nd
CAPACITY DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DUCTILE
FRAMES
T. Paula!!
Contributing Paper:
REINFORCED CONCRETE DUCTILE FRAMES - THE USE OF
DIAGONAL REINFORCING TO SOLVE THE JOINT PROBLEM
R. Poote
vr.2 Problem. of Damage to Nonstructura1 Components
and Equipment

THE PROBLEM OF DAMAGE TO NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS


AND EQUIPMENT
K. MeJlz

Contributing Paper:
PROBLEM OF DAMAGE TO NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
AND EQUIPMENT: WALLS AND STAIRS
G. Me Kenzie
Vr.3 Use .2i Optimization Procedures in Design of
Moment-Resisting Frames

COMPUTER-AIDED OPTIMUM DESIGN OF DUCTILE RIc


MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES
S. ZagajeAfU, V. BeJtteJlO

VI.4 Experimental and Analytical Investigations on


Elements and Subassemblages of RIc Frames
EXPERIMENTAL !NO ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 49
REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES SUBJECTED TO EARTH-
QUAKE LOADING
P. GeJtg el.y
BEHAVIOR OF ELEMENTS AND SUBASSEMBLAGES - R.C.
FRAMES
J. JbrAa
Contributing Paper:
A METHOD FOR DELAYING SHEAR STRENGTH DECAY OF
RC BEAMS
C. ScJUbneJt, J. W.<.gh:t

VI.5 Importance £f Reinforcement Details

Contributing Paper:
REINFORCING BARS IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
W. Be.a.c.k
VI. 6 Behavior of Flat Slab Systems ,Diaphragms, and
Infilled Frames under Seismic Conditions

SEISMIC RESPONSE CONSTRAINTS FOR SLAB SYSTEMS


N. HawfWt.6
Contributing Paper:
HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR OF INFILLED FRAMES
R. KUngneJt
VI.7 Discussion: Panel and Participants

BREAK
10:30 SESSION VII DESIGN :METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL
INVEsTIGATIONS RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUC-
TION OF FRAME-WALL STRUCTURES; CORRELATION WITH
FIELDOBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE --

Co-Chairmen: J. Benjamin, E. Popov


Recording Secretary: J. HoWngJ.>
Vl:I.l Design of Ric Frame-Wall Structures: Practical
and Ideal Methods

DESIGN OF FRAME-WALL STRUCTURES


A. VeJtec.ho
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME-WALL STRUC-
TURES : CRITERIA AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
E. Et6 e,6J., eJt

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURAL WALLS


T. Pautay
Contributing Papers:
DESIGN OF Ric FRAME-WALL STRUCTURES
T. Takeda
50
A PRACTICAL METHOD TO EVALUATE SEISMIC CAPACITY
OF EXISTING MEDIUM- AND LOW-RISE Ric BUILDINGS
WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SEISMIC CAPACITY OF FRAME-
WALL BUILDINGS
H. Umemwe.a., T. Okada.
SHEAR WALL RESEARCHABLE ITEMS
J. Meehan
VIL2 Experimental and Analytical Investigations on
Elements and Subassemblages of Frame-Wall
Structures: Single Walls, Coupled Walls,
Frame-Walls, etc.

LABORATORY TESTS OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT


STRUCTURAL WALL SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS
A. F~onato, W. Conley
VII.3 Importance of Reinforcement Details for ERCBC

Contributing Papers:
IMPORTANCE OF REINFORCEMENT DETAILS IN
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURAL WALLS
A. F~onato, R. OU;(:en!e, W. Conley
COUPLING BEAMS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS
T. Pa.u1a.y
VIL4 Discussion: Panel and Participants

LUNCH

13:30 SESSION VIII FOUNDATIONS AND RETAINING STRUCTURES

Co-Chairmen: P. Jennlng~, M. vetkov


Recording Secretary: M. Oliva.
VIlLI Design and Detailing of Different ~ of Ric
Foundations and Retaining Structures; Determina-
tion of Soil Pressure and Design Forces

SEISMIC ROCKING PROBLEM OF RIGID COMPENSATED


FOUNDATIONS
L. Zeeva.eJl;(:
Discussion:
1. IdJUJ.,1.>

Contributing Papers:
COMMENTS ON STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTIONS DURING
EARTHQUAKES
L. Wyllie, JJL.
DISCUSSION OF "COMMENTS ON STRUCTURE-SOIL
INTERACTIONS DURING EARTHQUAKES"
W. Hdhnu
CAST-TN-FIELD REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR NEW
BUILDINGS - DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
S. TuxWta.
VIII.2 Discussion: Panel and Participants
51
14:10 SESSION IX EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REAL BUILDINGS,
MODELS OF COMPLETE BUILDINGS~AND LARGE
SUBASSOOLAGES OF BUILDINGS; CORREI.:ATION WITH
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND WITH DATA FROM
FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKEDAMAGE - -

Co-Chairmen: H. AOlfama, R. HaYL60n


Recording Secretary: R. Stephen
IX.l Real Buildings: Strong-Motion Instrumentation;
Dynamic Testing of Ric Buildings

DYNAMIC RESPONSE INVESTIGATIONS OF REAL BUILDINGS


S. r!Leeman, K. Honda, J. Btume
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS - CORRELATION WITH
ANALYSIS
R. Shephel!.d, P. Jenning-6
Contributing Papers:
LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC SHAKING OF II-STORY REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING
R. Malfe-6, T. Ga.C.ambo-6
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF AN ELEVEN-STORY MASONRY
BUILDING
R. S;(:ephen, J. Bouwk.amp
STRONG-MOTION INSTRUMENTATION OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
C. Rojahn
BREAK

IX.2 Use of Earthquake Simulators and Large-Scale


Loading Facilities

EARTHQUAKE SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY


M. Sozen

THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ERCBC WITH


EMPHASIS ON THE USE OF EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE
SIMULATORS IN JAPAN
T. Okada.

USE OF EARTHQUAKE SIMULATORS AND LARGE-SCALE


LOADING FACILITIES IN ERCBC
V. BeM:eI!.o, R. C.e.ough, M. O.uva
Contributing Paper:
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH NEEDS FOR EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
H. KJtaW.<.nk..e.eI!.
IX.3 Post-Earthquake Damage Analysis: Correlation
of Field Damage Observations with Laboratory
Behavior

Open Discussion
52 IX.4 D!scussion: ~anel and Participants

19:30 WORKING GROUP MEETINGS

THURSDAY, JULY 14

8:00 SESSION X DESIGN METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL


INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO THE EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUC-
TION OF PRESTRESSED· AND PREFABRICATED sTiWCTURis;
CORRELATION WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGE

Co-Chairmen: M. Ein;te£., T. Pa.ul.cty


Recording Secretary: W. He-6.teJL
X.l Design of Prestressed Structures for ERCBC

DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT, PRESTRESSED


CONCRETE STRUCTURES
T. Y. Un, F. Kul.k.a, J. TcLi
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
R. pctJLk

X.2 Design of Prefabricated Structures for ERCBC

SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL BUILDINGS


J. BeCReJL, C. L!o~ente

AN EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF THE ART IN THE


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS
IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES
R. EngtelWtR
SOME ASPECTS OF APPLICATION AND BEHAVIOUR OF LARGE
PANEL SYSTEMS IN SEISMIC REGIONS OF EUROPE
M. Ve£.ROV, V. JuJr.ukOVJ.>/U

Contributing Papers:
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE
BEARING WALL TYPE STRUCTURES - A DESIGNER'S DILEMMA
V. Muj wndaJt
SEISMIC RESISTANCE VS. PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE OF
PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL BUILDINGS
R. FuUeJL
X.3 Production and Repair Aspects of Industrialized
Buildings

Contributing Paper:
PRODUCTION AND REPAIR ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZED
BUILDINGS
W. He-6;(;eJL
X.4 Experimental and Analytical Investigations on
Cast-in-Field or Precast Elements and their
Subassemblages used in Prefabricatea-and/or
Prestressed Structures for ERCBC
ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF 53
PRESTRESSED AND PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS
N. HCWJ/Un.6

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SUBASSEMBLAGES


OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
FRAMED STRUCTURES
R. Patk, K. Thomp~on

X.5 Discussion: Panel and Participants

BREAK

10:45 SESSION XI USER NEEDS


-----
Co-Chairmen: F. KnoU, E. Teal.
Recording Secretary: R. Mayu

XI.l Applicability of Presented Research Output;


Needs for Integrating Research Programs and for
Research and Development Ex. Teams of Researchers
and Professionals

EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH AND USER NEEDS


B. BlLuleJc.

APPLICABILITY OF EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH FROM THE


USER'S VIEWPOINT
L. Wyllie, JfT...

XI.2 Discussion

LUNCH

13:00 OPTIONAL TOUR OF EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR LABORATORY, RICHMOND FIELD


STATION, AND STRUCTURES LABORATORY, DAVIS HALL, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

13:30 WORKING GROUP MEETINGS

19:30 WORKING GROUPS MEETINGS

FRIDAY, JULY 15

9:00 SESSION XII WORKING GROUP PRESENTATIONS

Co-Chairmen: C. Pi.nkham, S. UzWIleJL.i.


Recording Secretary: S. MaJ0t

XILl Reconnnendations Presented Ex. Chairman of Each


Group

XIL2 Discussion: Panel and Participants

11:30 SESSION XIII SUMMARY

Clos ing Remarks: V. BmMo


ADJOURNMENT
Appendix B

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Preceding page .·b1an.


I~
~ .,
57
WORKSHOP ON EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (ERCBC)
University of California, Berkeley, July 11-15, 1977

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

National Science Foundation Organizing· Secretary


Representative
MAHIN, Stephen A.
SCALZI, John B. Assistant Research Engineer
Program Manager Department of Civil Engineering
NSF/RANN Earthquake Engineering 722 Davis Hall
Program University of California
National Science Foundation Berkeley, California 94720
1800 G Street, N. W., Room 248
Washington, D. C. 20550
Main Participants

Organizer BECKER, James M.


Assistant Professor of Civil
BERTERO, Vitelmo V. Engineering
Professor of Civil Engineering Room 1-230
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
783 Davis Hall
University of California Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Berkeley, California 94720
BENJAMIN, Jack R.
President
Steering Committee Engineering Decision Analysis, Co.,
Inc.
480 Ca1ifornia·Avenue, Suite 301
GATES, William E. Palo Alto, California 94306
Associate
Dames and Moore BERTERO, Vite1mo V.
1100 Glendon Avenue, Suite 1000 Professor of Civil Engineering
Los Angeles, California 90024 783 Davis Hall
University of California
HAWKINS, Neil M. Berkeley, California 94720
Professor of Civil Engineering
233 More Hall, FX-IO BLIDm, John A.
University of Washington President
Seattle, Washington 98105 URS/John A. Blume & Associates
130 Jessie Street
SOZEN, Mete A. San Francisco, California 94105
Professor of Civil Engineering
3112 Civil Engineering Building BRANDOW, Gregg
University of Illinois Brandow & Johnston Associates
Urbana, Illinois 61801 1660 West Third Street
Los Angeles, California 90017
WYLLIE, Loring A., Jr.
Structural Engineer BRESLER, Boris
H. J. Degenkolb & Associates Professor of Civil Engineering
350 Sansome Street 777 Davis Hall
San Francisco, California 94104 University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Preceding page <bl.


58
CORLEY, W. Gene GERGELY, Peter
Director Professor of Structural Engineering
Engineering Development Department Hollister Hall
Portland Cement Association Cornell University
5420 Old Orchard Road Ithaca, New York 14850
Skokie, Illinois 60076
GREVE, Norman R.
DONOVAN, Neville C. Structural Engineer
Principal Engineer, Partner Greve & O'Rourke, Inc.
Dames and Moore 3055 Overland Avenue
500 Sansome Street Los Angeles, California 90034
San Francisco, California 94111 President, Systems Professional
Los Angeles, California
ELSESSER, Eric
Structural Engineer HANSON, Robert D.
Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc. Chairman and Professor of Civil
1005 Sansome Street Engineering
San Francisco, California 94111 University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
ENGLEKIRK, Robert E.
Vice-President HAWKINS, Neil M.
Ruthroff & Englekirk, Inc. Professor of Civil Engineering
3424 West 8th Street, Suite 200 233 More Hall, FX-IO
Los Angeles, California 90005 University of Washington
Adjunct Associate Professor Seattle, Washington 98105
University of California
Los Angeles, California 90024 JENNINGS, Paul C.
Professor of Applied Mechanics
ESTEVA, Luis 227 Thomas Laboratory
Instituto de Ingeniera California Institute of Technology
Ciudad Universitaria Pasadena, California 91109
Apartado 73-472
!1exico 20 D. F., Mexico JIRSA, James O.
Professor of Civil Engineering
FERRY BORGES, Julio University of Texas
Director Austin, Texas 78712
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia
Civil KNOLL, Franz
Ministerio das Obras Publicas Associate
Avenida do Brasil Nicolet, Carrier, Dresell
Lisbon 5, Portugal 1 Place Ville Marie
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3B 3Nl
FINTEL, Mark
Director LEFTER, James
Engineering Services Department Director
Portland Cement Association Civil Engineering Service
5420 Old Orchard Road Veterans Administration
Skokie, Illinois 60076 811 Vermont Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20420
GATES, William E.
Associate LIN, T. Y.
Dames and Moore Board Chairman
1100 Glendon Avenue, Suite 1000 T. Y. Lin International
Los Angeles, California 90024 327 Bay Street
San Francisco, California 94133
MAHIN, Stephen A. PREECE, Robert F. 59
Assistant Research Engineer Executive Vice-President
Department of Civil Engineering Testing Engineers, Inc.
722 Davis Hall 39 Ironship Plaza
University of California Golden Gateway Center
Berkeley, California 94720 San Francisco, California 94111

MC DERMOTT, John F. SELNA, Lawrence


Associate Research Consultant Associate Professor of Mechanics
U. S. Steel Research Laboratory and Structures
Jameson Lane 3173 F Engineering I
MonroeVille, Pennsylvania 15146 University of California
Los Angeles, California 90024
MERZ, Kelly L.
Earthquake Research Engineer SHARPE, Roland L.
Ayres Associates Executive Director
1180 South Beverly Drive, Suite 600 Applied Technology Council
Los Angeles, California 90035 480 California Avenue, Suite 205
Palo Alto, California 94306
OKADA, Tsuneo Chairman
Associate Professor Engineering Decision Analysis Co.,
Institute of Industrial Science Inc.
University of Tokyo Palo Alto, California 94306
7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku
Tokyo 106, Japan SOZEN, Mete A.
Professor of Civil Engineering
OLSEN, Bruce C. 3112 Civil Engineering Building
Consulting Engineer University of Illinois
1411 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1420 Urbana, Illinois 61801
Seattle, Washington 98101
STRAND, Donald R.
PARK, Robert Structural Engineer
Professor of Civil Engineering Brandow & Johnston Associates
University of Canterbury 1660 West Third Street
Christchurch 1, New Zealand Los Angeles, California 90017

PAULAY, Thomas TAYLOR, Michael A.


Professor of Civil Engineering Associate Professor of Civil
University of Canterbury Engineering
Christchurch 1, New Zealand University of California
Davis, California 95616
POPOFF, Alexander, Jr.
ABAM Engineers, Inc. TEAL, Edward J.
1127 Port of Tacoma Road Consulting Structural Engineer
Tacoma, Washington 98421 Seismic Engineering Associates,
Ltd.
POPOV, Egor P. 3775 Amesbury Road
Professor of Civil Engineering Los Angeles, California 90027
725 Davis Hall
University of California TURNER, Ralph A.
Berkeley, California 94720 Professor of Sociology
264 Haines Hall
POWELL, Graham H. University of California
Professor of Civil Engineering Los Angeles, California 90024
714 Davis Hall
University of California UZUMERI, S. M.
Berkeley, California 94720 Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada M58 lA4
60
VELKOV, Xiodrag FIORATO, Anthony E.
Assistant Director for Science Assistant }tanager
and Eduction Structural Development Section
IZUS Portland Cement Association
P. O. Box 101 5420 Old Orchard Road
91000 Skopje, Yugoslavia Skokie, Illinois 60076

WAR,NER, James FREEMAN, Sigmund A.


President Engineer
Warner Engineering Services URS/John A. Blume & Associates
2905 Allesandro Street 130 Jessie Street
Los Angeles, California 90039 San Francisco, California 94105

WATABE, }takoto FULLER, G. Robert


Director of Structural Division U. S. Department of Housing and
Building Research Institute Urban Development
Xinistry of Construction 451 - 7th Street, S. W., Room 6176
3-28-8 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku Washington, D. C. 20410
Tokyo, Japan
GHOSH, Satyendra K.
WYLLIE, Loring A., Jr. Senior Structural Engineer
Structural Engineer Engineering Services Department
H. J. Degenkolb & Associates Portland Cement Association
350 Sansome Street 5420 Old Orchard Road
San Francisco, California 94104 Skokie, Illinois 60076

HESTER, Weston T.
Regular Participants Assistant Professor of Civil
Engineering
AOYAMA, Hiroyuki 212 Mc Laughlin Hall
Associate Professor University of California
Department of Architecture Berkeley, California 94720
University 'of Tokyo
7-3-1 Mongo, Bunkyo-ku HOLMES, William F.
Tokyo, Japan Rutherford &'Chekene
Consulting Engineers
BLACK, William C. 487 Bryant Street
Chief Engineer San Francisco, California 94107
Reinforcing Bars, Piling and
Construction Specialty Sales JEPHCOTT, Donald
Bethlehem Steel Corporation Principal Structural Engineer
701 East 3rd Street OAC
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Structural Safety Section
107 South Broadway, Room 3029
COLLINS, Michael P. Los Angeles, California 90012
Associate Professor of Civil
Engineering KLINGNER, Richard E.
University of Toronto Assistant Professor of Civil
Toronto, Canada MSS lA4 Engineering
University of Texas
DERECHO, Arnaldo T. Austin, Texas 78712
}tanager, Structural Analytical
Services KRAWINKLER, Helmut
Portland Cement Association Assistant Professor of Civil
5420 Old Orchard Road Engineering
Skokie, Illinois 60076 Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
61
MAYES, Ronald L. W:I;GHT, James K.
Assistant Research Engineer Assistant Professof of Civil
Earthquake Engineering Research Engineering
Center 301 West Engineering
University of California University of Michigan
Richmond Field Station Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Richmond, California 94804
Principal, Computech, Berkeley YAMADA, Toshio
Senior Staff Engineer
MC KENZIE, Gordon H. F. Technical Development Department
Assistant Chief Structural Engineer Taisei Corporation
Ministry of Works and Development Nita Kokusai Building
Head Office, Vogel Building 1-4-28 Mita, Minato-ku
Aitken Street Tokyo, Japan
P. O. lbx 12 041
Wellington North, New Zealand ZACHER, Edwin G.
Structural Engineer
MEEHAN, John H. J. Brunnier Associates
Research Director and Principal 55 New Montgomery Street, Suite 608
Structural Engineer San Francisco, California 94105
OAC
Structural Safety Section
P. O. Box 1079 Observers
Sacramento, California 95805
BENTSON, Robert
MUJUMDAR, Vilas S. Principal Structural Engineer
Principal Structural Engineer Structural Safety Section
Ecodyne Corp/Ecodyne Cooling OSA
Products Division 124 Beale Street
P. O. Box 1267 San Francisco, California 94105
Santa Rosa, California 95403
DEGENKOLB, Henry J.
STEPHEN, Roy M. President
Program Development Engineer H. J. Degenkolb & Associates
Structural Engineering and 350 Sansome Street
Structural Mechanics Division San Francisco, California 94104
726 Davis Hall
University of California IDRISS, 1. M.
Berkeley, California 94720 Woodward-Clyde Consultants
2 Embarcadero Center, Suite 700
TAl, James San Francisco, California 94111
Associate
T. Y. Lin International NAKATA, Shinsuke
327 Bay Street Assistant Research Engineer
San Francisco, California 94133 Earthquake Engineering Research
Center
TAKEDA, Toshikazu University of California
Manager, Structural Section Richmond Field Station
Engineering Research Institute Richmond, California 94804
Ohbayashi-Gumi, Ltd. on leave from Building Research
4-640 Shimo-kiyoto, Kiyose Institute, Ministry of Construc-
Tokyo, Japan tion, Tokyo, Japan

TEIXEIRA, Stanley E. PENZIEN, Joseph


H. J. Brunnier and Associates Professor of Civil Engineering
55 New Montgomery Street, Suite 608 731 Davis Hall
San Francisco, California 94105 University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
62
PINKHNM, Clarkson W. ZAGAJESKI, Stan
President Structural Engineering and
S. B. Barnes and Associates Structural Mechanics Division
2236 Beverly Boulevard 508 Davis Hall
Los Angeles, California 90057 University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
SUGANO, Shinsuke
Assistant Research Engineer
Structural Engineering and University Extension Coordinators
Structural ~echanics Division
516 Davis Hall BARRY, Helen M.
University of California Continuing Education in
Berkeley, California 94720 Engineering
on leave from Takenaka Technical University Extension
Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan 2223 Fulton Street
Berkeley, California

Recording Secretaries GRASSI, Raymond C.


Chairman
AXLEY, James Continuing Education in
Structural Engineering and Engineering
Structural Mechanics Division University Extension
345 Davis Hall 2223 Fulton Street
University of California Berkeley, California 94270
Berkeley, California 94720
REID, Linda
HOLLINGS, Jeff continuing Education in
Structural Engineering and Engineering
Structural Mechanics Division University Extension
508 Davis Hall 2223 Fulton Street
University of California Berkeley, California 94720
Berkeley, California 94720

KOMENDANT, G. Juri
Structural Engineering and
Structural Mechanics Division
508 Davis Hall
University of California
Berkeley, California 94270

MALIK, Lincoln E.
URS!John A. Blume & Associates
130 Jessie Street
San Francisco, California 94105

OLIVA, Michael
Structural Engineering and
Structural Mechanics Division
410 Davis Hall
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

ROW, Dennis
Structural Engineering and
Structural Mechanics Division
508 Davis Hall
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Appendix C

LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS


65
WORKSHOP ON EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (ERCBC)
University of California, Berkeley, July 11-15, 1977

WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

1. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED AND


PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MATERIALS UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS

Chairman: E. Popov
Recording Secretary: J. Komendant

W. Black, M. Collins, W. Corley, A. Derecho, R. Englekirk,


N. Hawkins, W. Hester, P. Gergely, S. Ghosh, J. Jirsa, R. Park,
M. Polivka, R. Preece, J. Mc Dermott, M. Taylor

2. METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT REINFORCED


CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Co-Chairmen: W. Gates, G. Powell


Recording Secretary: J. Hollings

G. Brandow, A. Derecho, S. Freeman, N. Greve, K. Merz, S. Otani,


D. Pecknold, C. Poland, L. Selna, J. Tai

3. EXISTING BUILDINGS

Chairman: R. Hanson
Recording Secretary: J. Axley

A. Repairing

J. Warner (Vice-Chairman), R. Bentson, A. Fiorato, D. Jephcott,


F. Knoll, N. Ohmori

B. Retrofitting

B. Bresler (Vice-Chairman), T. Okada, R. Preece, E. Teal, J. Wight

4. CAST-IN-PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE SYSTEMS FOR NEW BUILDINGS

Chairman: M. Sozen
Recording Secretaries: R. Klingner, S. Zagaj eski, with J. Hollings,
L. Malik, M. Oliva, D. Row

A. Selection of Effective Structural Systems

M. Fintel (Vice-Chairman), J. Benjamin, P. Gergely, R. Hanson,


Y. Yamada

Preceding. page
66
B. Design Criteria

E. Elsesser (Vice-Chairman), H. Aoyama, J. Ferry Borges,


R. Park, J. Wight

C. Code Requirements

R. Sharpe (Vice-Chairman), M. Watabe (Vice-Chairman), L. Esteva,


J. Lefter, A. Popoff, Jr., H. Shah, S. Uzumeri
D. Design and Analysis

1) Foundations

S. Teixeira (Vice-Chairman), W. Black, N. Donovan, W. Holmes,


I. Idriss, L. Wyllie

2) Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames

D. Strand (Vice-Chairman), M. Collins, J. Jirsa,


H. Krawinkler, N. Ohmori, T. Okada

3) Frame-Wall Systems

W. Corley (Vice-Chairman), S. Ghosh, T. Paulay, R. Poole,


S. Sugano, T. Takeda, E. Teal, E. Zacher

E. Effects of Nonstructural Components

K. Merz (Vice-Chairman), R. Klingner, G. Me Kenzie

F. Construction and Maintenance Aspects

C. Pinkham (Vice-Chairman), J. Meehan, R. Preece, B. Olsen

5. PRESTRESSED AND INDUSTRIALIZED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Chairman: N. Hawkins
Recording Secretary: M. Oliva

J. Becker, R. Englekirk, M. Fintel, G. Fuller, w. Hester,


V. Mujumdar, R. Park, A. Popoff, Jr., R. Spencer, M. Velkov,
T. Yamada

6. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

Chairman: P. Jennings
Recording Secretaries: R. Stephen, R. Mayes

A. Real Buildings

P. Jennings (Chairman), W. Black, S. Freeman, F. Knoll,


C. Rojahn, R. Stephen

B. Earthquake Simulators

S. Otani (Vice-Chairman), H. Krawinkler, T. Okada, M. Sozen


67
C. Loading Facilities

J. Jirsa (Vice-Chairman), A. Fiorato, R. Klingner, N. Ohmori,


T. Paulay, S. Sugano, M. Watabe

D. Correlation of ExperimentaT and Analytical Results with


Observational Data from Field Inspection of Earthquake Damage

L. Selna (Vice-Chairman), H. Aoyama, J. Benjamin, S. Ghosh,


R. Mayes, K. Merz, T. Takeda, M. Taylor, S. Uzumeri, J. Wight

7. PROFESSIONAL USER NEEDS

Chairman: L. Wyllie, Jr.


Recording Secretary: L. Malik

V. Bertero, E. Elsesser, S. Freeman, W. Gates, N. Greve, W. Holmes,


F. Knoll, J. Lefter, B. Olsen, J. Scalzi, M. Taylor, S. Teixeira,
E. Zacher

8. NATIONAL COOPERATION

Co-Chairmen: P. Gergely, J. Scalzi


Recording Secretary: S. Mahin

J. Becker, M. Fintel, W. Gates, N. Hawkins, P. Jennings, J. Jirsa,


J. Mc Dermott

9. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Chairman: J. Ferry-Borges
Recording Secretary: D. Row

H. Aoyama, V. Bertero, L. Esteva, N. Hawkins, P. Jennings, R. Park,


J. Penzien, M. Velkov, S. Uzumeri

10. SEISMIC TESTING AND PERFORMANCE

Chairman: W. Corley
Recording Secretary: S. Zagajeski

V. Bertero, M. Collins, A. Derecho, J. Ferry Borges, A. Fiorato,


P. Gergely, N. Hawkins, P. Jennings, J. Jirsa, F. Knoll,
H. Krawinkler, G. Mc Kenzie, S. Otani, R. Park, T. Paulay, L. Selna,
R. Spencer, D. Strand, M. Taylor, S. Uzumeri, J. Wight
\ \, / ;' \
\.,~ I
\ ,4\ \

\ j/\\
\ I \
\1 \

/
/
!\ \ \"
'\
\
i
t' '\\

J .
I \

\ i
"\
\,
;f "\ '~{,

"
\'
Appendix D

RESEARCH DIRECTORY
RELATED TO ERCBC
(compiled from information supplied
by participants)

Preceding.pagel
/
/
71

CANADA

McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario

1. Ishac, M. F., "Dynamic Response of Asymmetric of Shear-Wall Frame Building Struc-


tures," M.S. Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; see also preprint from the
January 1977 International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) Sixth World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 3-373 to 3-378.

2. Biswas, J. K. and W. K. Tso, "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Shear Wall Buildings tG


Lateral Load," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. ST5, Proc. Paper
10531, May 1974, pp. 1019-1036; see also preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 3-237 to 3-
242.

University of British Columbia, Vancouver

1. Spencer, R. A., "Connections for Precast Concrete Buildings."

2. Spencer, R. A., "Nonlinear Response of Coupled Shear Walls."

University of Calgary

1. Ghali, A., M. Z. Elmasri, and W. Dilger, "Punching Plates under Static and Dynamic Hor-
izontal Forces," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, ACI Proceedings, Vol. 73, No.
10, October 1976, pp. 566-572.

University of Toronto

1. Uzumeri, S. M., "Strength and Ductility of RIC Columns with Rectangular Ties."

2. Uzumeri, S. M., "Behavior of Beam-Column Joints."

JAPAN

Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tokyo

1. Hirosawa, M., "A List of Past Experimental Results of Reinforced Concrete Columns,"
Kenchiku-Kenkyu-Shiryo, No.2, BRI, March 1973.

2. Hirosawa, M., "Past Experimental Results on Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls and
Analysis on Them," Kenchiku-Kenkyu-Shiryo, No.6, BRI, March 1975.

Preceding page.b
72

3. Hirosawa, M. and T. Endo, "Experimental Research on Ductility of Reinforced Concrete


Columns," Research Paper No. 57, BRI, February 1974.

4. Koizumi, Y., et al., "Lateral Load Tests on Multi-Storied Full Size Building of Reinforced
Concrete Wall Construction for Earthquake-Resistant Design," Research Paper No. 49,
BRI, May 1971.

5. Nakano, K. and M. Hirosawa, "BRI Standard for Earthquake-Resistant Properties of Exist-


ing Reinforced Concrete Buildings," Research Paper No. 56, BRI, February 1974.

6. Ozaki, M. and Y. Ishiyama, "An Evaluation Method for the Earthquake Resistant Capacity
of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns," Research Paper No. 64,
BRI, February 1976.

7. Ozaki, M., el at., "Earthquake Prediction and Failure of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
due to Repeated Shearing Forces - Part I--Theoretical Analysis of Earthquake Response
Prediction," Research Paper No. 40, BRI, March 1969.

8. Committee on Reinforced Concrete Structures in Japan Building Center, "A List of


Experimental Results on Deformation Ability of Reinforced Concrete Columns under
.Large Deflection," BRI, March 1974 and March 1975.

Hokkaido University

1. Joh, 0., "Vibration Analysis of Buildings in Consideration of the Lateral Deformation of


Floor Slabs," Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, No. 62, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan, March 1975.

2. Joh, O. and K. Ohno, "Vibration Analysis of Buildings in Consideration of the In-Plane


Deformation of Floor Slabs," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

3. Ohno, K. and T. Shibata, "A Consideration of the Damages to Columns of Reinforced


Concrete by the Tokachioki Earthquake, 1968," Proceedings of the U. S. - Japan Seminar on
Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Sendai, Japan, Sep-
tember 1970.

4. Ohno, K. and T. Shibata, "On the Damages to the Hakodate College by the Tokachioki
Earthquake, 1968," ibidem.

5. Ohno, K., T. Shibata, and T. Hattori, "An Experimental Study on the Failure of
Columns," ibidem.

6. Ohno, K., T. Shibata, and T. Hattori, "Strength and Lateral Deformability of Columns of
Reinforced Concrete at Shear Failure," Proceedings of the Symposium on Resistance and
Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, Lisbon, Por-
tugal, September 1973, Rept., Working Commission, International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Zurich.
73

7. Ohno, K., et aI., "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Dynamically Repeated
Reversals of Combined Bending and Shear" (forthcoming).

8. Takizawa, H., "Biaxial and Gravity Effects in Modelling Strong-Motion Response of RIC
Structures," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

9. Takizawa, H., "Non-Linear Models for Simulating the Dynamic Damaging Process of
Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings during Severe Earthquakes," International Journal
of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol.
4, No.1, July-September 1975.

10. Takizawa, H., "Note on Some Basic Problems in Inelastic Analysis of Planar Reinforced
Concrete Structures (Parts I and 11)," Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan,
AU, No. 240, February and March, 1976.

11. Takizawa, H., "Technical Note: Biaxial Effects in Modelling Earthquake Response of RIC
Structures," International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, John
Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 4, No.6, October-December 1976.

12. Takizawa, H. and P. C. Jennings, "Ultimate Capacity of Low-Rise RIC Buildings Sub-
jected to Intense Earthquake Motion," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World
Conference held in New Delhi, India.

13. Takizawa, H. and M. Yoshimura, "Biaxial Effect of Flexural Members on the Strong-
Motion Response of RIC Structures," Proceedings of the Fourth Japan Earthquake Engineer-
ing Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, November 1975.

Kajima Institute of Construction Technology, Tokyo

1. Akihama, S. et al., "Studies on Polymer-Modified Concrete Shear Wall," Kajima Institute


of Construction Technology Report, KICT.

2. Ariizumi, A., "A Tracer Technique using Boron and Moisture Gauge," Kajima Institute of
Construction TechnolOgy Report, KICT.

3. Hara, A., et aI., "Shear Moduli and Shear Strengths of Cohesive Soils," Kajima Institute of
Construction Technology Report, KICT.

4. Harada, M. and Y. Koizuka, "Application of Airy's Ventilation Method to the Ventilation


for Tunnel Driving," Kajima Institute of Construction Technology Report, KICT.

5. Hayakawa, S., "Computer Program for Ventilation Design and Its Application," Kajima
Institute of Construction Technology Report, KICT.

6. Hisada, T., "Earthquake Loading and Seismic Code Requirements for Tall Buildings," Spe-
cial Report, KICT.
74

7. Hisada, T., "Earthquake Resistant Design of Highrise Buildings in Japan," Special Report,
KICT.

8. Hisada, T., "Method Industrielle de la Construction d'Immeuble Residentiel de Grande


Hauteur Resistant aux Secousses Sismiques," Troisiemes Colloque Franco-Japonais sur
l'Industrialisation dans Ie Batiment, Special Report, KICT.

9. Hisada, T., "Preparations for Facing an Earthquake Disaster - Earthquake Preparedness of


Big Cities in Japan," Special Report, KICT.

10. Hisada, T., et aI., "Earthquake Design Considerations in Reinforced Concrete Columns,"
Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology Report, KICT.

11. Kakizaki, M., "Study on Tensile Creep Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate Con-
crete," Kajima Institute ojContruction Technology Report, KICT.

12. Kobayashi, S., "Vibrational Behavior of Tall Buildings in Strong Wind and Environmental
Wind Conditions, etc.," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology Report, KICT.

13. Muto, K., et aI., "Aseismic Design and Study of Tall Reinforced Concrete Buildings," Spe-
cial Report, K!CT.

14. Nakahara, Y., T. Ohtomo, and S. Yokota, "Development of New Method for Underwater
Concreting - KDT Tremie Method," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology Report,
KICT.

15. Ohara, S., "Periodic Heat Transfer in a Multilaid Plane Wall," Kajima Institute ojConstruc-
tion Technology Report, KICT.

16. Ohmori, S., in collaboration with T. Takahashi, H. Tanaka, and S. Watanabe, "Studies on
the Reinforced Concrete Slitted Shear Walls," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology
Report, KICT.

17. Sagara, N., "Study on Waterhammer in a Water Pipe System Installed in a Highrise Build-
ing Supplied with District Chilled Water," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology
Report, KICT.

18. Sasaki, T., et aI., "An Experimental Study on Earthquake Resistant Fortification Work for
Already Constructed Reinforced Concrete Buildings," Kajima Institute oj Construction Tech-
nology Report, KICT.

19. Sato, K., et al., "Experimental Study on Beam-to-Column Connections using Cast Steel
T-stube," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technology Report, KICT.

20. Shibuya, T., "Geological Study of Landslide Clay," Kajima Institute oj Construction Technol-
ogy Report, KICT.
75

21. Shohji, M., K. Imai, and T. Narita, "Non-linear Vibration of Framed Structures in Regular
Water Waves," Kajima Institute of Construction Technology Report, KICT.

22. Shoji, M. and T. Matsumoto, "Consolidation of Embankment Foundation," Kajima Insti-


tute ofConstruction Technology Report, KICT.

23. Sugita, K., et al., "Automated Design Program for Air-handling Apparatus," Kajima Insti-
tute ofConstruction Technology Report, KICT.

24. Suzuki, 0., et al., "Field Compaction Tests of SHIRASU," Kajima Institute of Construction
Technology Report, KICT.

25. Tanaka, S., et al., "Analysis of Heating and Cooling Loads Based on Field Measurements,"
Kajima Institute ofConstruction Technology Report, KICT.

26. Yahiro, T., H. Hoshida, and K. Nishi, "On the Characteristics of High Speed Water Jet in
the Liquid and Its Utilization on Induction Grouting Method," Kajima Institute of Con-
struction Technology Report, KICT.

27. Yamamoto, T. and M. Tsuchihiro, "Investigation of Groundwater Flow using Boron and
Moisture Gauge by Single-Well Method," Kajima Institute of Construction Technology
Report, KICT.

28. PCPV Research and Development Group, "Concrete Model Tests on Prestressed Concrete
Pressure Vessels (Parts 1, 2, and 3)," Kajima Institute of Construction Technology Report,
Kajima Corporation.

Kobe University

1. Yamada, M., "Cyclic Bending of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Beam-Columns," Proceedings
of the National Conference on the Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, III-5-D-l, Tokyo,
Japan, August 1973, pp. 73-74.

2. Yamada, M., "Low Cyclic Fatigue Fracture Limits of Various Kinds of Structural
Members Subjected to Alternately Repeated Plastic Bending under Axial Compression as
an Evaluation Basis or Design Criteria for Aseismic Capacity," Proceedings of the Fourth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January 1969, International
Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Vol. I, B-2, pp. 137-151.

3. Yamada, M., "Research on the Fracture Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Members,"


Proceedings of the Symposium on Ultimate Strength of Structures and their Components, Six-
teenth National Symposium on Bridge and Structural Engineering, Science Council of
Japan, September 1971, pp. 175-189.

4. Yamada, M., "Shear Strength, Deformation and Explosion of Reinforced Concrete Short
Columns," Shear in Reinforced Concrete, Special Publication SP-42, ACI, Vol. 2, 1974, pp,
617-638.
76

5. Yamada, M., discussion of "Strength Decay of RIC Columns under Shear Reversals," by
James K. Wight and Mete A. Sozen, Journal of the Structural Division. ASCE, Vol. 102,
No. ST4, Proc. Paper 12015, April 1976, pp. 863-865.

6. Yamada, M., "Ultimate Deformation of Reinforced Concrete," Planning and Design of Tall
Buildings. ASCE, Vol. III, 1973, pp. 467-471.

7. Yamada, M. and S. Furui, "Shear Resistance and Explosive Cleavage Failure of Rein-
forced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Load," Final Report, Eighth Congress of the
IABSE, Zurich, September 1968, pp. 1091-1102.

8. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Damaged and Non-Damaged Reinforced Concrete


Modern Buildings at the Ooita Earthquake, April 21, 1975, Japan," preprint from the
January 1977, IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New
Delhi, India, pp. 1-13 to 1-18.

9. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Earthquake Damage of Reinforced Concrete Buildings,"


Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Rome, Italy, June
1973, IAEE, Vol. 1, pp. 36-40.

10. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Elasto-plastische Biegeformanderungen der Stahlbeton-


saulen und balken (einseitige Biegung unter Axiallast), IABSE, Zurich, Bd. 28/1, 1968,
pp. 193-220.

11. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Fundamental New Aseismic Design of Reinforced Con-
crete Buildings - Based upon the Combined Deformation Characteristics of Various Ase-
ismic Elements in Structures," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, Vol. 1, pp. 864-867.

12. Yamada, M. anq H. Kawamura, "Probabilistic Approach to Ultimate Aseismic Safety of


Structures," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Earthquake Struc'tural Engineering,
(ISESE), St. Louis, Missouri, August 1976, Vol. I, pp. 975-985.

13. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "A Resonance Capacity Criterion for Evaluation of the
Aseismic Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Structures," Reinforced Concrete Structures in
Seismic Zones,
Special Publication SP-53, ACI, Detroit, Michigan, 1974.

14. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Resonance-Fatigue Characteristics for Evaluation of the


Ultimate Aseismic Capacity of Structures," preprint from the January 1977, IAEE Sixth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 5-97 to 5-
102.

15. Yamada, M. and H. Kawamura, "Simplified Calculation Method for Flexural and Shear
Strength and Deformation of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Constant Axial Load,"
Proceedings of the Symposium on Design and Safety of Reinforced Concrete Compression
Members, Theme II, Quebec, Canada, 1974, Rept., Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich,
Vol. 16, pp. 153-160.
77

16. Yamada, M., H. Kawamura, and K. Katagihara, "Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls without
Openings; Test and Analysis," Shear in Reiriforced Concrete, Special Publication SP-42,
ACI, Vol. 2, 1974, pp. 539-558.

17. Yamada, M., H. Kawamura, and K. Katagihara, "Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with
Openings; Test and Analysis," ibidem, pp. 559-578.

18. Yamada, M., H. Kawamura, and K. Kondoh, "Elasto-plastic Cyclic Horizontal Sway
Behaviours of Reinforced Concrete Unit Rigid Frames Subjected to Constant Vertical
Loads," Proceedings of the Symposium on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures
Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, Theme IV, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1973,
Rept., Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich, Vol. 12, pp. 199-204.

19. Yamada, M. and K. Tada, "Experimental Investigation on the Fracture Criteria of Con-
crete under Combined Stresses," Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Defor-
mation and Rupture of Solids Subjected to Multiaxial Stresses, Cannes, France, RILEM,
Paris, Vol. I, pp. 245-255.

20. Yamada, M. and S. Yagi, "Shear Explosion of Reinforced Concrete Short Columns - for
the Basis to Establish a New Aseismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures,"
Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June
1973, IAEE, Vol. 1, pp. 791-794.

21. Yamada, M., et al., "Cyclic Deformation Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls,"
preprint from the January 1977, IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 11-87 to 11-92.

Kyoto University

I. Tominaga, M., et aI., "Analytical and Experimental Studies on the Deformation Evalua-
tion of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Seismic Forces," Proceedings of the Symposium
on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated
Loads, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1973, Rept., Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich.

2. Tominaga, M., et aI., "Bond Characteristics of Prestressing Tendons in the Joint Region of
Prestressed Concrete Rigid Frames under Seismic Forces, Review of the 26th General
Meeting of the Cement Association, Tokyo, Japan, 1972.

3. Tominaga, M., et al., "A Deformation Analysis of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete


Columns under Combined Shear and Flexure," Proceedings of the 18th National Symposium
on Bridge and Structural Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1972.

4. Tominaga, M., et al., "Deformation Characteristics of Prestressed Lightweight Concrete


Beam-Column Assemblies under Seismic Forces," ibidem.

5. Tominaga, M., et al., "An Experimental Study of Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected
to Repeated Reversed Lateral Load," Review of the 28th General Meeting of the Cement
Association, Tokyo, Japan, 1974.
78

6. Tominaga, M., et aI., "Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to


Repeated Reversed Lateral Load (Continued)," Review of the 29th General Meeting of the
Cement Association, Tokyo, Japan, 1975.

7. Tominaga, M., et al., "Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures under


Seismic Forces," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

8. Tominaga, M., et aI., "Transient Deformation Behaviour of Prestressed Concrete Beams


under Repeated Over-load," Proceedings of the Symposium on Resistance and Ultimate Defor-
mability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, Lisbon, Portugal, Sep-
tember 1973, Rept., Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich.

9. Tominaga, M., "Study on Simulated Structural Elements for Reinforced Concrete Frame
Analysis" (Research in Progress).

10. Tominaga, M. and H. Okamoto, "Basic Properties of Restoring Force Characteristics on


Prestressed Concrete Columns under Seismic Actions" (Research in Progress).

Kyoto University, Disaster Prevention Research Institute

1. Minami, K. and M. Wakabayashi, "Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beam-and-


Column Assemblages with Emphasis on Shear Failure of Column," preprint from the
January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New
Delhi, India, pp. 11-111 to 11-116.

2. Minami, K. and M. Wakabayashi, "Shear Strength of Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC)


Columns," Proceedings of the Symposium on Design and Safety of Reinforced Concrete
Compression Members, Quebec, Canada, 1974, Rept., Working Commission, IABSE,
Zurich, pp. 305-313.

3. Morino, S., T. Nakamura, and M. Wakabayashi, "An Experimental Study on the Behavior
of Steel Reinforced Concrete Cruciform Frames," Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on
Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, India, November 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 307-
314.

4. Wakabayashi, M., "Recent Japanese Developments in Mixed Structures," Methods of


Structural Analysis, Proceedings of the National Structural Engineering Conference,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, August 1976, ASCE, Vol. 1, pp. 497-515.

5. Wakabayashi, M., "Seismic Design of Mixed Steel Concrete Structures in Japan," Proceed-
ings of the International Colloquium on Stability ofStructures under Static and Dynamic Loads,
Washington, D. C., May 1977.

6. Wakabayashi, M., "Special Problems," Introductory Report, Symposium on Design and


Safety of Reinforced Concrete Compression Members, Quebec, Canada, 1974, Rept.,
Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich, pp. 72-83.
79

7. Wakabayashi, M., "Steel-Reinforced Concrete-Elastic Plastic Behavior of Members, Con-


nections and Frames," Proceedings of the National Conference on Tall Buildings, Tokyo,
Japan, August 1973, ASCE-IABSE Joint Committee, Part 111, pp. 23-36.

8. Wakabayashi, M. and K. Minami, "Experimental Studies on Hysteretic Characteristics of


Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns and Frames," Proceedings of the International Sympo-
sium on Earthquake Structural Engineering, (ISESE), St. Louis, Missouri, August 1976, pp.
497-515.

9. Wakabayashi, M. and K. Minami, "An Experimental Study on Hysteretic Characteristics


of Reinforced Concrete Columns Failing in Shear," Proceedings of the Symposium on Resis-
tance and Deformation of Structures and Their Components, 18th National Symposium on
Bridge and Structural Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci-
ence, 1972, pp. 97-112.

10. Wakabayashi, M., T. Naka, and B. Kato, "Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Encased Structures:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Penn., August 1972, pp. 525-544.

11. Wakabayashi, M., T.Nakamura, and S. Morino, "An Experiment of Steel Reinforced
Concrete Cruciform Frames," Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Japan, Vol. 23, December 1973, pp. 75-110.

12. Wakabayashi, M., et al., "A Study on the Behavior of Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
and Frames," Proceedings of the Symposium on Design and Safety of Reinforced Concrete
Compression Members, Quebec, Canada, 1974, Rept., Working Commission, IABSE,
Zurich, pp. 53-60.

13. "Experimental Study on the Stress Transfer and Load Carrying Capacity in Beam-to-
Column Connection of Reinforced Concrete Frames" (Research in Progress).

Kyushu University, Fukuoka

1. Tomii, M., "General Analysis of Elasticity of Shear Walls by Airy's Stress Function - Part
I (Elements Not Satisfied Only with Serial Stress Function)," Transactions of the Architec-
tural Institute ofJapan, (AU), No. 154, December 1968.

2. Tomii, M., "General Analysis of Elasticity of Shear Walls by Airy's Stress Function - Part
II (Selection of Algebraic Stress Function which is Necessary Together with Serial Stress
Function)," Transactions of the AIJ, No. 155, January 1969.

3. Tomii, M., "Opinion on Further High-rise of Reinforced Concrete Wall Construction,"


Proceedings of the National Conference on Tall Buildings, ASCE-IABSE Joint Committee,
Tokyo, Japan, Part 111, August 1973.

4. Tomii, M., "Shear Walls," Proceedings of the International Conference on Planning and
Design of Tall Buildings, Vol. III, August 1972.
80

5. ° Tomii, M., "Japanese Structural Standards for Reinforced Concrete Buildings," ibidem.

6. Tomii, M. and F. Esaki, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls with Asymmetric Longitudinal
Section or Asymmetric Transversal Section - Part I (Elastic Analysis of the Shear Walls
Loaded Antisymmetrically with Respect to the Center Line Parallel to their Asymmetric
Section)," Transactions of the AIJ, No. 187, September 1971.

7. Tomii, M. and F. Esaki, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls with Asymmetric Longitudinal
Section or Asymmetric Transversal Section - Part II (Elastic Analysis on the Shear Walls
Loaded Antisymmetrically with Respect to the Center Line Parallel to their Asymmetric
Section)," Transactions of the AU, No. 188, October 1971.

8. Tomii, M. and F. Esaki, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls with Asymmetric Longitudinal
Section or Asymmetric Transversal Section - Part III (Application of this General Analysis
- Analysis of the Combined Shear and Bending in Simply Supported Coupled Shear Walls
Subjected to a Concentrated Central Load)," Transactions of the AU, No. 189, November
1971.

9. Tomii, M., and H. Hiraishi, "Elastic Analysis of Framed Shear Walls by Considering
Shearing Deformation of the Beams and Columns of their Boundary Frames," Memoirs of
the Faculty ofEngineering, Kyushu University, Vol. 35, No.3, February 1976.

10. Tomii, M. and H. Hiraishi, "Elastic Analysis of Framed Shear Walls by Assuming their
Infilled Panel Walls to be 45-degree Orthotropic Plates," Memoirs of the Faculty of
Engineering, Kyushu University, No.1, 1976.

11. Tomii, M., C. Matsui, and K. Sakino, "Concrete Filled Steel Tube Structures," Proceedings
of the National Cotiference on Tall Bui/dings, ASCE-IABSE Joint Committee, Tokyo, Japan,
Part II, August 1973.

12. Tomii, M., T. Sueoka, and H. Hiraishi, "Airy's Stress Functions for 45-degree Orthotropic
Elastic Plates," Transactions of the AU, No. 249, November 1976.

13. Tomii, M. and M. Takeuchi, "The Relations Between the Deformed Angle and the Shear-
ing Force Ratio (0.80 - 1.00) with Regard to 200 Shear Walls," Transactions of the AU, No.
153, November 1968.

14. Tomii, M. and I. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Antisymmetrically
with Regard to their Longitudinal and Transversal Center Lines - Part I (Airy's Stress
Function, Stresses, Displacements, etc.)," Transactions of the AU, No. 160, June 1969.

IS. Tomii, M. and I. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Antisymmetrically
with Regard to their Longitudinal and Transversal Center Lines - Part II (Equations for
Conditions which are Necessary to Define the Unknown Coefficients, and Numerical
Results of an Example)," Transactions of the AIJ, No. 161, July 1969.

16. Tomii, M. and I. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Symmetrically with
Regard to their Longitudinal and Transversal Center Lines - Part I (Airy's Stress Func-
tion, Stresses, Displacements, etc.)," Transactions of the AU, No. 162, August 1969.
81

17. Tomii, M. and 1. Tckuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Symmetrically with
Regard to their Longitudinal and Transversal Center Lines - Part 11 (Equations for Condi-
tions which are Necessary to Define the Unknown Coefficients, and Numerical Results of
an Example)," Transactions of the AU, No. 163, September 1969.

18. Tomii, M. and 1. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Antisymmetrically
with Regard to Longitudinal Center Line and Symmetrically with Regard to Transversal
Center Line - Part 1 (Airy's Stress Function, Stresses, Displcements, etc.)," Transactions
of the AU, No. 165, November 1969.

19. Tomii, M. and 1. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Antisymmetrically
with Regard to their Longitudinal Center Line and Symmetrically with Regard to their
Transversal Center Line - Part 11 (Equations for Conditions which are Necessary to Define
the Unknown Coefficients and Unknown Factor)," Transactions of the AI!, No. 166,
December 1969.

20. Tomii, M. and 1. Tokuhiro, "Elastic Analysis of Shear Walls Loaded Antisymmetrically
with Regard to Longitudinal Center Line and Symmetrically with Regard to Transversal
Center Line - Part 111 (Numerical Results of an Example)," Transactions of the AU, No.
167, January 1970.

21. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displacements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear
Walls," Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Vol. 34, No.1, August
1974.

22. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displacements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear Walls
- Part 1 (Relations between the Nodal External Forces and Representative Components of
their Fundamental Components)," Transactions of the AI!, No. 237, November 1975.

23. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displacements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear Walls
- Part 11 (Relations between the Nodal Displacements and the Representative Com-
ponents of their Fundamental Components)," Transactions of the AU, No. 238, December
1975.

24. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displcements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear Walls -
Part 111 (General Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the Nodal Displace-
ments)," Transactions of the AU, No. 239, January 1976.

25. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displacements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear Walls
- Part IV (Stiffness Matrices and Flexibility Matrices)," Transactions of the AU, No. 240,
February 1976.

26. Tomii, M. and T. Yamakawa, "Relations between the Nodal External Forces and the
Nodal Displacements on the Boundary Frames of Rectangular Elastic Framed Shear Walls
- Part V (A Numerical Example, Conclusions, Notation and References)," Transactions of
the AU, No. 241, March 1976.
82

27. Tomii, M. and K. Yoshimura, "Damage to a Reinforced Concrete Hotel Buildings due to
the Ohita Earthquake of April 21, 1975," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

28. Tomii, M., K. Yoshimura, and Y. Morishita, "Experimental Studies on Concrete Filled
Steel Tubular Stub Columns under Concentric Loading," paper presented at the Interna-
tional Colloquium on Stability of Structures under Static and Dynamic Loads, held in
Washington, D. C., May 1977.

29. Yoshimura, K. and M. Inoue, "Static and Dynamic Analyses of Reinforced Concrete
Frames with Framed Shear Walls Arranged Apart," Transactions of the AU, No. 250,
December 1976.

Ohbayashi-Gumi Technical Institute, Tokyo

1. Edo, H. and T. Takeda, "Study on RIC Frame Structures under Simulated Earthquake
Motion."

2. Koike, K. and T. Takeda, "Experimental Study on RIC Frame-Wall Interaction."

3 Omote, Y. and T. Takeda, "Experimental and Analytical Study on Reinforced Concrete


Chimneys," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research Pro-
gram in Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Honolulu,
Hawaii, August 1975.

4. Yoshioka, K. and T. Takeda, "Experimental Study on RIC Columns under Alternative


Cyclic Loads."

5. Yoshioka, K. and K. Nakagawa, "Inelastic Earthquake Response of Reinforced Concrete


Buldings," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome,
Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

Science University of Tokyo

1. Iguchi, M., "A Basic Study on the Behaviour of Long Dimensional Size Buildings during
Earthquakes," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earth-
quake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

2. Iguchi, M., "Input Earthquake Motion to Structure and Response Analysis with Con-
sideration of the Size," Proceedings of the Third Japan Symposium on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, November 1970.

3. Iguchi, M., "Static Analysis of Core-Wall Type Structures on Elastic Foundation," Proceed-
ings of the Symposium on, Analytical Problems for Design of Structures, 20th National Sympo-
sium on Bridge and Structural Engineering, March 1975, pp. 53-67.
--~---------------------

83

4. Nomura, S., "Response of Reinforced Concrete Structures Modeled by Skeleton Curve


and Normalized Characteristic Loop to Ground Motions," Proceedings of the Fifth World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

5. Tomizawa, M., "Most Probable Response of a Stochastic Soil-Structure System," Transac-


tions of the Architectural Institute ofJapan, No. 259, September 1977.

Takenaka Technical Research Laboratory, Tokyo

I. Higashibata, Y., "Elastic-Postelastic Analysis of the Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced Con-


crete Columns Taking Account of the Effect of Band," Proceedings of the Symposium on
Design and Safety of Reinforced Concrete Compression Members, Quebec, Canada, 1974,
Rept., Working Commission, IABSE, Zurich.

2. Sugano, S. and 1. Koreishi, "An Empirical Evaluation of Inelastic Behavior of Structural


Elements in Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Lateral Forces," Proceedings of the
Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

Tohoku University, Sendai

1. Shibata, A., "Equivalent Linear Models to Determine Maximum Inelastic Response of


Nonlinear Structures for Earthquake Motions," Proceedings of the Fourth Japan Earthquake
Engineering Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 1975.

2. Shibata, A. and M. Sozen, "Substitute-Structure Method for Seismic Design in Reinforced


Concrete," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. ST!, January 1976.

3. Shibata, A. and M. Sozen, "Substitute-Structure Method to Determine Design Forces in


Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Frames," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE
Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

4. Shibata, A. and M. Sozen, "Use of Linear Models in Design to Reflect the Effect of Non-
linear Response," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research
Program in Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Hono-
lulU, Hawaii, 1975.

5. Shiga, T., "Earthquake Damage and the Amount of Walls in Reinforced Concrete Build-
ings," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

6. Shiga, T., and J. Ogawa, "The Experimental Study on the Dynamic Behavior of Rein-
forced Concrete Frames," Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January 1969, IAEE.

7. Shiga, T., A. Shibata, and J. Shibuy, "Dynamic Properties and Earthquake Response of a
9-Story Reinforced Concrete Building," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earth-
quake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.
84

8. Shiga, T., A. Shibata, and J.Takahashi, "Experimental Study on Dynamic Properties of


Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls," ibidem.

9. Shiga, T., A. Shibata, and J. Takahashi, "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete


Shear Walls," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research Pro-
gram in Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings," Honolulu,
Hawaii, August 1975.

10. Shiga, T., et aI., "The Dynamic Properties of Reinforced Concrete Frames," Proceedings of
the U.S.-Japan Seminar on Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School
Buildings, Sendai, Japan, September 1970.

11. Takahashi, J. and T. Shiga, "Restoring Force Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Shear
Walls," Proceedings of the Fourth Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Tokyo, Japan,
1975.

12. Analysis of Damage in RIC Buildings Caused by Past Destructive Earthquakes (Research
in Progress).

13. Analysis of Inelastic Behavior of RIC Elements by Discrete Models Considering Non-
linear Shear and Bond Characteristics (Research in Progress).

14. Development of Design Procedures for Earthquake-Resistant RIC Frames Taking


Account of Inelastic Response (Research in Progress).

15. Earthquake Response Analysis of RIC Frames Composed of Inelastic Beams and Columns
(Research in Progress).

16. Experimental Study on RIC Elements Subjected to Dynamic Cyclic Loading (Research in
Progress).

17. Use of Equivalent Linear Models to Interpret the General Characteristics of Inelastic
Earthquake Response of RIC Structures (Research in Progress).

University of Tokyo

1. Aoyama, H., "Restoring Force Characteristics and Earthquake Response of Concrete


Building Structures," Proceedings of the Japan-U.S. Science Seminar, Seattle, Washington,
August 1971, pp. 231-236.

2. Aoyama, H., "Simple Nonlinear Models for the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research Pro-
gram in Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Honolulu,
Hawaii, August 1975, pp. 291-309.

3. Aoyama, H., Y. Osawa, and K. Matsushita, "On the Earthquake Resisting Capacity of
Reinforced Concrete School Buildings Subjected to 1968 Tokachi-oki Earthquake - Com-
parison of Damaged and Undamaged Buildings," Proceedings of the U.S. -Japan Seminar on
Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Sendai, Japan, Sep-
tember 1970, pp. 199-224.
85

4. Aoyama, H., and M. A. Sozen, "Dynamic Response of a Reinforced Concrete Structure


with Tied and Spiral Columns," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE, pp. 137-145.

5. Aoyama, H. and T. Sugano, "A Generalized Inelastic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete


Structures Based on the Tests of Members," Recent Research of Structural Mechanics, Con-
tributions in Honour of the 60th Birthday of Professor Y. Tsuboi, Uno Shoten, Tokyo, Japan,
1968, pp. 15-30.

6. Aoyama, H., et aI., "Development of 15 Story Precast Concrete Apartment House - Parts
1 and 2," Proceedings of the Japan-U.S. Science Seminar, Seattle, Washington, August 1971,
pp. 53-80.

7. Aoyama, H., et al., "A Study on the Cause of Damage to the Hachinohe Technical Col-
lege due to 1968 Tokachi-oki Earthquake (Parts 1 and 2)," Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan
Seminar on Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Scifety of School Buildings, Sendai,
Japan, September 1970, pp. 199-224.

8. Aoyama, H., et al., "Tests and Analyses of SRC Beam-Column Subassemblages," Annual
Report of the Engineering Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo,
Japan, Vol. 35, September 1976, pp. 51-62; see also preprint from the January 1977 IAEE
Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

9. Kawamura, S., Y. Osawa, and H. Umemura, "Earthquake Motion Measurement and


Analysis of Pile-Supported Buildings and Its Surrounding Soil," Proceedings of the Review
Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research Program in Earthquake Engineering with
Emphasis on the Safety ofSchool Buildings, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 1975, pp. 12-34.

10. Murakami, M. and J. Penzien, "Nonlinear Response Spectra for Probabilistic Seismic
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures," ibidem, pp. 247-273; see also Report No. EERC
75-38, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

11. Okada, T. and B. Bresler, "Seismic Safety of Existing Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete
Buildings - Screening Method," ibidem, pp. 210-246; see also, Report No. EERC 76-1,
University of California, .Berkeley, 1976.

12. Rezayee, M. A., H. Umemura, and H. Aoyama, "Test and Construction Techniques of
Plain Brick Walls for Lateral Load," Proceedings of the Architectural Institute of Japan,
Kanto District Symposium, pp. 89-96; see also Proceedings of the AIJ Annual Convention,
October 1973, pp. 1317-1318; also, Ph.D. Diss., University of Tokyo, 1975.

13. Takizawa, H. and H. Aoyama, "Bi-Axial Effects in Modelling Earthquake Response of


RIC Structures," International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 4, 1976, pp. 523-552.

14. Umemura, H., "Aseismic Measures for Reinforced Concrete Structures - In View of Dam-
age from Oita Earthquake of 1975," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the U.S.-Japan
Cooperative Research Program in Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of
School Buildings, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 1975, pp. 164-173.
86

15. Umemura, H., "Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures - From Wooden Frame to


High-rise," Report of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Tokyo, 1971.

16. Umemura, H. and H. Aoyama, "Evaluation of Inelastic Seismic Deflection of Reinforced


Concrete Frames Based on the Tests of Members," Proceedings of the Fourth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January 1969, B-2, pp. 91-107.

17. Umemura, H., H. Aoyama, and H. Takizawa, "Analysis of the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Structures during Strong Earthquakes Based on Empirical Estimation of Inelastic
Restoring Force Characteristics of Members," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE, pp. 2201-2210.

18. Umemura, H. and Y. Hosokawa, "Aseismic Characteristics of RIC Box and Cylinder
Walls," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 11-153 to 11-158.

19. Umemura, H. and M. Itoh, "Experimental Studies on Reinforced Concrete Members and
Composite Steel and Reinforced Concrete Members," Report of the Department ofArchitec-
ture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, December 1970.

20. Research Committee on Vibration and Loading Tests of Old Tokyo Kaijo Building,
"Vibration and Loading Tests of Old Tokyo Kaijo Building," Report of the Department of
Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, December 1967; see also
Proceedings of the Fourth World Conftrence on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile,
January 1969.

Tokyo Metropolitan University

1. Higashi, Y. and M. Hirosawa, "Synthetic Research on Earthquake Resistant Characteristics


of Reinforced Concrete Columns," Proceedings of the Symposium on Design and Safety of
Reinforced Concrete Compression Members, Quebec, Canada, 1974, Rept., Working Com-
mission, IABSE, Zurich.

2. Higashi, Y. and S. Kokusho, "The Strengthening Methods of Existing Reinforced Con-


crete Buildings," Proceedings of the Review Meeting of the u.s.-Japan Cooperative Research
Program on Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii, August 1975.

3. Higashi, Y. and M. Ohkubo, "Effective Width and Ultimate Strength of Reinforced Con-
crete T-Beams," Proceedings of the Symposium on Thin Plates and Space Structures, No. 14,
December 1967.

4. Higashi, Y. and M. Ohkubo, "Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with


Spandrel Walls under Anti-Symmetric Cyclic Loads," Proceedings of the Fifth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

5. Higashi, Y. and M. Ohkubo, "Static and Dynamic Loading Tests of Reinforced Concrete
Frames with Thin Spandrel or Wing Walls," Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan Seminar on
Earthquake Engineering with Emphasis on the Safety of School Buildings, Sendai, Japan, Sep-
tember 1970.
87

6. Higashi, Y., M. Ohkubo, and K. Fujimata, "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns


and Frames Strengthened by Adding Precast Concrete Walls," preprint from the January
1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi,
India.

7. Higashi, Y., M. Ohkubo, and M. Ohtsuka, "Influences of Loading Excursions on Restor-


ing Force Characteristics and Failure Modes of Reinforced Concrete Columns," preprint
from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in
New Delhi, India.

8. Higashi, Y. and Y. Ohwada, "Failing Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column


Connection Subjected to Lateral Load," Memoirs of the Faculty of Technology, Tokyo
Metropolitan University, No. 19, 1969.

9. Nishikawa, T., "Relation between Yield Strengths and Response Displacements of Struc-
tures," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

10. Nishikawa, T., "Study on Dynamic Behavior and Earthquake Response Analysis of the
Appendage on Structures," Memoirs of the Faculty of Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan
University, No. 23, 1973.

Waseda University, Tokyo

1. Tanaka, Y., et at., "Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns," preprint from the
January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New
Delhi, India.

2. Tani, S., "Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structure Prefabricated (HPC)," Proceedings of the


National Conference on Tall Buildings, Tokyo, Japan, 1973.

3. Tani, S., et aI., "Ah Analytical Study on Restoring Force Characteristics of Reinforced
Concrete Framed Structures," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

4. Tani, S., et al., "Earthquake Response of Reinforced Concrete Structures Considering the
Discontinuous Failure Process to Collapse," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE, pp. 1379-1388.

5. Tani, S., et aI., "Response of Reinforced Concrete Structures Characterized by Skeleton


Curve and Normalized Characteristic Loop to Ground Motions," ibidem, pp. 2136-2139.

6. Tani, S., et aI., "Study on Restoring Force Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Struc-
tures (Nonlinear Seismic Response)," Proceedings of the Third Japan Earthquake Engineer-
ing Symposium, 1970, pp. 699-706.

7. Tani, S., et aI., "Study on Restoring Force Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Struc-
tures (Static Analysis)," ibidem, pp. 691-698.
88

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand Ministry of Works and Development

1. Priestley, M. J. N., "Testing of Two Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Assemblies


under Simulated Seismic Loading," Report 5-7511, Central Laboratories Section, Ministry
of Works and Development, New Zealand.

2. "Uniaxial Dynamic Analysis of a Six Story RIC Framed Structure," Research and Develop-
ment Report No. 77-1, Structural Design Section, Ministry of Works and Development,
New Zealand.

Physics and Engineering Laboratory

1. Skinner, R., et aI., "Hysteretic Dampers to Provide Structures with Increased Earthquake
Resistance," preprint from the January 1977 International Association for Earthquake
Engineering (IAEE) Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New
Delhi, India, pp. 3-333 to 3-338.

University of Auckland

1. Bartlett, P. E., "Foundation Rocking on a Clay Soil," UASE Report No. 154, Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Auckland, 1977.

2. Fenwick, R. C. and H. M. Irvine, "Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joints for Seismic
Loading," UASE Report No. 142, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Auck-
land, March 1977.

3. Hughes, J. M. O. and P. R. Goldsmith, "A Qualitative View of Lateral Displacement of


Poles and Piles in Sand," UASE Report No. 140, Department of Civil Engineering, Univer-
sity of Auckland, 1976.

4. Irvine, H. M., "The Centre of Earthquake Loading for Tall Buildings," Bulletin of the New
Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, December 1976.

5. Shepherd, R. and P. C. Jennings, "Experimental Investigations - Correlation with


Analysis," preprint from the Workshop on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete
Building Construction (ERCBC), held at the University of California, Berkeley, July 1977.

6. Taylor, P. W., "Interpretation of Dynamic Tests on Soils," UASE Report No. 120, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, University of Auckland, 1975.

7. Taylor, P. W. and T. J. Larkin, "Seismic Response of Non-linear Soil Media," UASE


Report No. 135, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Auckland, 1976.
89

8. Buckle, I. G. and G. H. Powell, "Development of Inelastic Shear and Moment Elements


for the DRAIN-20 Computer Program" (Research in Progress).

9. Dempsey, K. H., "Dynamic Torsional Effects in Buildings," under the supervision of H.


M. Irvine (Research in Progress).

ro. Fenwick, R. C., "Sliding Shear in Beams" (Research in Progress).

11. Fong, A., "Shear Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Plastic Hinge Zones under
Cyclic Loading," under the supervision of R. C. Fenwick (Research in Progress).

12. Taylor, P. W., "Assessment of Earthquake Risk in New Zealand" (Research In Progress).

University of Canterbury, Christchurch

I. Binney, J. R., "Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beams," Master of Engineering Report,


University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1972.

2. Davey, B. E. and R. Park, "Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers Under Seismic Loading,"
Research Report 75-3, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1975.

3. Islam, S., "Limit Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs - Openings and Slab-Column Con-
nections," Ph.D. Diss., University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1973.

4. Kelly, T. E., "Some Seismic Design Aspects of Multistorey Concrete Frames," Master of
Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1974.

5. Leslie, P. D., "Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers," Master of Engineering


Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1974.

6. Leuchars, J. M., "Masonry Intill Panels," Master of Engineering Report, University of


Canterbury, Christchurch, 1973.

7. Lindup, G. H., "Ductility Demand of Reinforced Concrete Frames Responding to Seismic


Motions," Master of Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1975.

8. Makwana, M. D., "Effectiveness of Stirrup Ties of Different Shapes in Laterally Loaded


Reinforced Concrete Columns," Master of Engineering Report, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, 1977.

9. Munro, I. R. M., R. Park, and M. J. N. Priestley, "Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Con-


crete Bridge Piers," Research Report 76-9, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1976.

10. Norton, J. A., "Ductility of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns," Master of


Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1972.
90

11. Park, R. and T. Paulay, Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1975.

12. Patton, R. N., "Behaviour under Seismis Loading of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column
Joints with Anchorage Blocks," Master of Engineering Report, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, 1972.

13. Paulay, T., "Design Aspects of Shear Walls for Seismic Areas," Research Report 74-11,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1974.

14. Phillips, M. H., "Horizontal Construction Joints in Cast-in-Situ Concrete," Master of


Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1972.

15. Renton, G. W., "Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints under Seismic
Loading," Master of Engineering Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1972.

16. Row, D. G., "Effect of Skew Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames," Master
of Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1973.

17. Santhakumar, A. R. and T. Paulay, "Ductility of Coupled Shear Walls," Research Report
74-10, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1974.

18. Sharpe, R. D. and A. J. Carr, "Seismic Response of Inelastic Structures," Research Report
74-13, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1974.

19. Smith, B. J., "Exterior Reinforced Concrete Joints with Low Axial Load under Seismic
Loading," Master of Engineering Report, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1972.

20. Spurr, D. D. and T. Paulay, "The Post-Elastic Response of Frame-Shear Wall Assemblies
Subjected to Simulated Seismic Loading," Ph.D. Diss., 1977; see also preprint from the
January 1977 lAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New
Delhi, India, pp. 3-219 to 3-224.

21. Thompson, K. J. and R. Park, "Ductility of Concrete Frames under Seismic Loading,"
Research Report 75-14, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1975.

22. Wilby, G. K. and R. Park, "Response of Concrete Structures to Seismic Motions,"


Research Report 75-11, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1975.

23. Beckingsale, C. W., R. Park and T. Paulay, "Post-Elastic Behaviour of Reinforced Con-
crete Beam-Column Joints" (Research in Progress).

24. Birss, G. R., R. Park, and T. Paulay, "Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints"
(Research in Progress).

25. Bryson, S. J., D. G. Elms, and R. Park, "Probabilistic Approach to Capacity Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures" (Research in Progress).
91

26. Bull, 1. N. and T. Paulay, "Spandrel Beams for Tube Frames" (Research in Progress).

27. Jury, R. D., T. Paulay, and A. J. Carr, "Seismic Load Demands on Columns of Rein-
forced Concrete Multistorey Frames" (Research in Progress).

28. Keong, Y. S. and R. Park, "Prestressed Concrete Beam-Column Joints" (Research in Pro-
gress) .

29. Taylor, R. G. and T. Paulay, "Nonlinear Seismic Response of Tall Shear Walls Structures"
(Research in Progress).

UNITED STATES

California Institute of Technology

I. Crouse, C. B., "Engineering Studies of the San Fernando Earthquake," EERL 73-04,
Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, March 1973.

2. Crouse, C. B. and P. C. Jennings, "Soil Structure Interaction During the San Fernando
Earthquake," Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica, Vol. 65, No.1, February 1975,
pp. 13-36. .

3. Foutch, D. A., "A Study of the Vibrational Characteristics of Two Multistory Buildings;'
EERL 76-03, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Tech-
nology, Pasadena, September 1976 (PB-260 8741 AS).

4. Foutch, D. A., G. W. Housner, and P. C. Jennings, "Dynamic Response of Six Multistory


Buildings During the San Fernando Earthquake," EERL 75-02, Earthquake Engineering
Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, October 1975 (PB·248
144IAS).

5. Foutch, D. A., et aI., "Full Scale, Three-Dimensional Tests of Structural Deformations


During Forced Excitation of a Nine-Story Reinforced Concrete Building;' Proceedings of
the U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1975.

6. Giberson, M. F., "Maximum Response Ranges of Nonlinear Multi-Story Structures Sub-


jected to Earthquakes," Bulletin of the Seismolgical Society of America, Vol. 58, No.5,
October 1968, pp. 1639-1655.

7. Giberson, M. F., "The Response of Nonlinear Multi-Story Structures Subjected to Earth-


quake Excitation," 1967.

8. Giberson, M. F., "Two Nonlinear Beams with Definitions of Ductility," Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, February 1969, pp. 137-157.
92

9. Hoerner, J. B., "Modal Coupling and Earthquake Response of Tall Buildings," EERL 71-
07, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, June 1971 (PB-207 635).

10. Hoerner, J. B., and P. C. Jennings, "Modal Interference in Vibration Tests," Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, August 1969, pp. 827-839.

11. Housner, G. W., "Earthquake-Resistant Design of High-Rise Buildings," DRC-73-0i,


Disaster Research Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, July 1973.

12. Housner, G. W. and P. C. Jennings, "The Capacity of Extreme Earthquake Motions to


Damage Structures," Structural and Geotechnical Mechanics, W. J. Hall, ed., Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1977.

13. Hudson, D. E., "Dynamic Properties of Full-Scale Structures Determined from Natural
Excitations," Dynamic Response of Structures, G. Herrman and N. Perrone, eds., Pergamon
Press, New York, 1972.

14. Hudson, D. E., "A New Vibration Exciter for Dynamic Test of Full-Scale Structures."

15. Hudson, D. E., "Resonance Testing of Full-Scale Structures," Journal of the Engineering
Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, EM3, June 1964, pp. 1-19.

16. Hudson, D. E., "Synchronized Vibration Generators for Dynamic Tests of Full-Scale
Structures," 1962.

17. Hudson, D. E., and D. K. Jephcott, "The San Fernando Earthquake and Public School
Safety," Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica, Vol. 64, No.6, December 1974, pp.
1653-1670.

18. Hudson, D. E., W. O. Keightley, and N. N. Nielsen, "A New Method for the Measure-
ment of the Natural Periods of Buildings," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
Vol. 54, No.1, February 1964, pp. 233-241.

19. Husid, R., "Gravity Effects on the Earthquake Response of Yielding Structures," 1967.

20. Iemura, H. and P. C. Jennings, "Hysteretic Response of a Nine-Story Reinforced Concrete


Building," international Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, John
Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 3, No.2, October-December 1974, pp. 183-201.

21. lemura, H. and P. C. Jennings, "Hysteretic Response of a Nine-Story Reinforced Concrete


Building During the San Fernando Earthquake," EERL 73-07, Earthquake Engineering
Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, October 1973.

22. Iwan, W. D., "The Distributed-Element Concept of Hysteretic Modeling and Its Applica-
tion to Transient Response Problems," Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January 1969.
93

23. Iwan, W. D., "A Distributed-Element Model for Hysteresis and Its Steady-State Dynamic
Response," Journal ofApplied Mechanics, Vol. 33, No.4, December 1966, pp. 893-900.

24. Iwan, W. D., "Earthquake Response of Degrading Structures," preprint from the January
1977 International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) Sixth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 3-121 to 3-126.

25. Iwan, W. D., "A Model for the Dynamic Analysis of Deteriorating Systems," Proceedings
of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

26. Iwan, W. D., "Response of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Yielding Systems," Journal of the


Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. EM2, April 1968, pp. 421-437.

27. Jennings, P. C., "Response of Coupled Shear-Wall Structures," Great Alaska Earthquake of
1964: Engineering, Publication 1606, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.,
1973.

28. Jennings, P. C., "Engineering Features of the San Fernando Earthquake of February 9,
1971," EERL 71-02, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, June 1971 (PB-202550).

29. Jennings, P. C., and J. Bielak, "Dynamics of Building-Soil Interaction," Bulletin of the
Seismological Society ofAmerica, Vol. 63, No.1, February 1973, pp. 9-48.

30. Jennings, P. C. and J. Bielak, "Dynamics of Building-Soil Interaction," EERL 72-01,


Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, April 1972 (PB-209 666).

31. Jennings, P. C. and R.Husid, "Collapse of Yielding Structures During Earthquakes," Jour-
nal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, October 1968, pp. 1045-1065.

32. Jennings, P. C. and J. H. Kuroiwa, "Vibration and Soil-Structure Interaction Tests of


Nine-Story Reinforced Concrete Building," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
Vol. 58, No.3, June 1968, pp. 891-916.

33. Jennings, P. C. and K. S. Skattum, "Dynamic Properties ofPlanar, Coupled Shear Walls,"
International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, Vol. 1, No.4, April-June 1973, pp. 387-405.

34. Jephcott, D. K. and D. E. Hudson, "The Performance of Public School Plants During the
San Fernando Earthquake," EERL 74-01, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, September 1974 (PB-240 000/AS).

35. Kuroiwa, J. H., "Vibration Test of a Multistory Building," 1967.

36. Nielsen, N. N., "Dynamic Response of Multistory Buildings," 1964.


94

37. Nigam, N. C., "Inelastic Interactions in the Dynamic Response of Structures," 1967.

38. Skattum, K. S., "Dynamic Analysis of Coupled Shear Walls and Sandwich Beams," EERL
71-06, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, June 1971 (PB-205 267).

39. Spencer, R. A., "The Nonlinear Response of Some Multistory Reinforced and Prestressed
Concrete Structures SUbjected to Earthquake Excitation," 1968.

40. Takizawa, H., and P. C. Jennings, "Dynamics of Collapse of Low-Rise RIC Structures,"
preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, held in New Delhi, India, pp. 3-79 to 3-84.

41. Trifunac, M. D., "Comparisons between Ambient and Forced Vibration Experiments,"
International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, Vol. 1, No.2, October-December 1972, pp. 107-132.

42. Wong, H. L., "Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction," EERL 75-0/, Earthquake Engineering
Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, May 1975 (PB-247
2331 AS).

43. Wong, H. L., J. E. Luco, and M. D. Trifunac, "Contact Stresses and Ground Motion Gen-
erated by Soil-Structure Interaction," International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, JOhn Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 5, No.1, January-March 1977,
pp. 67-79.

44. Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, "Strong-Motion Earthquake Accelerograms


Index Volume," EERL 76-02. Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, August 1976 (PB-260 9291 AS).

45. Hanson, R. W. and P. C. Jennings, "Analysis of Earthquake Response of Buildings"


(Research in Progress).

46. Iwan, W. D., "Earthquake Response of Deteriorating Systems" (Research in Progress).

47. Iwan, W. D., "Response of Dynamic Systems with Localized Nonlinearities" (Research in
Progress).

48. Jennings, P. C., "Experimental Determination of the Dynamic Properties of Buildings"


(Research in Progress).

Cornell University

1. Chowdhury, A. H., "An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Inelastic


Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Multistory Frame Models Subjected to Simulated
Seismic Loads," Ph.D. Diss., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1974.
95

2. Jimenez, R., R. N. White, and P. Gergely, "Bond and Dowel Capacities of Reinforced
Concrete," paper presented at a Symposium on the Interaction Between Steel and Con-
crete, ACI, San Diego, March 1977.

3. Jimenez, R., et aI., "Interface Shear Transfer and Dowel Action in Cracked Reinforced
Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Shear," Methods of Structural Analysis, Proceedings of the
National Structural Engineering Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, ASCE, August, 1976,
Vol. 1.

4. Laible, J. P. and P. Gergely, "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Cracked Reinforced Con-


crete Nuclear Containment Structures," Nuclear Design and Engineering, No. 30, September
1974.

5. Laible, J. P., R. N. White, and P. Gergely, "An Experimental Investigation of Seismic


Shear Transfer Across Cracks in Concrete Nuclear Containment Vessels," Reinforced Con-
crete Structures in Seismic Zones, Special Publication SP-53, ACI, 1977.

6. Smith, J. K., P. Gergely, and R. N. White, "The Effects of Cracks on the Seismic Analysis
of Reinforced Concrete Nuclear Containment Vessels," Report No. 368, Department of
Structural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, April 1977.

7. White, R. N., and M. J. Holley, Jr., "Experimental Studies of Membrane Shear Transfer,"
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST8, August 1972, pp. 1835-1852.

Engineering Decision Analysis Company, Inc.

1. "Basis for Seismic Resistant Design of Mechanical and Electrical Service Systems,"
prepared for NSF/RANN, May 1976 (with G. M. and T. R. Simonson, Consulting
Engineers) .

2. "The Interaction of Building Components During Earthquakes," research conducted under


a grant from NSF/RANN, Washington, D. C., January 1976 (with McCue Boone Tom-
sick).

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

1. Ackroyd and Biggs, "The Formulation and Experimental Verification of Multistory Build-
ings," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R74-37, ST No. 394, May 1974.

2. Anagnostopoulos, S., "Nonlinear Dynamic Response and Ductility Requirements of Build-


ing Structures Subject to Earthquakes," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R 72-54, ST No.
349, September 1972.

3. Arnold, P., E. H. Vanmarcke, and G. Gazetas, "Frequency Content of Ground Motions


During the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-3, ST
No. 526, January 1976.
96

4. Biggs and Grace, "Seismic Response of Buildings Designed by Code for Different Earth-
quake Intensities," Dept. ofCivil Engineering Report R73-7, ST No. 358, January 1973.

5. Czarnecki, "Earthquake Damage to Tall Buildings," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R73-8,
ST No. 359, January 1973.

6. Frank, R., "Dynamic Modeling of Large Precast Panel Buildings Using Finite Elements
with Substructuring," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-36, August 1976.

7. Frank, R., et aI., "Variability of Inelastic Structural Response due to Real and Artificial
Ground Motions," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-6, ST No. 529, January 1976.

8. Gasparini, D. A., "On the Safety Provided by Alternate Seismic Design Methods," Dept. of
Civil Engineering Report R77-22, ST No. 573, July 1977 (under the supervision of J. M.
Biggs).

9. Gasparini, D. and E. H. Vanmarcke, "Simulated Earthquake Motion Compatible with


Prescribed Response Spectra," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R 76-4, ST No. 527, Janu-
ary 1976.

10. Gazetas, G., "Random Vibration Analysis of Inelastic Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
Subjected to Earthquake Ground Motions," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R 76-39, ST
No. 556, August 1976.

11. Haviland, R., "A Study of the Uncertainties in the Fundamental Translational Periods and
Damping Values for Real Buildings," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-12, ST No. 531,
February 1976.

12. Isabell and Biggs, "Inelastic Design of Building Frames to Resist Earthquakes," Dept. of
Civil Engineering Report R74-36, ST No. 393, May 1974.

13. Krimgold, F., "Seismic Design Decisions for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts State
Building Code," Dept. o/Civil Engineering Report R77-27, ST No. 575, June 1977.

14. Lanham, K., "Seismic Response of Composite Precast Concrete Walls," Dept. of Civil
Engineering report in preparation (to be published in October 1977).

15. Larrabee and Whitman, "Costs of Reinforcing Existing Buildings and Constructing New
Buildings to Meet Earthquake Codes," Dept. of Civil Engineering 76-25, ST No. 546, June
1976.

16. Leslie and Biggs, "Earthquake Code Evaluation and the Effect of Seismic Design on the
Cost of Buildings," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R72-20, ST No. 341, May 1972.

17. Llorente, C., "The Effect of Opening of Horizontal Connections on the Dynamic Behavior
of Precast Panel Buldings," Dept. of Civil Engineering report in preparation.
97

18. Luyties, W., et al., "Studies on the Inelastic Dynamic Analysis and Design of Multi-Story
Frames," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-29, ST No. 548, July 1976.

19. Mark, K. and J. Roesset, "Nonlinear Dynamic Response of RIC Frames," Dept. of Civil
Engineering Report R76-38, August 1976.

20. Schayek, S. and J. Roesset, "Effect of Ductility on Response Spectra for Elasto-Plastic Sys-
tems," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-42, September 1976.

21. Unemori, A., "Nonlinear Inelastic Dynamic Analysis with Soil-Flexibility in Rocking,"
Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-13, ST No. 532, February 1976.

22. Vanmarcke, E., et aI., "Comparison of Seismic Analysis Procedures for Elastic Multi-
Degree Systems," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R76-5, ST No. 528, January 1976.

23. Vanmarcke, E., and S. P. Lai, "Strong-Motion Duration of Earthquakes," Dept. of Civil
Engineering Report R77-16, ST No. 569, July 1977.

24. Whitman, "Damage Probability Matrices for Prototype Buildings," Dept. of Civil Engineer-
ing Report R73-57, ST No. 380, November 1973.

25. Whitman, Azia, and Wong, "Preliminary Correlations between Earthquake Damage and
Strong Ground Motion," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R77-5, ST No. 564, February
1977.

26. Whitman, Hong, and Reed, "Damage Statistics for High-Rise Buildings in the Vicinity of
the San Fernando Earthquake," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report R73-24, ST No. 363, April
1973.

27. Whitman and Protonotarios, "Inelastic Response to Site-Modified Ground Motions," Dept.
of Civil Engineering Report R77-11, Order No. 568, April 1977.

28. Whitman, et aI., "Methodology and Initial Damage Statistics," Dept. of Civil Engineering
Report R72-17, ST No. 339, March 1972.

29. Whitman, et aI., "Methodology and Pilot Application," Dept. of Civil Engineering Report
R74-15, ST No. 395, July 1974.

30. Wong, "Correlation between Earthquake Damage and Strong Ground Motion," Dept. of
Civil Engineering Report R75-24, Order No. 505, May 1975.

31. Zeck, U. 1., "Joints in Large Panel Precast Concrete Structures," Dept. of Civil Engineering
Report R76-16, Order No. 535, January 1976.

32. Beck and Biggs, "Seismic Resistance of Large Precast Panel Building Systems," Analytical
Parametric Studies.
98

Polytechnic Institute of New York

1. Drenick and Wang, "Critical Excitation Method."

Portland Cement Association

1. Barda, F., "Shear Strength of Low-Rise Walls with Boundary Elements," Ph.D. Diss.,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Penn., 1972.

2. Barda, F., J. M. Hanson, and W. G. Corley, "An Investigation of the Design and Repair
of Low-Rise Shear Walls," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

3. Barda, F., J. M. Hanson, and W. G. Corley, "Shear Strength of Low-Rise Walls with
Boundary Elements," Research and Development Bulletin RD043.01D, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1976.

4. Barney, G. B., et al., "Earthquake-Resistant Structural Walls--Tests of Coupling Beams,"


Progress Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois, October 1976.

5. Cardenas, A. E. and D. D. Magura, "Strength of High-Rise Shear Walls--Rectangular


Cross Section," Special Publication SP-36. ACI, Detroit, Michigan, 1973, pp. 119-150; see
also Research and Development Bulletin RD029.01D, Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois.

6. Carpenter, J. E., P. H. Kaar, and W. G. Corley, "Design of Ductile Flat Plate Structures
to Resist Earthquakes," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE; see also, Research and Development Bulletin
RD035.0lD, PCA, Skokie, Illinois.

7. Carpenter, J. E., et aI., "Structural Walls in Earthquake Resistant Structures: Experimen-


tal Program," Progress Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement Associa-
tion, Skokie, Illinois, August 1975.

8. Corley, W. G., "Ductile Shear Walls in Multi-Story Buildings--Laboratory Tests," Proceed-


ings of the 42nd Annual Convention of the SEAOC, October 1973.

9. Corley, W. G., "Improved Seismic Design--Influence of Current Structural Concrete


Reseach," Proceedings of the 45th Annual Convention of the SEAOC, October 1976.

10. Corley, W. G., "Laboratory Tests of Shear Walls for Multi-Story Buildings," Proceedings of
the Fifth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, September
1975.

II. Corley, W. G. and N. W. Hanson, "Design of Beam-Column Joints for Seismic Resistant
Reinforced Concrete Frames," Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January 1969,IAEE.
99

12. Corley, W. G. and J. M. Hanson, "Design of Earthquake-Resistant Walls," Proceedings of


the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

13. Derecho, A. T., G. N. Freskakis, and M. Fintel, "Dynamic Inelastic Behavior of RIC
Structural Walls," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

14. Derecho, A. T., G. N. Freskakis, and M. Fintel, "The Effect of the Frequency Charac-
teristics of Ground Motions on Nonlinear Structural Response," preprint from the January
1977 lAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi,
India.

15. Derecho, A. T., G. N. Freskakis, and M. Fintel, "A Study of the Effect of the Frequency
Characteristics of Ground Motions on Nonlinear Structural Response;" Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Earthquake Structural Engineering (ISESE), St. Louis, Missouri,
August 1976, Vol. 1, pp. 21-36.

16. Derecho, A. T., et aI., "Structural Walls in Earthquake Resistant Structures: Analytical
Investigation," Progress Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement ASsoci-
ation, Skokie, Illinois, August 1975.

17. Derecho, A. T., et al., "Structural WaIlS in Earthquake Resistant Structures: Dynamic
Analysis of Isolated Structural Walls - Parts A, B," Progress Report to the National Science
Foundation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, October 1976.

18. Derecho, A. T., et al., "Structural Walls in Earthquake Resistant Structures: Dynamic
Analysis of Isolated Structural Walls - Part C," Interim Report to the National Science Foun-
dation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, November 1976.

19. Fiorato, A. E., R. G. Oesterle, and J. E. Carpenter, "Reversing Load Tests of Five Iso-
lated Structural Walls," Proceedings of the lSESE, St. Louis, Missouri, August 1976, Vol. I,
pp.437-453.

20. Fiorato, A. E., R. G. Oesterle, and W. G. Corley, "Ductility of Structural Walls for Design
of Earthquake Resistant Buildings," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

21. Fiorato, A. E., et aI., "Highlights of an Experimental Investigation of the Seismic Perfor-
mance of Structural Walls," Proceedings of the ASCEIEMD Specialty Conference on Dynamic
Response of Structures: Instrumentation, Testing Methods and System Identification, Univer-
sity of California, Los Angeles, March 1976, pp. 308-317.

22. Freskakis, G. N., A. T. Derecho, and M. Fintel, "Inelastic Seismic Response of Isolated
Structural Walls," Proceedings of the ISESE, St. Louis, Missouri, August 1976, VoL II, pp.
1165-1180.

23. Ghosh, S. K., "A Computer Program for the Analysis of Slender Structural Wall Sections
under Monotonic Loading," Supplement No.2, Progress Report to the National Science
Foundation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, August 1975.
100

24. Ghosh, S. K. and A. T. Derecho, "Supplementary Output Package for DRAIN-2D," Sup-
plement No.1, Progress Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement Asso-
ciation, Skokie, Illinois, August 1975.

25. Ghosh, S. K., A. T. Derecho, and M. Fintel, "Preliminary Design Aids for Sections of
Slender Structural Walls," Supplement No.3, Progress Report to the National Science Foun-
dation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, I1linois, August 1975.

26. Ghosh, S. K. and M. Fintel, "Effects of Axial Loading on Slender Structural Walls in
Earthquake-Resistant Multistory Buildings," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

27. Ghosh, S. K. and M. Fintel, "Effects of Sectional Shape on the Strength and Ductility of
Slender Structural Walls in Earthquake-Resistant Multistory Buildings," Proceedings of the
ISESE, St. Louis, Missouri, August 1976, Vol. II, pp. 1181-1193.

28. Hanson, N. W., "Seismic Resistance of Concrete Frames with Grade 60 Reinforcement,"
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. ST6, June 1971, pp. 1685-1700.

29. Hanson, N. W. and H. W. Conner, "Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete, a Labora-


tory Test Rig," Development Department Bultetin, Di07, Portland Cement Association,
Skokie, Illinois, 1966.

30. Hanson, N. W. and H. W. Conner, "Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beam


Column Joints," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. ST5, October 1967,
pp. 533-560.

31. Hanson, N. W. and H. W. Conner, "Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints


under Simulated Seismic Loading," Research and Development Bultetin RD012, Portland
Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1972.

32. Hawkins, N. M. and W. G. Corley, "Moment Transfer to Column in Slabs with Shearhead
Reinforcement," Shear in Reinforced Concrete, Special Publication SP-42, AC1, Detroit,
Michigan; see also Research and Development Bulletin RD037, Portland Cement Associa-
tion, Skokie, Illinois.

33. Kaar, P. H. and W. G. Corley, "Properties of Confined Concrete for Design of Earthquake
Resistant Structures," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

34. Kaar, P. H., et aI., "Confined Concrete in Compression Zones of Structural Walls
Designed to Resist Lateral Loads due to Earthquakes," Proceedings of the ISESE, St. Louis,
Missouri, August 1976, Vol. II, pp. 1207-1218.

35. Kaar, P. H., et aI., "Earthquake Resistant Structural Walls--Concrete Confined by Rec-
tangular Hoops," Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement Association,
Skokie, Illinois, November 1976.
101

36. Oesterle, R. G., A. E. Fiorato, and W. G. Corley, "Free Vibration Tests of Structural
Walls, preprint from the January 1977 lAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

37. Oesterle, R. G., et al., "Earthquake Resistant Structural Walls--Tests of Isolated Walls,"
Report to the National Science Foundation, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois,
November 1976.

38. Salse, E. A. B. and M. Fintel, "Strength, Stiffness and DuctilIty Properties of Slender
Shear Walls," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome,
Italy, June 1973, lAEE.

39. Salse, E. A. B., S. K. Ghosh, and M. Fintel, "Flexural Properties of Slender Shear Wall
Cross Sections under Monotonic Loading," Proceedings of the U. S. National Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1975, pp. 287-296.

Rice University

1. Veletsos, A. S. and W. Hall, "Dynamics of Structure-Foundation System," Structural and


Geotechnical Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.

2. Erdik, M. 0., "Torsional Effects in Dynamically Excited Structures," Ph.D. Diss., Rice
University, 1975; see also, Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 1975, Chapter 4, pp. 63-1 to 63-14.

Stanford University

1. Gere, J., "Scale Modeling and Testing of Building Structures."

2. Kulkarni, R. B., "Decisions of Optimum Structural Safety," May 1975.

3. Shah, H., et aI., "A Study of Seismic Risk for Nicaragua," John Blume Center Report, Part
1, January 1975; Part 2, March 1976.

4. Ukaji, K., "Analysis of Soil-Foundation Structure Interaction during Earthquakes," March


1975.

State University of New York at Buffalo

1. Townsend, W., "Ductile Design of Interior RIC Connections."

2. Townsend, W., "Diagonal Reinforcing of Beam-Column Joints."


102

University of California, Berkeley

I. Atalay, B. and J. Penzien, "The Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced Con-
crete Components as Influenced by Moment, Shear and Axial Force," Report No. EERC
75-19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975
(PB Z58 842).

2. Bathe, K.-J., E. 1. Wilson, and F. E. Peterson, "SAP IV: A Structural Analysis Program
for Static and Dynamic Response of Linear Systems," Report No. EERC 73-11, Earthquake
Engineering Research 'Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 221 967).

3. Bertero, V. V., "Identification of Research Needs for Improving the Seismic Design of
Building Structures," Report No. EERC 75-27, Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 248 136).

4. Bertera, V. V. and R. G. Collins, "Investigation of the Failures of the Olive View Stair-
towers during the San Fernando Earthquake and Their Implications in Seismic Design,"
Report No. EERC 73-26, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 235 106).

5. Bertera, V. V. and E. P. Popov, "Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile Moment-Resisting Rein-


forced Concrete Frame Components," Report No. EERC 75-16, Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 246 388).

6. Bertera, V. V., E. P. Popov, and T. Y. Wang, "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Con-


crete Flexural Members with Special Web Reinforcement," Report No. EERC 74-9, Earth-
quake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1974 (PB 236
797).

7. Bresler, B., et al., "Developing Methodologies for Evaluating the Earthquake Safety of
Existing Buildings," Report No. UCB/EERC-77/06, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1977 (PB 267354).

8. Bresler, R. and V. Bertero, "Olive View Medical Center Material Studies, Phase I," Report
No. EERC 73-19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California,
Berkeley, 1973 (PB 235986).

9. Celebi, M. and J. Penzien, "Experimental Investigation into the Seismic Behavior of Criti-
cal Regions of Reinforced Concrete Components as Influenced by Moment and Shear,"
Report No. EERC 73-4, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 215884).

10. Celebi, M. and J. Penzien, "Hysteretic Behavior of Epoxy-Repaired Reinforced Concrete


Beams," Report No. EERC 73-5, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of
California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 239 568).

11. Chopra, A. K. and J. A. Gutierrez, "Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings Includ-


ing Foundation Interaction," Report No. EERC 73-13, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 222970).
103

12. Clough, R. W. and J. Gidwani, "Reinforced Concrete Frame 2: Seismic Testing and
Analytical Correlation," Report No. EERC 76-15, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 261 323).

13. de Clercq, H. and G. H. Powell, "Analysis and Design of Tube-Type Building Structure -
Soil Interaction," Report No. EERC 76-5, Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 252 220).

14. Gutierrez, J. A. and A. K. Chopra, "A Substructure Method for Earthquake Analysis of
Structure-Soil Interaction," Report No. EERC 76-9, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 257783).

15. Hidalgo, P. and R. W. Clough, "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Reinforced Concrete


Frame," Report No. EERC 74-13, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of
California, Berkeley, 1974 (PB 241944).

16. Kan, C. L. and A. K. Chopra, "Coupled Lateral Torsional Response of Buildings to


Ground Shaking," Report No. EERC 76-13, Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 257 907).

17. Kanaan, A. and G. H. Powell, "General Purpose Computer Program for Inelastic Dynamic
Response of Plane Structures," Report No. EERC 73-6, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 221 260).

18. Klingner, R. E. and V. V. Bertero, "Infilled Frames in Earthquake-Resistant Construc-


tion," Report No. EERC 76-32, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of
California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 265892).

19. Kustu, O. and J. G. Bouwkamp, "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam-Column


Subassemblages under Cyclic Loads," Report No. EERC 73-8, Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 246 117).

20. Lee, L. H., V. V. Bertero, and E. P. Popov, "Testing Facility for Coupled Shear Walls,"
report in preparation, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of Californip,
Berkeley,

21. Ma, S. M., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero, "Experimental and Analytical Studies on the
Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular and T-Beams," Report No. EERC
76-2, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976
(PB 260 843).

22. Mahin, S. A. and V. V. Bertero, "An Evaluation of Some Methods for Predicting Seismic
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," Report No. EERC 75-5, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 246 306).

23. Mahin, S. A., et aI., "Rate of Loading Effects on Uncracked and Repaired Reinforced
Concrete Members," Report No. EERC 72-9, Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California, Berkeley, 1972 (PB 224 520).
104

24. Mahil1, S. A., et aI., "Response of the Olive View Hospital Main Building during the San
Fernando Earthquake," Report No. EERC 76-22, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976.

25. Malik, L. E. and V. V. Bertero, "Contribution of a Floor System to the Dynamic Charac-
teristics of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," Report No. EERC 76-30, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976.

26. Mon<;lkar, D. P. and G. H. Powell, "ANSR-I General Purpose Computer Program for
Analysis of Non-Linear Structural Response," Report No. EERC 75-37, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 252 386).

27. Mondkar, D. P. and G. H. Powell, "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Structures,"
Report No. EERC 75-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 242 434).

28. Murakami, M. and J. Penzien, "Nonlinear Response Spectra for Probabilistic Seismic
Design and Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures," Report No. EERC
75-38, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975
(PB 259 530).

29. Okada, T. and B. Bresler, "Strength and Ductility Evaluation of Existing Low-Rise Rein-
forced Concrete Buildings - Screening Method," Report No. EERC 76-1, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 257 906).

30. Oliveira, C. 5., "Seismic Risk Analysis," Report No. EERC 74-1, Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1974 (PB 235 920).

31. Oliveira, C. S., "Seismic Risk Analysis for a Site and Metropolitan Area," Report No.
EERC 75-3, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley,
1975 (PB 248 134).

32. Penzien, J., "Predicting the Performance of Structures in Regions of High Seismicity,"
Report No. EERC 75-33, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 248130).

33. Powell, G. H. and D. G. Row, "Influence of Design and Analysis Assumptions on Com-
puted Inelastic Response of Moderately Tall Frames," Report No. EERC 76-11, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976.

34. Ray, D., K. S. Pister, and E. Polak, "Sensitivity Analysis for Hysteretic Dynamic Systems:
Theory and Applications," Report No. EERC 76-12, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1976 (PB 262 859).

35. Srichatrapimuk, T., "Earthquake Response of Coupled Shear Wall Buildings," Report No.
EERC 76-27, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berke-
ley, 1976 (PB 265157).
105

36. Vitiello, E. and K. S. Pister, "Applications of Reliability-Based, Global Cost Optimization


to Design of Earthquake Resistant Structures," Report No. EERC 74-10, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1974 (PB 237 231).

37. Walker, N. D. and K. S. Pister, "Study of Method of Feasible Directions for Optimal Elas-
tic Design of Framed Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loading," Report No. EERC 75-
39, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975
(PB 257 781).

38. Wang, T. Y., V. V. Bertero, and E. P. Popov, "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Con-
crete Framed Walls," Report No. EERC 75-23, Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
University of California, Berkeley, 1975. .

39. Wilson, E. 1., J. P. Hollings, and H. H. Dovey, "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building


Systems," Extended Version, Report No. EERC 75-13, Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1975 (PB 243989).

40. "Earthquake Engineering at Berkeley - 1973," Report No. EERC 73-23, Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 (PB 226 033).

University of California, Los Angeles

1. Bertero, V. V., et al., "Design Implications of Damages Observed in the Olive View Hos-
pital Medical Center Buildings," Proceedings of the Fiflh World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, lAEE.

2. Hart, G. C., "High-Rise Building Response, Damping and Nonlinearities," Proceedings of


the Fiflh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, lAEE.

3. Orlob, G. T. and 1. G. Selna, "Temperature Variations in Deep Reservoirs," Journal of the


Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, pp. 391-410, February 1970.

4. Selna, 1. G., "Collapse Analysis of Multistory Buildings," preprint from the January 1977
1AEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India, pp.
7-61 to 7-66.

5. Selna, 1. G. and M. D. Cho, "Banco de America, Managua: A High-Rise Shear Wall


Building Withstands a Strong Earthquake," Proceedings of the EERI Conference on the 1972
Managua Earthquake, San Francisco, California, November 1973.

6. Selna, 1. G. and D. Cho, "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Offshore Structures," Proceed-


ings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference, sponsored by the ASCE, AIME, ASME,
et aI., Houston, Texas, April 1971, Offshore Technology Conference, Dallas, Texas, pp.
763-774.

7. Selna, 1. G. and D. Cho, "Resonant Response of Offshore Structures," Journal of the


Waterways, Harbors, and Coastal Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, February 1972, pp.
15-24.
106

8. Selna, 1. G., M. D. eho, and R. K. Ramanathan, "Evaluation of Olive View Hospital


Behavior on Earthquake Resistant Design," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

9. Selna, 1. G. and J. H. Lawder, "Biaxial Inelastic Frame Seismic Behavior," to be published


in the ACI Symposium Volume on Reinforced Concrete in Seismic Zones.

10. Selna, 1. G., K. B. Marril, and O. K. Ersoy, "Earthquake Response Analysis of the Olive
View Hospital Psychiatric Day Clinic," International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 3, August 1974, pp. 15-32.

11. Selna, 1. G. and D. Salinas, "Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Structural Systems," Tran-
sactions of the Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Vol. 79, 1970, pp. 2521-2528.

12. Selna, 1. G. H. T. Shillingburg, and P. A. Kerr, "Finite Element Analysis of Dental


Structures--Axisymmetric and Plane Stress Idealizations," Journal of the Biomedical Materi-
als Research, Vol. 9, 1975, pp. 237-252.

13. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Investigative Team I (V. V. Bertero, S. A.


Mahin, 1. A. Wyllie, and 1. G. Selna, Chairman), "Survey of Damages and Earthquake
Performance of Managua Buildings," Proceedings of the EERI Conference on the 1972
Managua Earthquake, San Francisco, California, November 1973.

University of Illinois

1. Aktan, A. E., B. I. Karlsson, and M. A. Sozen, "Stress-Strain Relationships of Reinforcing


Bars Subjected to Large Strain Reversals," Structural Research Series No. 397, University of
Illinois, Urbana, June 1973 (PB 224-423/4GA).

2. Aktan, A. E., D. A. W. Pecknold, and M. A. Sozen, "Effects of Two-Dimensional Earth-


quake Motion on a Reinforced Concrete Column," Structural Research Series No. 399,
University of Illinois, Urbana, May 1973 (PB 220 891).

3. Aristizabal-Ochoa, J., and M. A. Sozen, "Behavior of Ten-Story Reinforced Concrete


Walls Subjected to Earthquake Motions," Structural Research Series No. 431, University of
Illinois, Urbana, October 1976.

4. Awad, M. E. and H. K. Hilsdorf, "Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Plain Con-


crete Subjected to High Repeated and Sustained Loads," Structural Research Series No.
372,University of Illinois, Urbana, February 1971 (PB 198 273).

5. Darwin, D. and D. A. W. Pecknold, "Inelastic Model for Cyclic Biaxial Loading of Rein-
forced Concrete," Structural Research Series No. 409, University of Illinois, Urbana, July
1974.

6. Farewell, T. E. and A. R. Robinson, "Wave Propagation in an Elastic Half Space due to


Couples Applied at a Point Beneath the Surface," Structural Research Series No. 411,
University of Illinois, Urbana, August 1974 (AD 787 603).
107

7. Gavlin, N. 1., "Bond Characteristics of Model Reinforcement, Structural Research Series


No. 427, University of Illinois, Urbana, April 1976 (PB 255 847).

8. Gulkan, P. and M. A. Sozen, "Response and Energy-Dissipation of Reinforced Conctete


Frames Subjected to Strong Base Motions," Structural Research Series No. 377, University
of Illinois, Urbana, May 1971 (PB 202 936).

9. der Kiureghian, A. and A. H. Ang, "A Line-Source Model for Seismic Risk Analysis,"
Structural Research Series No. 419, University of Illinois, Urbana, October 1975.

10. Lybas, J. and M. A. Sozen, "The Effect of Beam Strength and Stiffness on Dynamic
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Coupled Walls," Structural Research Series No. 444,
University of Illinois, Urbana, September 1977.

11. Newmark, N. M. and W. J. Hall, "Three Papers Published in Proceedings of the U. S.


National Conference on Earthquake Engineering - 1975," StructUral Research Series No.
418, University of Illinois, Urbana, June 1975.

12. Newmark, N. M., W. J. Hall, and J. R. Morgan, "Comparison of Building Response and
Free Field Motion in Earthquakes," in "Eight Papers Published in Proceedings of the Sixth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering of the International Association for Earth-
quake Engineering at New Delhi, India," Structural Research Series No. 436, University of
Illinois, Urbana, January 1977.

13. Otani, S. and M. A. Sozen, "Behavior of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frames during
Earthquakes," Structural Research Series No. 392, University of Illinois, Urbana, November
1972.

14. Otani, S., "Earthquake Tests of Shear Wall·Frame Structures to Failure," Proceedings of the
ASCE/EMD Specialty Conference on Dynamic Response of Structures: Instrumentation, Testing
Methods and System Identification, University of California, Los Angeles, March 1976.

15. Otani, S., "SAKE - A Computer Program for Inelastic Response of RIC Frames to Earth-
quakes," Structural Research Series No. 413, University of Illinois, Urbana, November
1974.

16. Padillol-Mora, R. and W. C. Schnobrich, "Non-Linear Response of Framed Structures to


Two-Dimensional Earthquake Motion," Structural Research Series No. 408, University of
Illinois, Urbana, June 1974.

17. Portillo-Gallo, M., and A. H. Ang, "Evaluation of Safety of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
to Earthquakes," Structural Research Series No. 433, University of Illinois, Urbana, October
1976.

18. Robinson, A. R. and J. J. Johnson, "Wave Propagation in a Half Space due to an Interior
Point Load Parallel to the Surface," Structural Research Series No. 388, University of 11li-
nois, Urbana, July 1972 (AD 747 306).
108

19. Shibata, A. and M. Sozen, "The Substitute Structure Method for Earthquake-Resistant
Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames," Structural Research Series No. 412, University of
lllinois, Urbana, October 1974 (PB 245 318/AS).

20. Sozen, M. and J. Roesset, "Structural Damage Caused by the 1976 Guatemala Earth-
quake," Structural Research Series No. 426, University of Illinois, Urbana, March 1976 (PB
252350) .

21. Sozen, M. A. and S. R. Staffier, "Effects of Strain Rate on Yield Stress of Model Rein-
forcements," Structural Research Series No. 415, University of Illinois, Urbana, February
1975.

22. Takayanagi, T. and W. C. Schnobrich, "Computed Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Cou-


pled Shear Walls," Structural Research Series No. 434, University of lllinois, Urbana,
December 1976.

23. Wight, J. K. and M. A. Sozen, "Shear Strength Decay in Reinforced Concrete Columns
Subjected to Large Deflection Reversals," Structural Research Series No. 403, University of
lllinois, Urbana (PB 225 483I7G1).

University of Michigan

I. Kahn, L. T., "Reinforced Concrete Infilled Shear Walls for Aseismic Strengthening,"
Ph.D. Diss., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1976 (supervised by R. Hanson).

2. Lee, D., "Original and Repaired RIC Beam-Column Subassemblages Subjected to Earth-
quake Type of Loading," University of Michigan Earthquake Engineering Report 76-R4,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1976.

University of Southern California

I. Anderson, J., "Seismic Response of RIC Frames with Degrading Stiffness."

University of Texas at Austin

1. Abad de Aleman, M., D. F. Meinheit, and J. O. Jirsa, "Influence of Lateral Beams on the
Behavior of Beam-Column Joints," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

2. Gosain, N. K., R. H. Brown, and J. O. Jirsa, "Shear Requirements for Load Reversal on
R.C. Members," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, July 1977, pp. 1461-1476.

3. Gosain, N. K. and J. O. Jirsa, "Bond Deterioration in Reinforced Concrete Members


under Cyclic Loads," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.
109

4. Jirsa, J. 0., "Factors Influencing the Hinging Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members
under Cyclic Overloads," Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, Rome, Italy, June 1973, IAEE.

5. Jirsa, J. 0., "Factors Influencing the Shear Strength of Beam Column Joints," Proceedings
of the U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering," Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975.

6. Meinheit, D. F. and J. O. Jirsa, "The Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam-


Column Joints," CESRL Report No. 77-1, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Texas, Austin, January 1977.

7. Pinc, R. 1., M. D. Watkins, and J. O. Jirsa, "Strength of Hooked Bar Anchorages in


Beam-Column Joints," CESRL Report No. 77-3, Department of Civil Engineering, Univer-
sity of Texas, Austin, November 1977.

8. Woodward, K. A. and J. O. Jirsa, "Design and Construction of a Floor-Wall Reaction Sys-


tem," CESRL Report No. 77-4, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas,
Austin, December 1977.

University of Washington

1. Aminian, K., "Effect of Cyclic Loading on Bond Deterioration of No.6 Reinforcing Bars,"
M. S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, June
1977.

2. Chen, S. T., "Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab Structures under Cyclic
Lateral Loading," Ph.D. Diss., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, August 1976, 217 p.

3. El-Harabi, S. O. M., D. Mitchell, and N. M. Hawkins, "Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column


Connections Subject to Cyclic Shear Loadings," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 75-4,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, September 1975, 106
p.

4. Elias, Z. M. and S. T. Chen, "Equivalent Frame Analyses for Lateral Loadings of Rein-
forced Concrete Flat Plate Structures," in "Seismic Resistance of Concrete Slab-to-Column
and Wall Connections," Progress Report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, 1973-74, Part 3,39 p.

5. Elias, Z. M. and S. T. Chen, "Equivalent Frame Analysis for Lateral Loadings of Rein-
forced Concrete Flat Slab Structures," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 76-1, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, January 1976, 74 p.

6. Gonen, B. and N. M. Hawkins, "Building Standards and the Earthquake Hazard for the
Puget Sound Basin," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 74-1, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 145 p.
110

7. Hanna, S. N., D. Mitchell, and N. M. Hawkins, "Slab-Column Connections Containing


Shear Reinforcement and Transferring High Intensity Reversed Moments," Structures and
Mechanics Report SM 75-1, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, August I975, 265 p.

8. Hassan, F. M. and N. M. Hawkins, "Anchorage of Reinforcing Bars for Seismic Forces,"


Reinforced Concrete in Seismic Zones, Special Publication SP-53, ACI, Detroit, Michigan,
1977.

9. Hassan, F. M. and N. M. Hawkins, "Effects of Post-Yield Loading Reversals on Bond


between Reinforcing Bars and Concrete," Structures and Mechanics Report 8M 73-2,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, March 1973.

10. Hassan, F. M. and N. M. Hawkins, "Prediction of Seismic Loading Anchorage Characteris-


tics of Reinforcing Bars," Reinforced Concrete in Seismic Zones, Special Publication SP-53,
ACI, Detroit, Michigan, 1977.

11. Hawkins, N. M., "Analytical and Experimental Studies of Prestressed and Precast Con-
crete Elements," preprint from the Workshop on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Con-
crete Building Construction, held at the University of California, Berkeley, July 1977.

12. Hawkins, N. M., "Development Length Requirements for Reinforcing Bars under Seismic
Conditions," preprint from the Workshop on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete
Building Construction, held at the University of California, Berkeley, July 1977.

13. Hawkins, N. M., "Seismic Response Constraints for Slabs," preprint from the Workshop
on Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Building Construction, held at the Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, July 1977.

14. Hawkins, N. M., "Shear Problems in Slabs," Preprint 2502, National Structural Engineer-
ing Convention, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 1975, ASCE.

15. Hawkins, N. M. and R. S. Crosson, "Causes, Characteristics and Effects of Puget Sound
Earthquakes," Proceedings of the U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, June 1975, pp. 104-112.

16. Hawkins, N. M., A. S. Kobayashi, and M. E. Fournoy, "Reversed Cyclic Loading Bond
Deterioration Tests," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 75-5, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, November 1975.

17. Hawkins, N. M., A. S, Kobayashi, and M. E. Fournoy, "Use of Acoustic Emission and
Holographic Techniques to Detect Debonding in Cyclically Loaded Concrete Structures,"
Proceedings of the ASCE/EMD Specialty Conference on Dynamic Response of Structures:
Instrumentation, Testing Methods and System identification, University of California, Los
Angeles, March 1976.

18. Hawkins, N. M. and L. W. Lu, "Testing of Reinforced Concrete Building Elements,"


Proceedings, Advisory Committee on Earthquake Engineering and Landslides, U.S. -
R.O.C., Taipei, Taiwan, August 1977.
111

19. Hawkins, N. M. and D. Mitchell, "Progressive Collapse of Flat Plate Structures," paper
presented at the Symposium on Progressive Collapse, ACl, 1976.

20. Hawkins, N. M. and D. Mitchell, Eds., "Reinforced Concrete in Seismic Zones - Introduc-
tion," Reinforced Concrete Structures in Seismic Zones, Special Publication SP-53, ACI,
Detroit, Michigan, 1977.

21. Hawkins, N. M., D. Mitchell, and S. N. Hanna, "The Beneficial Effects of Shear Rein-
forcement on the Seismic Behavior of Flat Plate Structures," Proceedings of the Second
Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada, June 1975, pp. 16-1 to 16-27.

22. Hawkins, N. M., D. Mitchell, and S. N. Hanna, "The Effects of Shear Reinforcement on
the Reversed Cyclic Loading Behavior of Flat Plate Structures," Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, Vol. 2, December 1975, pp. 572-582.

23. Hawkins, N. M., D. Mitchell, and M. S. Sheu, "Cyclic Behavior of Six Reinforced Con-
crete Slab-Column Specimens Transferring Moment and Shear," in "Seismic Resistance of
Concrete Slab-to-Column and Wall Connections," Progress Report, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 1973-74, Part 2, 149 p.

24. Hawkins, N. M., D. Mitchell, and M. S. Sheu, "Reversed Cyclic Loading Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections," Proceedings of the U. S. National Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1975, pp. 306-315.

25. Hawkins, N. M., D. Mitchell, and D. W. Symonds, "Hysteretic Behavior of Concrete


Slab-to-Column Connections," preprint from the January 1977 IAEE Sixth World Confer-
ence on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

26. Hawkins, N. M. and N. Trongtham, "Moment Transfer between an Unbonded Post-


Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Lift Slab and Column," Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Washington, Seattle, February 1977.

27. Hawkins, N. M. and N. Trongtham, "Moment Transfer between Unbonded Post-


Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Slabs and Columns," Post-Tensioning Institute, Glen-
view, Illinois, November 1976.

28. Holdsworth, G. H., "A Computerized Data Acquisition and Reduction System for Struc-
tural Testing," M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, March 1975, 179 p.

29. Mattock, A. H., "Design Proposals for Reinforced Concrete Corbels," Journal of the Pres-
tressed Concrete Institute, PCI, Vol. 21, No.3, May/June 1976, pp. 18-42.

30. Mattock, A. H., "Effect of Aggregate Type on Single Direction Shear Transfer Strength in
Monolithic Concrete," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 74-2, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, August 1974.
----------------- - - - --------.....
112

31. Mattock, A. H., "Effect of Moment and Tension Across the Shear Plane on Single Direc-
tion Shear Transfer Strength in Monolithic Concrete," Structures and Mechanics Report SM
74-3, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, October 1974.

32. Mattock, A. H., "Shear Transfer Behavior of Cracked Monolithic Concrete Subject to
Cyclically Reversing Shear," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 74-4, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, November 1974.

33. Mattock, A. H., "Shear Transfer under Cyclically Reversing Loading, Across an Interface
between Concretes Cast at Different Times," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 77-1,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, June 1977.

34. Mattock, A. H., "Shear Transfer under Monotonic Loading, Across an Interface between
Concretes Cast at Different Times," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 76-3, Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, September 1976.

35. Mattock, A. H., K. C. Chen, and K. Soongswang, "The Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Corbels," Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, PC1, Vol. 21, No.2, March/April
1976, pp. 52-77.

36. Mattock, A. H., L. P. Johal, and C. H. Chow, "Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete
with Moment or Tension Acting Across the Shear Plane," Journal of the Prestressed Con-
crete Institute, PCI, Vol. 20, No.4, July/August 1975.

37. Mattock, A. H., W. K. Li, and T. C. Wang, "Shear Transfer in Lightweight Reinforced
Concrete," Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, PCI, Vol. 21, No.1,
January/February 1976, pp. 20-39.

38. Sheu, M. S., "A Grid Model for Prediction of the Monotonic and Hysteretic Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections Transferring Moments," Ph.D. Diss.,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, December 1975, 137
p.

39. Simpson, E. G., D. W. Symonds, and N. M. Hawkins, "The Effect of Column Properties
on the Behavior of Slab-Column Connections Transferring Reversed Moments," Structures
and Mechanics Report SM 76-3, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, October 1976, 207 p.

40. Symonds, D. W., D. Mitchell, and N. M. Hawkins, "Slab-Column Connections Subjected


to High Intensity Shears and Transferring Reversed Moments," Structures and Mechanics
Report SM 76-2, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle,
October 1976, 186 p.

41. Trongtham, N. and N. M. Hawkins, "Moment Transfer to Columns in Unbonded Post-


Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Slabs," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 77-3, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, October 1977.

42. Yamazaki, J. and N. M. Hawkins, "Finite Element Plate Bending Analysis up to Collapse
of Reinforced Concrete Slabs of Slab-Column Specimens Transferring Moments," in
"Seismic Resistance of Concrete Slab-to-Column and Wall Connections," Progress Report,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 1973-74, Part 4.
113

43. Yamazaki, J. and N. M. Hawkins, "Shear and Moment Transfer Between Reinforced Con-
crete Flat Plates and Columns," Structures and Mechanics Report SM 75-2, Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, September 1975, 262 p.

URS/John A. Blume & Associates, Engineers

1. Blume, J. A., "Allowable Stresses and Earthquake Performance," preprint from the Janu-
ary 1977 IAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in New Delhi,
India.

2. Blume, J. A., "Building Columns under Strong Earthquake Exposure," Journal of the Struc-
tural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. ST9, September 1971.

3. Blume, J. A., "Design of Earthquake-Resistant Poured-in-Place Concrete Structures Sub-


jected to Ground Motion," Chapter 18, Earthquake Engineering, Robert L. Wiegel, Ed.,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1970.

4. Blume, J. A., "High-Rise Building Characteristics and Responses Determined from


Nuclear Seismology," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 62, No.2, April
1972.

5. Blume, J. A., "The Motion and Damping of Buildings Relative to Seismic Response Spec-
tra," Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica, Vol. 60, No. I, February 1970.

6. Blume, J. A., "A Reserve Energy Technique for the Design and Rating of Structures in
the Inelastic Range," Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineer-
ing, Tokyo, Japan, 1960.

7. Blume, J. A., "Response of High-Rise Buildings to Ground Motion from Underground


Nuclear Detonations," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 59, No.6,
December 1969.

8. Blume, J. A., "A Structural-Dynamic Analysis of an Earthquake Damaged 14-Story Build-


ing," The Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake of 1964 and Aftershocks, F. J. Wood,
Ed., U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Publication 10-3, Vol.
11, Part A, Washington, D. C., 1967.

9. Blume, J. A., "Structural Dynamics in Earthquake Resistant Design," Transactions, ASCE,


125, 1960, pp. 1088-1139.

10. Blume J. A. and K. K. Honda, "Dynamic Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Build-


ings," paper to be presented at the Symposium of Vibrating Concrete Structures, held in
New Orleans, Louisiana, ACI, October 1977.

II. Blume, J. A., N. M. Newmark, and L. H. Corning, "Design of Multistory Reinforced


Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Motions," Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illi-
nois, 1961.
- - - ------------------ -----------

114

12. Chen, C.K., R. M. Czarnecki, and R. E. Scholl, "Destructive Vibration Test of a 4-Story
Concrete Structure," Proceedings of the Douglas McHenry International Symposium on Con-
crete and Concrete Structures, Mexico City, Mexico, October 1976.

13. Chen, C. K., R. M. Czarnecki, and R. E. Scholl, "Vibration Tests of a 4-Story Concrete
Structure," preprint from the January 1977 lAEE Sixth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, held in New Delhi, India.

14. Chen, C. K., R. M. Czarnecki, and R. E. Scholl, "Vibration Tests of a 4-Story Reinforced
Concrete Test Structure," JAB-99-1l9, John A. Blume & Associates Research Division,
San Francisco, California, January 1976.

15. Czarnecki, R. M., S. A. Freeman, and R. E. Scholl, "Destructive Test of a 4-Story Con-
crete Structure," Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Istanbul, Turkey, September 1975.

16. Freeman, S. A., "Comparison of Results of Dynamic Seismic Analyses of Two Identical
Structures Located on Two Different Sites, Based on Site Seismograms from the San Fer-
nando Earthquake," Proceedings of the 41st Annual Convention of the SEAOC, Monterey,
California, October 1972.

17. Freeman, S. A., "Concrete Test Structures: Second Progress Report on Structural
Response," JAB-99-50, John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, San Francisco,
California, July 1971.

18. Freeman, S. A., "Fourth Progress Report on Tests of Wall Panels," JAB-99-55, John A.
Blume & Associates Research Division, San Francisco, California, September 1974.

19. Freeman, S. A., "Prediction of Response of Concrete Buildings to Ground Motion at Vari-
ous Stages of Construction," Proceedings of the Douglas McHenry International Symposium
on Concrete and Concrete Structures, Mexico City, Mexico, October 1976.

20. Freeman, S. A., "Racking Tests of High·Rise Building Partitions," to be published in the
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. ST8, August 1977.

21. Freeman, S. A., "Testing Wall Panels for Earthquake Response," Proceedings of the
ASCE/EMD Specialty Conference on Dynamic Response of Structures: Instrumentation, Test-
ing Methods and Systems Identification, University of California, Los Angeles, March 1976.

22. Freeman, S. A., "Third Progress Report on Racking Tests of Wall Panels," JAB-99-54,
John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, San Francisco, California, November
1971.

23. Freeman, S. A., C. K. Chen, and R. M. Czarnecki, "Dynamic Response Characteristics of


Reinforced Concrete Structures," Proceedings of the ASCE/EMD Specialty Conference on
Dynamic Response of Structures: Instrumentation, Testing Methods and System Identification,
University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles, March 1976.
115

24. Freeman, S. A. and K. K. Honda, "Response of Two Identical 7-Story Structures to the
San Fernando Earthquake of February 9, 1971," JAB-99-98, John A. Blume & Associates
Research Division, San Francisco, California, October 1973.

25. Honda, K. K., "Measurements and Evaluation of Building Response to Ground Motion at
Various Stages of Construction," Proceedings of the National Structural Engineering Confer-
ence, ASCE Specialty Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, August 1976.

26. Honda, K. K., "Measurements and Evaluation of High-Rise Building Response to Ground
Motion Generated by Underground Nuclear Explosions," Proceedings of the ASCE/EMD
Specialty Conference on Dynamic Response of Structures: Instrumentation, Testing Methods
and System Identification, University of California, Los Angeles, March 1976.

27. Kost, E. G., "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Frames' with Filler Panels," JAB-99-IOO,
John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, San Francisco, California, November
1972.

28. Murphy, 1. M., Scientific Coordinator, "San Fernando, California, Earthquake of February
9, 1971," Effects on Building Structures, Vol. I, U. S. Department of Commerce, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. c., 1973.

29. Ragget, J. D., "Influence of Nonstructural Partitions on the Dynamic Response Charac-
teristics of Structures," JAB-99-94, John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, San
Francisco, California, July 1972.

30. John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, "Concrete Test Structures: First Progress
Report on Structural Response," NVO-22-29, San Francisco, California, March 1968.

31. URS/John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, "Effects Prediction Guidelines for
Structures Subjected to Ground Motion," JAB-99-115, San Francisco, California, July
1975.

32. John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, "First Progress Report on Racking Tests
of Wall Panels," NVO-99-15, San Francisco, California, August 1966.

33. John A. Blume & Associates Research Division, "Second Progress Report on Racking
Tests of Wall Panels," JAB-99-35. San Francisco, California, July 1968.

Washington University, St. Louis

1. Galambos, T., "Full Scale Tests on Eleven-Story Buildings in the Pruit-Igoek Housing
Project of St. Louis."
I

Ilfo~~~k,

\ '\
\
\

\\.:..... l..l
"
" ,{
#'

\ i
'J
I

/I '\
l\
\

\ .\'
'\),\"

"\,

You might also like