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    Classification Notes PDF

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    1. Scientific classification and nomenclature help organize the study of life and reduce confusion by assigning consistent names to organisms based on evolutionary relationships. 2. Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature which assigns each organism a two-part scientific name at the genus and species levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. 3. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms depict evolutionary relationships among organisms through branching diagrams that show how lineages split over time as new species form through speciation.

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    Classification Notes PDF

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    1. Scientific classification and nomenclature help organize the study of life and reduce confusion by assigning consistent names to organisms based on evolutionary relationships. 2. Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature which assigns each organism a two-part scientific name at the genus and species levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. 3. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms depict evolutionary relationships among organisms through branching diagrams that show how lineages split over time as new species form through speciation.

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    1. Scientific classification and nomenclature help organize the study of life and reduce confusion by assigning consistent names to organisms based on evolutionary relationships. 2. Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature which assigns each organism a two-part scientific name at the genus and species levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. 3. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms depict evolutionary relationships among organisms through branching diagrams that show how lineages split over time as new species form through speciation.

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    32 views20 pages

    Classification Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bob
    1. Scientific classification and nomenclature help organize the study of life and reduce confusion by assigning consistent names to organisms based on evolutionary relationships. 2. Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature which assigns each organism a two-part scientific name at the genus and species levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. 3. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms depict evolutionary relationships among organisms through branching diagrams that show how lineages split over time as new species form through speciation.

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    Taxonomy: the science of classification

    Why do we classify organisms?


    1.  To study the diversity of life
    2.  To group organisms according to shared lines of
    evolutionary descent

    Why are organisms given scientific names?


    1.  Common names are misleading

    jellyfish silverfish star fish

    None of these animals are fish!


    Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names
    to Organisms?
    Some organisms have several common names
    This cat is commonly
    known as:
    • Florida panther
    • Mountain lion
    • Puma
    Scientific name: Felis concolor
    • Cougar
    Scientific name means “coat of one color”
    There’s one thing we
    don’t classify the same
    way as organisms…
    Viruses!
    }  Why?
    ◦  Because they aren’t
    living!
    Viruses Characteristics
    Cell Type None (not a cell)
    Cell Wall None (not a cell –
    has a protein coat)
    Body Type Non-cellular
    Nutrition No way to produce
    energy for itself
    Reproduction Replication requires
    a host cell
    Examples Flu, HIV, Ebola, and
    chicken pox

    http://www.xvivo.net/animation/influenza-a/
    1. Lytic
    2. Lysogenic

    1. Lytic Infection – virus enters a cell,


    makes copies of itself, and causes the
    cell to burst.
    – Host cell is lysed and destroyed
    1. Virus attaches 2. Virus injects genetic
    information into host

    3. New viral proteins and


    genetic material are made 4. Viral parts are
    assembled

    5. New viruses are released as host


    cell lyses (bursts) and is destroyed.
    2.  Lysogenic Infections –
    ◦  virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of
    the host cell
    ◦  viral genetic information replicates along
    with the host cell’s DNA
    Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of Reproduction
    Linnaeus developed the system, called Binomial
    Nomenclature, allowing scientists to give each
    organisms a universally accepted two-part
    name.
    1.  The first part of the name is the Genus. The
    second part of the name is the Species.
    2.  EX – “Homo sapiens” thinking man/ wise
    “Homo” is the Genus, “sapiens” is the species.
    *Remem
    ber- sc
    reduce ie
    confus ntific names a
    organis ion and re given
    ms* to help
    classify to
    1.  The Genus is a noun and is capitalized
    2.  The species is an adjective and is lowercase
    3.  If writing by hand underline each word
    separately
    –  Ex: Homo sapiens
    4.  If typing the name italicize it
    –  Ex: Homo sapiens
    5.  If used repeatedly first write it fully out, then
    you can abbreviate the Genus
    –  Ex. H. sapiens
    Domain Linnaeus’s System is
    Hierarchical
    Most Kingdom 1.  Which of the following contains all of the
    General others?
    Phylum a.  Family c. Class
    b.  Species d. Order
    Class 2.  Based on their names, you know that
    the baboons Papio annubis and Papio
    cynocephalus do not belong to the
    Order same:
    a.  Family c. Order
    Family
    b.  Genus d. Species

    Genus ver
    m e o
    Most
    P h ilip ca !
    specific King ood sweets
    Species for g
    Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
    Grizzly bear Black bear Giant Red fox Abert Coral Sea star
    panda squirrel snake

    KINGDOM Animalia

    As we move from the PHYLUM Chordata

    kingdom level to the


    CLASS Mammalia
    species level, more and
    more members are
    ORDER Carnivora
    excluded – species is
    least inclusive!
    FAMILY Ursidae

    GENUS Ursus

    SPECIES Ursus arctos


    }  The root of the tree represents the ancestral lineage, and the tips
    of the branches represent the descendants of that ancestor. As
    you move from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in
    time.

    }  When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching


    on a phylogeny. When a speciation event occurs, a single
    ancestral lineage gives rise to two or more daughter lineages.
    }  Diagram
    used to show the evolutionary
    relationships among groups of organisms.
    Derived Characteristics - A recognizable feature of an
    organism
    •  Can be used to group organisms
    What are some
    derived characteristics
    shown on this
    cladogram?
    Jaws, Lungs,
    Feathers, etc.
    }  Pacific yew
    produces cancer
    treating drug
    }  Difficult &
    expensive to
    acquire enough of
    the drug from yew Pacific yew European yew

    *Based on the evolutionary relationships among yew


    species, biologists expected that close relatives of the
    Pacific Yew might produce similarly effective compounds
    They were right! The cancer treating
    drug is now widely available!
    }  A tool for identifying Steps:
    1.  Always begin at the
    unknown organisms top
    using a key 2.  Answer the paired
    consisting of paired questions with yes or
    questions based on no
    3.  Based on your answer
    observable follow the directions
    characteristics. given by the key
    }  This is a dichotomous key using the following:
    pine tree, tin can, Paramecium, bicycle and a
    rock
    Here's an example in written form using these items:
    }  1. a. Organism is living........................................................go to 4.
    }  1. b. Organism is nonliving..................................................go to 2.

    }  2. a. Object is metallic........................................................go to 3.


    }  2. b. Object is nonmetallic..................................................ROCK.

    }  3. a. Object has wheels......................................................BICYCLE.


    }  3. b. Object does not have wheels......................................TIN CAN.

    }  4. a. Organism is microscopic...................................PARAMECIUM.


    }  4. b. Organism is macroscopic.......................................PINE TREE.
    Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
    Kingdom

    Cell Type

    Cell
    Structure

    Number of
    Cells

    Nutrition

    Reproduction

    Examples

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