Mec E 230 Formula Sheet Heat transfer

Conduction (Fourier’s law (1D)): Q̇cond = −kA dTdx

Then,
 if k and A are constant with x:
 
Q̇cond  = − kA
L
L
∆T = R 1 ∆T , where Rcond = kA .
cond
Generalized CV-CS Analysis For heat transfer through the walls of a cylinder
 (e.g.
 
Conservation of mass: dmdtCV = ṁin − ṁout pipe), A is not constant w.r.t. r, and Q̇cond  = R 1 ∆T
cond
Conservation of energy: where Rcond =
ln(r
outer /r
inner )
, with L being the length of
2πLk
dECV the pipe.
= (Ėin − Ėout ) + (Ẇin − Ẇout ) + Q̇ − Ẇ , Equivalent resistances:
dt
Series: Ref f = R1 + R2 ; Parallel: R 1 = R1 + R1 .
where for Closed system ⇒ no mass in/out of system, ef f
1
1 2

steady-state system ⇒ no ∆ w/ time, adiabatic system Convective resistance: Rconv = hA

⇒ no addition/removal of heat.
Important unit conversions
Energy, work:
1 Btu = 778.169 ft · lbf
Temperature:
Work T (◦ F) = 95 T (◦ C) + 32
∫
General: W = F dx T (◦ C) = 59 (T (◦ T) − 32)
∫
Translational: WM,T = ss2 F ds and ẆM,T = F v. T (K) = T (◦ C) + 273.15
T (R) = T (◦ F) + 459.67
1
F , s, and v are in the same direction.
∫ θ2 T (R) = 59 T (K)
Rotational: WM,R = θ T dθ and ẆM,R = T ω.
∫ 1 Volume:
Electrical: WE = tt2 ξI dt and ẆE = ξI. 1 m3 = 1000 L
∫ 1
Boundary: WB = VV2 p dV . 1 cm3 = 1 mL
1
Flow: ẆF = ṁwF , where wF = pν = p Mass, force:
ρ 1 1 lbf
1 lbm = 32.174 slug = ft
32.174 2
Change in the energy in a system s

∆ECV = ∆KE + ∆P E + ∆UT + ∆UL + ∆UC + ∆UN Important constants

where: Universal Gas Constant:
( ( 2 )) R̄ = 8.31434 J/(mol · K)
• ∆KE = 1
2
m v2 − v12 ) + IG (ω22 + ω12
• ∆P E = mg(h2 − h1 ) = 1.9858 Btu/(lbmol · R)
∫ = 1545.35 ft · lbf/(lbmol · R)
• ∆UT = m TT2 cv (T ) dT where if cv is constant we write
1
∆UT = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = 10.73 psia · ft3 /(lbmol · R)

• ∆UL = muL where uL is the specific latent heat of Random notes

phase change. 3 (+ 1?) types of piston problems:
1. Isothermal: T is constant, p varies. So replace p with
something like p1VV1 in your WB integral.
2. Isobaric: T varies, p is constant.
Random heat/pressure-related things
3. Nothing constant, but adiabatic: Remeber that
Adiabatic, quasi-equilibrium, ideal gas, const. cv :
( )k−1 ( )k−1 pV n = constant, where n is given to you. Should be
T2
T1
= V V2
1
; pp2 = V 1
V2
, where k is a constant from able to derive something like W = mc v
(p1 V1 − p2 V2 ).
1 R
table A-8 or table B-8.⟨ ⟩ 4. Isotropic: Same as Isothermal, but replace p with
Pressure: p = 13 mp n̂ v 2 where mp is the mass of the p Vn
something like 1V n1 instead.
particle, n̂ is the number of particles per unit volume, and v is
the particle’s velocity. Be calm. Take your time. If you get stuck for more than
Also, pressure: p = F A
. ten seconds, move on and come back to it. Enjoy! �
Ideal Gas Law: pV = nR̄T
Moles ⇔ Mass: m = nM
Specific volume: ν = ρ1 = m V

Isothermal: V1 p1 = V2 p2 since nRT is constant.