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1730 ft Sears Tower, Chicago (photo courtesy of Galen R. Frysinger)

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Figure 1.4.1 AASHTO highway loadings. (a) Uniform Lane Loading, (b) Tandem Loading, (c) HS20 Design Truck
Loading [1.3]

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Figure 1.4.2 Comparison of static and dynamic loading.

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Figure 1.4.3 Crane arrangement, showing movements that contribute impact loading.

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Figure 1.4.4 Force developed by earth-quake.

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Figure 1.5.1 Standard rolled shapes.

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Figure 1.5.2 Some cold-formed shapes.

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Figure 1.5.3 Typical tension members.

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Figure 1.5.4 Typical compression members.

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Figure 1.5.5 Typical beam members.

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Figure 1.6.1 Floor joists (plane trusses) and steel decking. (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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Figure 1.6.2 Space truss roof erected in sections; also shows plate girder at lower level containing vertical stiffener
plates and special stiffening around rectangular holes through girder web. Upjohn Office Building, Kalamazoo,
Michigan. (Photo courtesy Whitehead and Kales Company)

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Figure 1.6.3 Dome roof, Brown University auditorium. (Photo courtesy Bethlehem Steel Corporation)

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Figure 1.6.4 Continuous orthotropic plate girder across Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri. (Photo by C. G.
Salmon)

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Figure 1.6.5 Continuous truss bridge. Outerbridge Crossing, Staten Island, New York. (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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Figure 1.6.6 Cable-suspended roof for Madison Square Garden Sports and Entertainment Center, New York. (Photo
courtesy Bethlehem Steel Corporation)

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Figure 1.6.7 Suspension bridge. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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John Hancock Center, Chicago, showing exterior diagonal bracing. (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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TABLE 2.1.1 Properties of Steels Used for Buildings and Bridges (continued)

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TABLE 2.1.1 Properties of Steels Used for Buildings and Bridges (continued)

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TABLE 2.1.2 Uses of Various Steels (continued)

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Figure 2.1.1 Typical stress-strain curves.

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Figure 2.4.1 Enlarged typical stress-strain curves for different yield stresses.

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Figure 2.8.1 Effects of straining beyond the elastic range.

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Figure 2.9.1 Uniaxial and triaxial loading.

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Figure 2.10.2 Joints showing typical lamellar tears resulting from shrinkage of large welds in thick material under high
restraint. (From Ref. 2.36)

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Figure 2.10.3 Susceptibility to lamellar tearing can be reduced by careful detailing of welded connections. (From Ref.
2.36)

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Figure 2.12.1 Comparative corrosion of steels in an industrial atmosphere. Shaded areas indicate range for individual
specimens. (Adapted from Ref. 2.43)

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Steel framework, showing particularly the exterior columns, Southeast Recreation Facility, University of Wisconsin-
Madison Campus. (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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Figure 6.2.1 Euler column.

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Figure 6.3.1 Typical range of column strength vs slenderness ratio.

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Figure 6.4.1 Engesser original tangent modulus theory, 1889.

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Figure 6.5.1 Typical residual stress pattern on rolled shapes.

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Figure 6.5.2 Influence of residual stress on average stress-strain curve.

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Figure 6.5.3 Typical residual stress distribution in welded shapes.

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Figure 6.6.1 Comparison of coupon with H-shaped rolled section containing residual stress.

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Figure 6.7.2 Comparison of AISC equations for Fcr for columns with data from physical tests. (Test data from Hall
[6.24])

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Figure 6.8.1 Critical column stress Fcr vs KL/r according to Load and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield
stresses.

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Figure 6.9.1 Effective length KL; no joint translation.

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Figure 6.9.2 Effective length KL for frames.

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Figure 6.9.3 Effective length KL; joint translation possible.

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Figure 6.9.4 Alignment Charts for effective length of columns in continuous frames [6.54 or AISC Manual pp. 16.1-
571 ], where

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Figure 6.9.5 Effective length factors for centrally loaded columns having various idealized end conditions. (Adapted
from Ref. 6.8, p. 49)

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  Adjustment of Alignment Chart for Inelastic Column
Behavior

See Page 266 in the text book

and Ch.B 4-10 and Table 4.13

Strength Equation of flexural buckling of members

The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the

limit state of flexural buckling, see AISC Ch. E 16.1.35

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Ch.06 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design 2018

P01: The rigid frame shown is unbraced. Each member is oriented so that its web is in
the plane of the frame. Determine the effective length factor Kx for columns AB and BC.

P02:
Ch.06 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design 2018

P03: Determine for the column shown, using the AISC

Specification and Fy = 50 ksi.

P04: Determine for a 24 ft axially loaded W12 x 96 column that

has the bracing and end support conditions shown in the figure., using the AISC
Specification and Fy = 50 ksi.

P05: Determine the maximum service live load that the column shown can support if the
live load is twice the dead load. KxLx = 18 ft, KyLy = 12 ft and Fy = 36 ksi. Solve by
LRFD and ASD methods.

P06: Design a column with an effective length of 22 ft to support a dead load of 65 k, a

live load of 110 k, and a wind load of 144 k. Select the lightest W12 of A992 steel.
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Introduction

 A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a longitudinal axis

through the shear center of the cross section.

 It was also pointed out that when the resultant of applied forces passed through
the longitudinal shear center axis no torsion would occur.

 In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping of the cross
sections. When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping
rigidity , the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment
would unlikely to be significant from the designer's perspective.

 Examples of this behavior are closed hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or

square hollow sections) and rolled angles and Tees.

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 On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional
rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity values and these sections will be
exhibiting significant warping moment.

 Hot rolled I sections and H sections would exhibit torsional behavior in-between
these two extremes and the applied loading is resisted by a combination of
uniform torsion and warping torsion.

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DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE

 Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by

torsion is not an efficient one for resisting loads.

 The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion - if you can ".

 In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied in a
such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid.
 If the section is doubly symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically
eliminates torsion, as the shear centre and centroid of the symmetric cross
section coincide. Even otherwise load transfer through connections may - in many
cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads are effectively applied through the
shear center, thus eliminating the need for designing for torsion.
 Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges of
channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through
the shear center since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion
of the channel.

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Shear Center

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Avoiding and Minimizing Torsion

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Figure 8.5.1 Common torsional loadings.

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  Torsional Deformation of
a Circular Shaft
 Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis.
 Twisting causes the circles to remain circles.
 The cross sections at the ends of the shaft will remain flat (they
do not warp in or out).
 Radial lines remain straight during the deformation.
 The longitudinal lines become twisted.
 If the angle of twist is small , the length of the shaft and its
radius will remain unchanged.

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 Radial line located on the cross section at a distance x from
the fixed end of the shaft will rotate through an angle (x).
The angle (x) is called the angle of twist.
 The angle of twist (∆), causes the element to be
subjected to a shear strain, then:

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 The results obtained here are also valid
for circular tubes.
05_04

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  The Torsion Formula for Circular Shaft
 When an external torque is applied to a shaft, it creates a
corresponding internal torque within the shaft. The relationship
between this internal torque to the shear stress distribution
on the cross section of a circular shaft or tube will develop.
 If the material is linear-elastic, then Hooke’s law
applies and linear variation in shear strain
lead to linear variation in shear stress along radial
line.
 Due to the proportionality of triangles:

05_05

 Shaft should be in equilibrium, then:

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 max = the maximum shear
stress in the shaft
J = the polar moment of inertia
Then: of the cross-sectional area
T = the resultant internal torque
The above equations is often referred to as the c = the outer radius of the shaft
torsion formula.

 For Solid Shaft:

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 Tubular Shaft

 Inner radius ci and outer radius co

 Absolute Maximum Torsional Stress
The maximum torsional stress occur
where the ratio of the
is a maximum.

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 Angle of Twist

 we will develop a formula for determining the angle of twist 

Hooke’s law Torsion formula

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 Constant Torque and Cross-Sectional Area

05_15

 Multiple Torques

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Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P01:

P02: Solve P: 01 using AISC 14TH

P03:

P04:

P05:

Check the strength adequacy of the ASTM A 992, W 12X53 to support torsional stress developed in the
beam shown .The beam is simply supported and is torsionally fixed at the ends.

P06:

Check the strength adequacy of the ASTM A 992, HSS 10X6X1/4 to support torsional and flexural
stresses developed in the beam shown. Use LRFD method. Check deflection limits for brick wall. Ignore
shear.
Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P02: Solve P: 01 using AISC 14TH

Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P03:
Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P04:
Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P05:

Check the adequacy of the ASTM A 992, W 12X53 to support torsional stress developed in the beam
shown .The beam is simply supported and is torsionally fixed at the ends.
Ch.08 Problems CE5311 Structural Steel Design

P06:

Check the strength adequacy of the ASTM A 992, HSS 10X6X1/4 to support torsional and flexural
stresses developed in the beam shown. Use LRFD method. Check deflection limits for brick wall. Ignore
shear.
 CE 5311
Advanced Steel Design

Instructor: Raad Azzawi, Ph.D.,P.E./STR

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 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Types of Beams
o Beams are usually said to be members that support transverse loads. They are
probably thought of as being used in horizontal positions and subjected to
gravity or vertical loads, but there are frequent exceptions ,roof rafters, for
example.

o Among the many types of beams are joists, lintels, spandrels, stringers, and
floor beams.

o Joists are the closely spaced beams supporting the floors and roofs of buildings,
while lintels are the beams over openings in masonry walls, such as windows
and doors. Spandrel beams support the exterior walls of buildings and perhaps
part of the floor and hallway loads.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Bending Stresses

 The plastic moment is the moment that will produce full plasticity in a member cross
section and create a plastic hinge. The ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the yield
moment My is called the shape factor. The shape factor equals 1.50 for rectangular
sections and varies from about 1.10 to 1.20 for standard rolled-beam sections.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
The load shown is applied to the beam and increased in magnitude until the yield
moment is reached and the outermost fiber is stressed to the yield stress. The
magnitude of the load is further increased, with the result that the outer fibers begin
to yield.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Elastic Design
Until recent years, almost all steel beams were designed on the basis of the elastic
theory. The maximum load that a structure could support was assumed to equal the load
that first caused a stress somewhere in the structure to equal the yield stress of the
material. The members were designed so that computed bending stresses for service
loads did not exceed the yield stress divided by a safety factor (e.g., 1.5 to 2.0).

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Plastic Design

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Large girder with stud shear connectors on top flange to be embedded in concrete to provide continuous lateral support
(see Fig. 9.2.1b). (Photo by C. G. Salmon)

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Figure 9.2.1 Types of definite lateral support.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Figure 9.2.2 Lateral buckling of a roof or floor system.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Design of Beams for Moments

Figure 9.3.1 Beam behavior (From Yura, Galambos, and Ravindra [9.1])

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Figure 9.3.2 Deformation requirements for developing plastic strength.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
An examination of the figure show that beams have three distinct ranges, or zones, of
behavior, depending on their lateral bracing situation. If we have continuous or closely spaced
lateral bracing, the beams will experience yielding of the entire cross section and fall into what
is classified as Zone 1. As the distance between lateral bracing is increased further, the
beams will begin to fail inelastically at smaller moments and fall into Zone 2. Finally, with even
larger unbraced lengths, the beams will fail elastically and fall into Zone 3

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Plastic Behavior (Zone 1)
 If we were to take a compact beam whose compression flange is continuously braced
laterally, we would find that we could load it until its full plastic moment Mp is reached at
some point or points.

 In other words, the moments in these beams can reach Mp and then develop a rotation
capacity sufficient for moment redistribution.

Inelastic Buckling (Zone 2)

If we now further increase the spacing between points of lateral or torsional bracing, the
section may be loaded until some, but not all, of the compression fibers are stressed to Fy.
The section will have insufficient rotation capacity to permit full moment redistribution and
thus will not permit plastic analysis. In other words, in this zone we can bend the member
until the yield strain is reached in some, but not all, of its compression elements before lateral
buckling occurs. This is referred to as inelastic buckling.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Figure 9.1.1 Beam laterally supported only at its ends.

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Elastic Buckling (Zone 3)

 If the unbraced length is greater than Lr, the section will buckle elastically before the yield
stress is reached anywhere.

 As the unbraced length is further increased, the buckling moment becomes smaller and
smaller.

 As the moment is increased in such a beam, the beam will deflect more and more
transversely until a critical moment value Mcr is reached.

 At this time, the beam cross section will twist and the compression flange will move
laterally. The moment Mcr is provided by the torsional resistance and the warping
resistance of the beam

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Moment Capacities, Zone 2

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Cb called the lateral-torsional buckling
modification factors

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Elastic Buckling, Zone 3

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
Figure 9.6.1 Nominal strength Mn of “compact” sections as affected by lateral-torsional buckling.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
TABLE 9.6.2 Slenderness Ratio Limits λr for “Noncompact Section” I-Shaped Beams to Achieve Fy at Extreme Fiber
(AISC-B4.1)

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Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, Fifth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, and Faris A. Malhas All rights reserved.
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P01: Find the values of S and Z and the shape factor about the horizontal x axes.

P02: The figure shows the arrangement of beams and girders that are used to support a
5 in reinforced concrete floor for a small industrial building. Use AISC Manual Tables,
design the beams and girders for flexure use ASD and LRFD (try ASTM A992 W16X31
beam and W21x50 or 55 for girder), assuming that they are simply supported. Assume
full lateral support of the compression flange. Live load is 80 psf and concrete weight is
150 lb/ft3.

P03: Use AISC Tables, determine ΦMn and Mn/Ω for a W18 × 46 used as a beam with
an unbraced length of the compression flange of 4 ft and 12 ft. Use A992 steel and Cb =
1.0. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P04

ASD and LRFD

P05: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown in
P04 by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD

P06: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown by
directly using AISC Manual Tables. ASD and LRFD

P07: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown P06
by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD

P08: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A36 C15X33.9 beam shown by
directly using AISC Manual Tables ASD and LRFD

P09: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A36 C15X33.9 beam shown IN
P08 by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P01: Find the values of S and Z and the shape factor about the horizontal x axes.
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P02: The figure shows the arrangement of beams and girders that are used to support a
5 in reinforced concrete floor for a small industrial building. Use AISC Manual Tables,
design the beams and girders for flexure use ASD and LRFD (try ASTM A992 W16X31
beam and W21x50 or 55 for girder), assuming that they are simply supported. Assume
full lateral support of the compression flange. Live load is 80 psf and concrete weight is
150 lb/ft3. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P03: Use AISC Tables, determine ΦMn and Mn/Ω for a W18 × 46 used as a beam with
an unbraced length of the compression flange of 4 ft and 12 ft. Use A992 steel and Cb =
1.0. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P04

ASD and LRFD

 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P05: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown in
P04 by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P06: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown by
directly using AISC Manual Tables. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P07: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A992 W 18X50 beam shown P06
by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P08: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A36 C15X33.9 beam shown by
directly using AISC Manual Tables. ASD and LRFD
 CE5311 Structural Steel Design
Ch.09 Problems

P09: Verify the available flexural strength of the ASTM A36 C15X33.9 beam shown IN
P08 by directly applying the requirements of the AISC specifications. ASD and LRFD