AVERAGES

#Post 1
Average as we all know is total sum divided by number of units
Sum of the Difference of each number with average = 0
For example 3, 5, 9, 7, 6, 12: average is 7
Sum of difference = (3-7) + (5-7) + (9-7) +(7-7) + (6-7) + (12-7) = -4 -2 + 2 + 0 -1 +5 = 0
Example: average of 3 distinct natural numbers is 10. What could be the maximum value of
largest number?
To maximise largest, minimise the lower 2. So take them as 1 and 2. Difference qwith average =
9 + 8 = 17. SO highest possible number = 10 + 17 = 27
Example: Average of 5 distinct natural numbers is 30. What could be the maximum sum of the
largest two numbers?
Minimise lowest 3 numbers and take them as 1, 2, and 3. So difference with average = 29 + 28
+ 27 = 84
So the maximum sum of the largest two numbers = (30 + 30) + 84 = 144

#Pos2
Average of 10 numbers is 81. Find the minimum and maximum value of the largest number

81 is the avg..so if i keep 5 numbers less than 81, they can be 80, 79, 78, 77 and 76..similarly 5
numbers above the average can be 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86..so minimum is 86

#Post 3

Average of numbers in an AP series:

Middle term if there are odd number of terms or
(Highest + Lowest)/2.
Example: Find the average of all 2 digit multiples of 3.
Lowest = 12, Highest = 99, so average = (12+99)/2 = 55.5
Example: Find the average of all 3 digit multiples of 7
Lowest = 105, Highest = 984, average = (105 + 984)/2 = 544.5

#Post4
Liiitttllle tough, but not very
total of n odd numbers is a 4 digit number of the form n^4. How many such numbers can be
there

Total of n odd numbers is middle term x n = n^4..so middle term must be n^3..Possible cases,
7^3, so (337+339+341+343+345+347+349) and same for 9...
Total = average x number of terms; now average of an AP series (as discussed in the previous
post) is the middle term..so total will be middle term x n(number of terms)..series of odd
numbers is an AP series..

#Post5
LOOOOONG POST
Joining and Quitting
Average age of a group of 10 boys is 20. One boys joins and and the average increases to 21.
What is the age of the boy who joins?
Simple way to do this mentally. Let average number be the number of chocolates with each boy,
so each of the 10 boys have 20 chocolates each. Now suddenly all of them have 21 chocoaltes,
so new boy has given 1 chocolate to each of the 10 boys. Therefore he DISTRIBUTED 10
chocolates. He also has 21 chocolates. So he brought in 31 chocolates. Answer!!!
Average age of a group of 10 boys is 20. One boys leaves and the average increases to 21.
What is the age of the boy who leaves?
Each of the 10 boys have 20 chocolates each. Now suddenly all of them have 21 chocolates.
SO the boy who left gave them 1 chocolate each from his share. So he gave 9 chocolates. He
had 20 chocolates and gave 9. So he left with 11 chocolates. Ans!!!
Average age of a group of 10 boys is 20. One boys leaves and the average decreases to 18.
What is the age of the boy who leaves?
Each of the 10 boys have 20 chocolates each. Now suddenly all of them have 18 chocolates.
SO the boy who left took 2 chocolate each from 9 boys. So he took 18 chocolates. He had 20
chocolates and took 18. So he left with 38 chocolates. Ans!!!
Average age of a group of boys is 20. One boys aged 9 leaves and the average increases to 21.
How many boys were there originally?
Boy leaving must have given 11 chocolates away (20-9). These chocolates were equally
distribute amongst the remaining boys. However we see that each boy has 1 chocolate more.
So each boy got 1 chocolate. So there were 12 boys
Average age of a group of boys is 20. One boys aged 36 joins and the average increases to 21.
How many boys were there originally?
Boy joining must have given 1 chocolates to each boy and after giving he himself will be left with
21 chocolates. So he has given 15 chocolates. So there were 15 boys

#Post6
Do it mentally
The average weight of 12 students in a class is 58 kg. When 6 new students are admitted the
average becomes 55kg. Find the average weight of the new students.

Using chocolates concept: new boys have taken 3 each from the old 12 boys so they got 36.
they must have divided this qually amongst themselves..they needed this to reach 55..so each
of the new boy got 36/6 = 6 and using this he reached 55..so originally each one had 49
#Post6
A boy scores at an average of 77% in his first 6 exams. He scores at an average of x% in his
next exam and his average increases to 79%. In the next m exams he scores at an average of
95% and thus his overall average becomes 87%. What is the value of x/m?
Oa:
91/7 = 13

See guys any question of arithmetic or Numbers can be done by a school kid; Idea is to do it in
a CAT way..which is basically mentally..and mental processing must be systematic..say the last
question..77 was the average and it became 79 with one exam..so the new exam gave 2 chocs
to eahc of the 6 older exams..and after giving the new exam had 79 chocs..so new exam must
have strated with 79 + 12 = 91 chocs..now the average is 79, joininee is 95 and grand average
is 87..if you realise 87 is bang in the middle of the 2 numbers, halfway mark..soi numnber of
exams on each side must be same..on older side we know its 7 so it must be 7 for the newer
exams too!!

#Post7
Average runs per innings of a batsman increases by 2 runs when he scores 166 runs in an
innings and drops by 1 run when he scores 9 in the next innings. How many runs must he score
in his next innings to increase his average by 1.5?

Chocs method: a person came in with 166 chocs and gave 2 to each of the existing members,
and after giving he had as much as the others. Then another person comes in with 9 and
everyone gives him 1 choc, so that he has as much as anyone else now..the gap between 9
and 66 can be dividd as n+1 and 2n...therefore 166-9 = 3n+1 or n = 52...so there were 52
matches earlier..since in 166 each of the xisting was given 2 chocs, so 104 was given to them,
so new giy was left with 166-104=62 chocs which is equal to what everyone has..so old average
was 62-2=60..

The number of chocs given is 2 in the first case...so 2n in total..nd n+1 in2nd case..but number
of chocs r given to bring an avg..which lies between extra and deficit..166 has a lot extra and 9
has deficit..so the chos in each case hv been distributrd to bring parity..166- (a+2) given to n ppl
with 2 each..nd (a+1) - 9 gvn by n+1 persons..

#Post 8
Alligation
Alligation method is the simplified technique to solve the weighted average problems. These are
generally used for 2 groups with different number of elements in each group.
In general, if the average of group 1 be A_1 and the number of the elements be n_1 and the
average of the group 2 be A_2 & the number of element be n_2 then the weighted average
Aw=(n1 A1+n2 A2)/(n1+n2 )
⇒ n1 Aw+n2 Aw=n1 A1+n2 A2
⇒ n1 (Aw-A1 )=n2 (A2-Aw )
 ⇒ n1/n2 =((A2-Aw ))/((Aw-A1 ) )
(known as Alligation Equation)
So this can be represented in the graphical form as given below
A1 A2
Aw
(A2-Aw)= n1 n2=(Aw-A1)
So all these problems concerned to the topic can be solved either by the formula of weighted
average or Alligation equation or graphical representation method.
We get the conventional criss-cross method as given below

Ratio of the number of persons/ items in different groups is equal to the ratio of the difference of
their average from the average of all the people combined.
The average weight of a class of 50 students is 35 and the average weight of a class of 25
students is 26. Find the average weight of both the combined classes :
Alligation method :
26 35
A

[■(25& 50@1& ∶ 2)]

A is the combined average

Now, the difference between the two averages is broken in 2 parts say X and Y, with X:Y being
equal to the inverse of the ratio of number of students.
The difference 9(=35-26) will be divided in the ratio of 2 : 1 (as 50 : 25)
So, the value of A= 26+ 2/3×(35-26)=32
or A=35-1/3×(35-26)=32
Therefore, the average weight of both the classes is 32.

10 kg of rice priced at Rs 12 per kg is mixed with 6 kg of rice priced at Rs 16 per kg. What is the
average price of the whole mixture?
Lower priced value = Rs 12 per kg and its quantity = 10 kg
Higher priced value = Rs 16 per kg and its quantity = 6kg
Using Alligation,
10/6=(16-A_w)/(A_w-12) , or, Aw = Rs 13.5/kg

Two varieties of rice are mixed in the ratio 2:3. The price of the mixture is Rs 12 per kg and the
price of the variety having lower weight is Rs 10 per kg. Find the price of the other variety.

Now, 2/3=((N-12))/((12-10))=(N-12)/2
So, N = Rs 13.33 per kg.
Some articles are purchased for Rs 450. 1 /3rd of the articles are sold at a loss of 10%. At what
percent¬age profit should the remaining articles be sold to obtain a net profit of 20% on the
whole transaction?

Now, = [20 – (– 10)]/[x – 20] = 2/1

So, x = 35%
It is seen that the quantities are in the ratio of 1 : 2, so the deviation from mean percentage
profit in the loss percentage and profit percentage will also be same.
2 corresponds to 30%, so 1 will correspond to 15%. So, x = 35%

Two different qualities of sugar are mixed in some ratio. The price of one quality of sugar is Rs
16/kg and that of another quality is Rs 21 /kg. In what ratio have the sugar of two qualities been
mixed if the price of the mixture is Rs 19/kg?

So, the ratio of quantity of sugar of different qualities = 2:3

#POST9
12 kg of rice priced at Rs 28 per 2kg is mixed with 9 kg of rice priced at Rs 36 per 2kg. What is
the average price of the whole mixture?
(a) 14.22 /kg
(b) 15.71/kg
(c) 15,22 /kg
(d) 14.93 /kg
Oa:
gap is 14 to 18 (per kg)..so avg will be between..now weight of 14 is 12 and weight of 18 is
9..so ratio of weights is 4:3..so the gap will be broken in this ratio..and weights will reverse..so
answer is simply 14 + (3/7 * 4) = 14 + 12/7 = 14 + 1.7 = 15.7

#POST10
Two varieties of oil are mixed in the ratio 1:3 . The price of the oil mixture is Rs 15 per liter and
the price of the variety having dearer quality is Rs 12 per liter. Find the price of the other
variety?
(a) 16
(b) 14
(c) 18
(d) 20
Oa:
16

#POST11
A shop keeper purchased some lamps for Rs 450. He sold 1 /3rd of the lamps at a loss of 10%.
At what percent¬age profit should he sell the remaining articles to obtain a net profit of 20% on
overall ?
(a) 32%
(b) 33%
(c) 35%
(d) 36%

alligation use kare: -10 is one side, overall average is +20..weights of the 2 sides are in the
ratio 1:2 (1/3rd) reversing the weights, 2:1, the gap between -10 and +20 is 2, so what will be 1?
+15..so the profit for the remaining will be 20+15 = 35

#Post12
Mixing without Replacement: Concept
Another LOOOOng Post (YAAWWWWW,,WOW)
Two or more than two substances are mixed completely, without any part of any substance
being removed or replaced.
Example: In a mixture of 540 litres the ratio of milk and water is 7:2. Now, 180 litres of the water
is added to the mixture. What is the ratio of milk and water in the final mixture?
Volume of milk = 420 litres and volume of water = 120 litres.
When 180 litres of water is added, volume of water = 300 litres
So, the ratio of milk water = 420 : 300 = 7:5

Example: How many litres of fresh water should be mixed with 30 litres of 50% milk so that
resultant is a 10% milk ?
Method 1

So, the ratio of fresh water added: milk = 4:1

Hence, 120 litres of fresh water should he added.

Method 2
Since we add fresh water, the volume of milk will be constant.
Now volume of milk = 15 litres = 10% of the new mixture.
So, 100% of the new mixture =150 litres
So, volume of fresh water added = 150 - 30 = 120 litres.

Method 3
In the final mixture, Milk/Total=10%=15/(30+x)
So, x = 120 litres

#Post13
In what ratio should two qualities of tea having the rates of Rs 59 per kg and Rs 44 per kg be
mixed in order to get a mixture that would have a rate of Rs 50 per kg?
Oa:
59/44=2/3

#POST14
In what proportion must a brewer mix beer at Rs 11 a litre with beer at Rs 6 a litre, so that the
mixture may be worth Rs 8 per litre?

Oa:2/3

#POST15
A wine merchant purchases 54 litres of whisky at Rs 2.20 per litres. How many litres of water
must he add to enable him to retail it at Rs 2.25 a litres and obtain a profit of 25% on his outlay?

profit of 25% at 2.25 means cost must be 1.8..cost of water = 0, cost of whisky 2.2 and overall
cost 1.8..so ratio of weights of water and whisky = (2.2 - 1.8) : (1.8 - 0) = 4:18=2:9, since 9 is 54
therefore 2 will be 12

12 litres of water to b added.

Sp is 148.5.( from the given cp and profit prcntage)
So nmbr of litres = 148.5/2.25= 66, of which 54 litres is whisky.
So ,12 litres of water.

#Post16

When the ratio of 2 different quantities is given then we should always take the base as total

Two vessels contain mixtures of alcohol and water. The ratio of alcohol and water in the two
vessels is 4 : 3 and 9 : 5 respectively. In what ratio must these two mixtures be mixed so that in
the resultant mixture alcohol and water are in the ratio 17 : 11.

#LAST2questions
1) There are two vessels A, B containing 7 litres and 3 litres of milk. The ratio of milk to water in
A is 4 : 3 and the ratio of milk to water in B is 5 : 2. If both are mixed, what will be the ratio of
milk to water?

2) If 2 alloys of iron and copper, one having iron : copper as 5:7 and the other having iron :
copper as 1:3 are mixed in the ratio 2:3 by weight are mixed, what will be the ratio of iron and
copper in the mixture?

Oa:
4/7 and 5/7..to be broken into 7:3..lets take 40/70 and 50/70...
Divided the gap between 15 and 25 in the ratio 2:3..so it becomes 19..so the ratio of iron and
total is 19/60...so iron and copper is 19/41
Divided the gap between 15 and 25 in the ratio 2:3..so it becomes 19..so the ratio of iron and
total is 19/60...so iron and copper is 19/41

AVERAGES 2

#POST1
Here we go
Mixtures with Replacement

Case 1 : When the quantity withdrawn and the quantity replaced are of the same volume.

If V is the initial volume of milk (or any liquid), and x litres of milk is always replaced by water,
then quantity of milk left after n such operations = V(1-x/v)^n

Example: Initially there are 40 litres of milk, and 4 litres of milk is replaced with 4 litres of water
Obviously, there will be 36 litres of milk and 4 litres of water.
Now, 4 litres of mixture is replaced with 4 litres of wa¬ter
The quantity of milk and water being withdrawn here will be in the ratio of 9:1 (36:4). So,
quantity of milk withdrawn = 9/10 × 4 = 3.61.
So, the volume of milk = 32.4
And the volume of water = 7.6
Now, again 4 litres of mixture is replaced with 4 litres of water
The quantity of milk and water being withdrawn here will be in the ratio of 81:19 (32.4:7.6). So,
the quantity of milk withdrawn = (81/100) x 4 = 3.24 1
So, the volume of milk = 29.16
And the volume of water = 10.84
If we summarize the above values, then it looks like

1st operation 2nd operation 3rd operation

Taken out Left Taken out Left Taken out Left

Milk 4 36 3.6 32.4 3.24 29.16
Water 0 4 0.4 7.6 0.76 10.84

#POST2
A vessel contains 10 litres of pure milk. If 2 litre milk is taken and replaced by 2 litre of water,
and if it were repeated for 2 more times, what is the ratio of milk to water?

oa: 64:61Proportion of milk being withdrawn = 2/10

Proportion of milk remaining = 8/10
Process done 3 times
So final proportion of milk and total = (8/10)^3 = .512 = 51.2%
So ratio of milk and water = 512: 488 = 64:61

#POST3
A vessel contains 15 liters of milk and 3 liters of water. If 3 liters of this liquid is taken and
replaced by 3 liters of water, and if it were repeated for 2 more times, what is the ratio of milk to
water?

Original proportion of milk and total = 15/18 = 5/6

Proportion of milk being withdrawn = 3/18 = 1/6
Proportion of milk remaining = 5/6
Process done 3 times
So final proportion of milk and total = 5/6 * (5/6)^3 = 625/1296
So ratio of milk and water = 625: 671

#POST4
A vessel contains 20 liters of mixture of milk and water. If 4 liters of this liquid is taken and
replaced by 4 liters of water, and if it were repeated for 2 more times, the ratio of milk and water
will be 48: 77. How many liters of water was there originally?

OA: 5 lters Let the original proportion of milk and total be M

Proportion of milk being withdrawn = 16/20 = 4/5
So M x (4/5)^3 = 48/(48+77) = 48/125
Solving M = ¾
So water ¼ x 20 = 5 liters

#POST5
A pitcher has x% of spirit and rest is water. From this (100-x)% is withdrawn and replaced with
water. This is again repeated. Now the ratio of spirit and water is 216: 127. Find x

Oa: 14.28%

#POST6

Mixture with Replacement

Case 2 : When the quantity withdrawn and the quantity replaced are of the same volume, but
the quantity in each iteration is not the same.

Initially, there are 40 litres of milk, and 4 litres of milk is taken out and 4 litres of water is poured
in
So, there will be 36 litres of milk and 4 litres of water.
Now, 5 litres of mixture is taken out and 5 litres of water is poured in.
The quantity of milk and water being withdrawn here will be in the ratio of 36:4. So, the quantity
of milk withdrawn =36/40×5

Milk left = 40 × 36/40 × 35/40

Again, if now 6 litres of mixture is taken out and 6 litres of water is poured in
Milk left = 40 × 36/40 × 35/40 × 34/40

#POST7
In a cask, there is 25 liters of milk and 5 liters of water. 20% of this mixture is replaced with
water. Then 5 liters of the mixture is replaced with water. Find the ratio of milk and water.

Original proportion of milk and total = 5/6

First replacement: 1/5
Therefore retention = 4/5
2nd replacement = 5/30= 1/6
So retention = 5/6
So final proportion of milk and total = 5/6 x 4/5 x 5/6 = 5/9
Ratio of milk and water = 5:4

#POST8
Case 3 : When the quantity withdrawn and the quantity replaced are not of the same volume.
Initially there are 40 litres of milk, and 4 litres of milk is taken out and 5 litres of water is poured
in
Obviously, there will be 36 litres of milk and 5 litres of water.
Now, 5 litres of mixture is taken out and 6 litres of water is poured in then the quantity of milk
and water being withdrawn will be in the ratio of 36:5. So, the quantity of milk withdrawn =
36/41×5
Milk left = 40×36/40×36/41
Again 6 litres of mixture is taken out and 7 litres of water is poured in.
Thus, the volume of milk in the final mixture =40×36/40×36/41×36/42

#POST9
18 litres of milk are drawn from a cask containing 90 litres of milk. It is replaced by water. The
process is repeated 2 more times but replacement is done with milk. What is the quantity of milk
left in the cask?

OA: After 1st replacement= milk= 72 litres

Water = 18 litres
After the next 2 iterations water = 18 x (.8)2= 11.52
Therefore milk= 78.48
Ratio =16:109
#POST10
Some of you have not grasped the logic perhaps:
Lets do it in 3 simple steps
1) Take the component which is not being replaced, which is reducing with every iteration
2) Take the denominator as Total
3) Multiply this fraction with Retention Proportion in each step, so if 20% withdrawn, multiply with
80%, if 4 liters withdrawn of 24, then multiply with 20/24 ..as applicable in each step

What you finally get is the proportion of that liquid in the total

Oa:
64(7/8*6/8*4/7*5/6) +10 = 30 litres of milk

#POST12
Misc: Starting with Time and Distance
In Time and Distance, the average speed is calculated as Total distance/Total speed
However if we are given the two different speeds for two equal stretches of journey as A and B,
then the average speed is (2AB/(A+B)
Similarly if we are given the two different speeds for two equal times frames as A and B, then
the average speed is (A+B)/2

#POST13
A person travels from A to B at a speed of 40 kph and while returning covers half the distance at
a speed of 20 kph and remaining at a speed of 30 kph. Find his average speed.

#POST14
An athlete runs, swims and cycles at speed of 16mps, 20 mps and 30 mps, taking equal time in
each case. What is the average speed of the cyclist (in mps)?
Oa:
66/3

#POST15
If the distances are not equal then we use them as weights and calculate the weighted average:
Say the distances covered at the speeds A and B are in the ratio 1:2, then the average speed is
((1+2)AxB)/(2A+B) = 3AB/(2A+B)
A person covers 2/5th of the distance at a speed of 30kph, remaining at a speed of 15 kph. Find
his average speed.

OA: Average speed = (5x30x15)/(3x30+2x15) = 18.75

#POST16
A person covered 150 kms and used 2 spare wheels in between in his car. What is the average
distance covered by each tyre?

Oa:
At any point of time 4 tyres are there so total distance by all tyres= 150x4=600
Distance by each tyre= 100

#POST17
A person covers P kms at A kph, Q kms at B kpph and R kms at C kph. His average speed is
((P+Q+R)x(AxBxC) / (PB+PC + QA+QC+ RA+RB)
The idea is simple, total distance by total time..and for this calculation you need not take actual
distances, ratio of distances will do

#POST18
Misc: Book pages

In a book of 40 pages, a page was torn and therefore the average was reduced by 1. Which
page was torn?

OA: 39 and 40..last page

In a book of 40 pages, a page was torn and therefore the average was reduced by 1. Which
page was torn?
Method 1: Average now = 20.5
Total now = 40*41/2 = 820
Let the page numbers be a and a+1
New average = 19.5
New number of total pages = 38
So new total = 38 x 19.5 = 741
So reduction = 820 – 741 = 79
So a = 39

Method 2:
Chocolates; 2 boys left taking 1 choc from each of the other 38 kids.. they were supposed to
have 20.5 x 2 = 41 chocs by themselves..so total chocs taken by them = 41 + 38 = 79 = 39+40

#POST19
A student was asked to calculate the average of n natural numbers starting form 1. He missed a
number and calculated the average as 19 (4/7). Which number did he miss?

Denominator is 7 so after taking one number away the number of number of numbers must b a
multiple of 7..since the average is arnd 17-18..therefore numbers will b arnd 35-36..by trialnd
error original number of numbers is 36..nd number removed is 16

#POST20
There are 6 numbers such that their average is 62. Average of a,b and c is 54 and average of
b,c and d is 58 . Average of b,c and e is 62 and a,d and f is 62. If the average of a,e and f is 66,
then find the average of all 6 numbers.

Oa:62