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Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics

1) Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest and the pressure characteristics of fluids. Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is isotropic, meaning it acts equally in all directions. 2) The barometric equation relates pressure, density, height, and gravity and can be used to derive an expression for pressure as a function of elevation either with constant or non-constant density. 3) Examples show how to calculate pressure at different depths like at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, and how to derive an expression for atmospheric pressure as a function of height using assumptions of constant temperature.

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Frankie Tam
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38 views

Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics

1) Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest and the pressure characteristics of fluids. Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is isotropic, meaning it acts equally in all directions. 2) The barometric equation relates pressure, density, height, and gravity and can be used to derive an expression for pressure as a function of elevation either with constant or non-constant density. 3) Examples show how to calculate pressure at different depths like at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, and how to derive an expression for atmospheric pressure as a function of height using assumptions of constant temperature.

Uploaded by

Frankie Tam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemical Engineering 374

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics

1
2

Fluids Roadmap
3

Key Points

• Statics – No fluid motion


• Pressure characteristics
– Scalar, all directions, normal to surfaces, units
• Barometric Equation
• Derivation
– Constant properties
– Non-constant properties
• Examples
4

Pressure

• P = F/A
• Isotropic – same in all directions
– Force depends on area – next lecture
• Units
– F/A = N/m2 = Pa = kg/m/s2 or lbf/in2 = psi
• Absolute

• Gauge
5

Pressure Derivation
• Start with slice of fluid; FORCE BALANCE!
• x-direction
• y-direction P1A

1
• how many rgAh
h
Forces? 2
P2A
z

x
A
6

What if ρ isn’t constant?

• Same equation, but shrunk to infinitesimal


point
• ∆𝑃 = −𝜌𝑔ℎ P1A

• h = z1-z2
1

rgAh
h
= -∆𝑧
2
• ∆𝑃 = −𝜌𝑔∆𝑧 P2A
z
• Lim ∆𝑧 → 0
x
A
7

Pressure Intuition

P8

P6 P7

P5

P4

P3 P2 P1

P0
8

Examples

Turns out there are aliens at the bottom of the marina


trench (10,994 m)! We of course want to go say “hi”,
Abyss-style, but need to make sure our sub can get there.
What should the design pressure of our sub be?
9

Example 2

• Develop and expression for the pressure in the atmosphere as a function of


elevation:
– P(z)
– Where P(0) = Patm.
– Assume constant temperature T.
– Use dP/dz = -rg
Hint: Use r = MP/RT
• Strategy
– Go with what you know:
– What do you expect to happen?
– Draw a picture
– What is an expression or law that relates the physics?
– What additional information or assumptions are needed.
– Talk to your neighbor 
10

Temperature, Pressure in Atmosphere

Ht (ft) P iso (atm) P adia P std


0.00e+00 1.000e+00 1.0000e+00 1.0000e+00
1.7268e+03 9.3941e-01 9.3888e-01 9.3906e-01
3.4537e+03 8.8250e-01 8.8048e-01 8.8117e-01
5.1805e+03 8.2903e-01 8.2472e-01 8.2620e-01
6.9074e+03 7.7880e-01 7.7153e-01 7.7405e-01
8.6342e+03 7.3161e-01 7.2084e-01 7.2459e-01
1.0361e+04 6.8729e-01 6.7257e-01 6.7773e-01
1.2088e+04 6.4565e-01 6.2665e-01 6.3336e-01
1.3815e+04 6.0653e-01 5.8302e-01 5.9137e-01
1.5542e+04 5.6978e-01 5.4160e-01 5.5166e-01
1.7268e+04 5.3526e-01 5.0233e-01 5.1414e-01
1.8995e+04 5.0283e-01 4.6514e-01 4.7872e-01
2.0722e+04 4.7236e-01 4.2995e-01 4.4530e-01
2.2449e+04 4.4374e-01 3.9671e-01 4.1380e-01
2.4176e+04 4.1686e-01 3.6535e-01 3.8413e-01
2.5903e+04 3.9160e-01 3.3580e-01 3.5621e-01
2.7629e+04 3.6788e-01 3.0800e-01 3.2995e-01
2.9356e+04 3.4559e-01 2.8188e-01 3.0529e-01
3.1083e+04 3.2465e-01 2.5738e-01 2.8214e-01
3.2810e+04 3.0498e-01 2.3444e-01 2.6044e-01

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