Circulatory Blood

Heart
System

Joshua Evans M. Bajao, MSc

Circulatory System
• Every organism must exchange substances
with its environment
• Exchanges ultimately occur at the cellular
level by crossing the plasma membrane
• In unicellular organisms, these exchanges
occur directly with the environment
• Diffusion – movement of substances along
a concentration gradient
• Diffusion is only efficient over small distances
Circulatory System
• In some animals, many or all cells are in direct
contact with the environment. Hence, does not
need a specialized circulatory system
• Some cnidarians have elaborate gastrovascular
cavities that also serves as the digestive system
• The body wall that encloses the gastrovascular
cavity is only two cells thick
• Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity and a flat
body that minimizes diffusion distances
 What is a
Circulatory System?
Circulatory System
• Or Cardiovascular System, is an organ
system that speeds the transportation of
nutrients within an animal/s body.
• This includes the blood that carries these
nutrients, the vessels that connects the
blood, and a heart that pumps
• All of the animals that require a respiratory
tract have a cardiovascular system
• Two Types Circulatory System
Circulatory System: Type
• Open Circulatory System
• Found in Mollusks, insects, and most
invertebrates
• The heart/s pump/s blood into large
vessels that empty into the spaces
around the body tissue called hemocoel
• Hemocoel – primary body cavity of insects
and other invertebrates that contain
circulatory fluids
• Hemolymph (hemolymph) – the fluid
that functions as blood in invertebrates
Circulatory System: Type
• Closed Circulatory System
• Vertebrates and few invertebrates
(worms)
• Heart/s pump blood into a
continuous series of blood vessels
• Blood is always enclosed in the
said vessels at all times and does
not fill the body cavities (coelom)
Circulatory System:
Type
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Things to Remember
• Artery – Blood Vessels away from the heart
• Vein – Blood Vessel that drain unto the heart
• Heart – The organ that pumps the blood
• Atrium – Collects blood from the body
• Ventricle – Pumps blood into the body
• Capillaries – Thin blood vessels and site for
gas and nutrient exchange
Circulatory System:
Vertebrate Circulation
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Fish Circulatory System
• Single circuit for blood flow
• The blood passes through the heart
once per complete circulation
• Deoxygenated blood is pumped by
the heart towards the gills, thereby
oxygenating it. Then, blood flow
unto the body, giving oxygen to
the organs
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Amphibian Circulatory System
• Double circuit for blood flow
• Pulmonary (pulmocutaneous) and Systemic circulation
• The blood passes through the heart twice per
complete circulation
• However, amphibians have a three-chambered
heart; two atria and one ventricle
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood partially
mixes in the heart
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Amphibian Circulatory System
• Double circuit for blood flow
• Pulmonary (pulmocutaneous) and Systemic circulation
• The blood passes through the heart twice per Reptilian Circulatory System
complete circulation • Double circuit for blood flow
• However, amphibians have a three-chambered • Pulmonary and Systemic circulation
heart; two atria and one ventricle • Presence of an incomplete septum
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood partially
mixes in the heart
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Mammalian and Avian
Circulatory System
• Double circuit for blood flow
• Pulmonary and Systemic circulation
• The blood passes through the heart twice per
complete circulation
• The heart of mammals and birds have four
chamber; two atria and two ventricles
• Septum – The dividing wall in the heart
separates it into two sides
Circulatory System: Vertebrate Circulation
Mammalian and Avian
Circulatory System
• Deoxygenated blood enters the right
atrium and is pumped into the
pulmonary circuit by the right
ventricle for oxygenation.
• Then, the Oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary circuit enters the heart via
the left atrium. The oxygenated blood
is pumped into the systemic circuit by
the left ventricle
Circulatory System:
Vertebrate Circulation
Heart
The Human Heart
• Said to be the hardest working
muscle in the body
• Capable of performing more than
100,000 beats per day
• About the size of your fist
• Pumps around seven liters of blood
per minute, with an average speed
of 3-4 mph.
The Human Heart: Parts
• Blood from the body is supplied
into the heart through the superior
and inferior vena cava
• The blood enters the heart through
the Right Atrium.
• Right atrium – collects deoxygenated
blood from the body
The Human Heart: Parts
• As the right atrium contracts, blood
is flushed into the right ventricle
through the tricuspid valve
• Tricuspid valve/Right atrioventricular
valve – a valve that prevents the
backflow of blood from the ventricle
to the atrium
The Human Heart: Parts
• The right ventricle pumps the
deoxygenated blood, through the
pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary
arteries and, ultimately, to the lungs
• Semilunar (Pulmonary) valve –
prevents the backflow of the blood
from the pulmonary arteries into the
right ventricle
• From the lungs, the pulmonary vein
empties the oxygenated blood from
the lungs into the left atrium
The Human Heart: Parts
• As the left atrium contracts, blood is
flushed into the left ventricle
through the mitral valve
• Bicuspid/left atrioventricular /Mitral
valve – a valve that prevents the
backflow of blood from the left
ventricle to the atrium
The Human Heart: Parts
• The left ventricle pumps the
oxygenated blood, through the
aortic valve, into the Aorta and,
ultimately, to the body
• Semilunar (Aortic) valve – prevents
the backflow of the blood from the
aorta into the left ventricle
• The oxygenated blood can now
supply oxygen unto the different
organs of the body
The Human Heart: Parts
• The heart contracts and relaxes
in a rhythmic cycle called the
cardiac cycle
• The contraction, or pumping,
phase is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase
is called diastole
The Human Heart: Parts
• The heart contracts and relaxes
in a rhythmic cycle called the
cardiac cycle
• The contraction, or pumping,
phase is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase
is called diastole
The Human Heart: Parts
• The heart contracts and relaxes
in a rhythmic cycle called the
cardiac cycle
• The contraction, or pumping,
phase is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase
is called diastole
The Human Heart: Parts
• The heart contracts and relaxes
in a rhythmic cycle called the
cardiac cycle
• The contraction, or pumping,
phase is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase
is called diastole
• Backflow of blood through a
defective valve causes a heart
murmur
Heart Contraction
• As a muscle, the heart needs
stimulation from the nerve to contract
• Signals for contraction originates from
the sinoatrial (SA) node
• SA node – generates electrical impulse to
stimulate the muscles
• However, electrical signals are slowed
down by the Atrioventricular node
Heart Contraction: Electrocardiogram
Heart Contraction
• The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the nervous system: the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
• The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker
• The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones and temperature
 Blood
Pressure and Flow
Blood Pressure and Flow
• The vertebrate circulatory system
relies on blood vessels that exhibit a
close match of structure and function
• All blood vessels contain a central
lumen lined with an epithelial layer
called the endothelium
• Surrounding the endothelium are tissue
layers that are different among the types
• Capillaries have thin walls to
facilitate the exchange of materials
Blood Pressure and Flow
• Physical laws governing movement of
fluids through pipes affect blood flow
and blood pressure
• Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the
capillary beds as a result of the high
resistance and large total cross-
sectional area
• Blood flow in capillaries is necessarily
slow for exchange of materials
Blood Pressure and Flow
• Blood flows from areas of higher
pressure to areas of lower pressure
• Blood pressure – force exerted in all
directions
• The recoil of elastic arterial walls plays
a role in maintaining blood pressure
• The resistance to blood flow in the
narrow diameters of tiny capillaries
and arterioles dissipates much of the
pressure
Blood Pressure and Flow
Changes in Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure is the pressure in the
arteries during ventricular systole; it is
the highest pressure in the arteries
• A pulse is the rhythmic bulging of artery
walls with each heartbeat
• Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the
arteries during diastole; it is lower than
systolic pressure
Blood Pressure and Flow
Changes in Blood Pressure
• Homeostatic mechanisms regulate arterial
blood pressure by altering the diameter of
arterioles
• Vasoconstriction – contraction of smooth muscle
in arteriole walls; it increases blood pressure
• Vasodilation – relaxation of smooth muscles in the
arterioles; it causes blood pressure to fall
• Gravity has an effect to pressure
Blood Pressure and Flow
• Fainting is caused by inadequate blood
flow to the head
• Animals with long necks require a very
high systolic pressure to pump blood a
great distance against gravity
• Because blood pressure is low in veins,
one-way valves in veins prevent
backflow of blood
Blood Pressure and Flow
• Two mechanisms regulate distribution
of blood in capillary beds
• Constriction or dilation of arterioles that
supply capillary beds
• Precapillary sphincters that control flow
of blood between arterioles and venules
• Blood flow is regulated by nerve
impulses, hormones, and other
chemicals
Blood Pressure and Flow
• Blood pressure tends to drive fluid
out of capillaries, and blood
proteins tend to pull fluid back
• These proteins are responsible for
much of the blood’s osmotic
pressure
• On average, there is a net loss of
fluid from capillaries
Fluid return by the Lymphatic system
• Lymphatic system is a part of the
immune system that maintains the
fluid balance of the body
• Returns fluid that leaks out from the
capillary beds
• Fluid lost by capillaries is called lymph
• Valves in lymph vessels prevent the
backflow of fluid
• Lymph nodes – small filtering
organs that plays an important role
in the bodies immune system
Blood
Blood
• Blood in vertebrates is a connective tissue
consisting of several kinds of cells
suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
• Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, and
metabolic wastes all throughout the body
• Cells and cell fragments occupy about
45% of the volume of blood
Blood
Blood: Plasma
• A yellowish substance that functions as
the extracellular matrix of the blood cells
• Its components are water, proteins, and
other substances such as ions and sugars
• Dissolved ions and electrolytes
• Plasma proteins function in lipid
transport, immunity, and blood clotting
Blood: Plasma
• Suspended in blood plasma are two
types of cells:
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport O2
• White blood cells (leukocytes) function in
defense
• Platelets are fragments of cells that are
involved in clotting
Blood: Red Blood cells
• Or erythrocytes, are the most
numerous blood cells
• Contains hemoglobin, the iron-
containing protein that transports O2
• Each molecule of hemoglobin binds up
to four molecules of O2
• In mammals, mature erythrocytes
lack nuclei (enucleation) and
mitochondria
Blood: White Blood cells
• Also called as leukocytes, WBCs are
responsible in defense against foreign
bacteria and or debris
• They are found both in and outside of
the circulatory system
• There are five major types of white
blood cells:
• Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Basophil,
Eosinophil, and Neutrophils
Blood: White Blood cells
Blood: Platelets
• Also called as thrombocytes, are
fragments of cells and function in blood
clotting
• Coagulation is the formation of a solid
clot from liquid blood
• A cascade of complex reactions converts
inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot
• A blood clot formed within a blood
vessel is called a thrombus and can
block blood flow
Blood: Platelets
Blood: Stem Cells
• Blood cells develop from a common
source of stem cells in the red
marrow of bones, especially ribs,
vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis
• The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
stimulates erythrocyte production
when O2 delivery is low
• Physicians can use recombinant EPO
to treat people with conditions such as
anemia