Contents

Preface xiii
STUDY SKILLS Using Your Math Textbook xxii

1 The Real Number System 1

1.1 Fractions 2
STUDY SKILLS Reading Your Math Textbook 14
1.2 Exponents, Order of Operations, and Inequality 15
STUDY SKILLS Taking Lecture Notes 22
1.3 Variables, Expressions, and Equations 22
1.4 Real Numbers and the Number Line 28
STUDY SKILLS Tackling Your Homework 36
1.5 Adding and Subtracting Real Numbers 37
STUDY SKILLS Using Study Cards 48
1.6 Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers 49
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Operations with Real Numbers 59
1.7 Properties of Real Numbers 60
1.8 Simplifying Expressions 69
STUDY SKILLS Reviewing a Chapter 75
Chapter 1 Summary 76
Chapter 1 Review Exercises 79
Chapter 1 Test 83

2 Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable 85

2.1 The Addition Property of Equality 86
2.2 The Multiplication Property of Equality 92
2.3 More on Solving Linear Equations 97
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Solving Linear Equations 106
STUDY SKILLS Using Study Cards Revisited 107
2.4 An Introduction to Applications of Linear Equations 108
2.5 Formulas and Additional Applications from Geometry 120
2.6 Ratio, Proportion, and Percent 130
2.7 Further Applications of Linear Equations 139
2.8 Solving Linear Inequalities 151
STUDY SKILLS Taking Math Tests 164
Chapter 2 Summary 165
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 168
Chapter 2 Test 172
Chapters 1–2 Cumulative Review Exercises 173

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viii Contents

3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 175

3.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables; The Rectangular Coordinate System 176
STUDY SKILLS Managing Your Time 187
3.2 Graphing Linear Equations in Two Variables 188
3.3 The Slope of a Line 199
3.4 Writing and Graphing Equations of Lines 211
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Linear Equations and Graphs 222
STUDY SKILLS Analyzing Your Test Results 223
Chapter 3 Summary 224
Chapter 3 Review Exercises 227
Chapter 3 Test 229
Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review Exercises 230

4 Exponents and Polynomials 231

4.1 The Product Rule and Power Rules for Exponents 232
4.2 Integer Exponents and the Quotient Rule 239
SUMMARY EXERCISES on the Rules for Exponents 247
4.3 An Application of Exponents: Scientific Notation 248
4.4 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials; Graphing Simple Polynomials 256
4.5 Multiplying Polynomials 265
4.6 Special Products 271
4.7 Dividing Polynomials 276
Chapter 4 Summary 285
Chapter 4 Review Exercises 288
Chapter 4 Test 291
Chapters 1–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 293

5 Factoring and Applications 295

5.1 The Greatest Common Factor; Factoring by Grouping 296
5.2 Factoring Trinomials 304
5.3 More on Factoring Trinomials 309
5.4 Special Factoring Techniques 317
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Factoring 325
STUDY SKILLS Preparing for Your Math Final Exam 328
5.5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 329
5.6 Applications of Quadratic Equations 337
Chapter 5 Summary 347
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 350
Chapter 5 Test 353
Chapters 1–5 Cumulative Review Exercises 354
 Contents ix

6 Rational Expressions and Applications 357

6.1 The Fundamental Property of Rational Expressions 358
6.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions 367
6.3 Least Common Denominators 373
6.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 378
6.5 Complex Fractions 386
6.6 Solving Equations with Rational Expressions 395
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Rational Expressions and Equations 404
6.7 Applications of Rational Expressions 406
Chapter 6 Summary 415
Chapter 6 Review Exercises 419
Chapter 6 Test 422
Chapters 1–6 Cumulative Review Exercises 423

7 Graphs, Linear Equations, and Functions 425

7.1 Review of Graphs and Slopes of Lines 426
7.2 Review of Equations of Lines; Linear Models 444
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Slopes and Equations of Lines 456
7.3 Introduction to Relations and Functions 456
7.4 Function Notation and Linear Functions 464
7.5 Operations on Functions and Composition 472
7.6 Variation 480
Chapter 7 Summary 489
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 493
Chapter 7 Test 496
Chapters 1–7 Cumulative Review Exercises 498

8 Systems of Linear Equations 501

8.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing 502
8.2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution 511
8.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination 518
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Solving Systems of Linear Equations 524
8.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables 526
8.5 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations 533
8.6 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Matrix Methods 547
Chapter 8 Summary 553
Chapter 8 Review Exercises 557
Chapter 8 Test 560
Chapters 1–8 Cumulative Review Exercises 561
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9 Inequalities and Absolute Value 565

9.1 Set Operations and Compound Inequalities 566
9.2 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 574
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Solving Linear and Absolute Value Equations
and Inequalities 583
9.3 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 584
Chapter 9 Summary 592
Chapter 9 Review Exercises 594
Chapter 9 Test 596
Chapters 1–9 Cumulative Review Exercises 596

10 Roots, Radicals, and Root Functions 599

10.1 Radical Expressions and Graphs 600
10.2 Rational Exponents 611
10.3 Simplifying Radical Expressions 619
10.4 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 629
10.5 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 634
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Operations with Radicals and Rational Exponents 642
10.6 Solving Equations with Radicals 644
10.7 Complex Numbers 650
Chapter 10 Summary 658
Chapter 10 Review Exercises 662
Chapter 10 Test 665
Chapters 1–10 Cumulative Review Exercises 667

11 Quadratic Equations, Inequalities, and Functions 669

11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Square Root Property 670
11.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square 676
11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula 683
11.4 Equations Quadratic in Form 690
SUMMARY EXERCISES on Solving Quadratic Equations 700
11.5 Formulas and Further Applications 701
11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions 709
11.7 More about Parabolas and Their Applications 719
11.8 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 730
Chapter 11 Summary 737
Chapter 11 Review Exercises 740
Chapter 11 Test 744
Chapters 1–11 Cumulative Review Exercises 746
 Contents xi

12 Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions 749

12.1 Inverse Functions 750
12.2 Exponential Functions 758
12.3 Logarithmic Functions 766
12.4 Properties of Logarithms 773
12.5 Common and Natural Logarithms 782
12.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations; Further Applications 791
Chapter 12 Summary 801
Chapter 12 Review Exercises 804
Chapter 12 Test 808
Chapters 1–12 Cumulative Review Exercises 810

13 Nonlinear Functions, Conic Sections, and

Nonlinear Systems 813
13.1 Additional Graphs of Functions 814
13.2 The Circle and the Ellipse 820
13.3 The Hyperbola and Functions Defined by Radicals 828
13.4 Nonlinear Systems of Equations 835
13.5 Second-Degree Inequalities and Systems of Inequalities 842
Chapter 13 Summary 847
Chapter 13 Review Exercises 850
Chapter 13 Test 852
Chapters 1–13 Cumulative Review Exercises 853

14 Sequences and Series 855

14.1 Sequences and Series 856
14.2 Arithmetic Sequences 862
14.3 Geometric Sequences 869
14.4 The Binomial Theorem 879
Chapter 14 Summary 884
Chapter 14 Review Exercises 887
Chapter 14 Test 889
Chapters 1–14 Cumulative Review Exercises 890

Appendix A Sets 893

Appendix B Review of Exponents, Polynomials, and Factoring 899
Appendix C Synthetic Division 905
Appendix D An Introduction to Calculators 909

Answers to Selected Exercises A-1

Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1