Valves Technology

Process plant equipment

Eng. El Sayed Amer

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Eng.
El Sayed Amer
Oil and Gas Instructor
Valves technology and operations

01065860658 /elsayedameer

[email protected]

Bachelor's degree of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering

2012.
Current Senior Process and Production Engineer at Suez Oil
Co “SUCO” since 2014.
Worked for Weatherford drilling international for 2 years as
well drilling and completion engineer.
Instructor for Oil & Gas Upstream and downstream courses
at MTC Egypt, Egyptian syndicates of engineers, OGS & OPA.
Member of SPE, AAPG, AACE, NACE, Environmental
Geoscience.
IWCF , HYSYS process modeling, Eclipse certified.

Eng. El Sayed Amer Eng. El Sayed Amer https://bit.ly/2UFSgpn

 Introduction

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Valve definition

A valve : is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a

fluid by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.
Valves are designed to withstand pressure, temperature, and flow.

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Valve definition

• Valve cost is up to 20 to 30% of the piping cost for a plant, depending

on the process; and the cost of a given type and size of valve can vary
100%, depending on its construction.

• The size of a valve is mainly determined by the size of its ends, which
connect to the pipe

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Valve definition

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va l ve F u n c t i o n s

01 Start and stop flow (On-off valves)

02 Control or regulate flow (Regulating valves)

03 Prevent back-flow (Check valves)

02 04 Relief over & under flow pressure.

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Common valves in process industry

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Main Components

• Body.
• Bonnet.
• Stem.
• Disc.
• Seat.
• Stuffing Box.
• Packing.

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Main Components
1. Body

• Main pressure rating part

• Hold all other parts
• Are cast or forged structure made.
• Valve body must be strong enough to take the
maximum pressure of the process fluid.
• End connected with pipeline

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Main Components
2. Bonnet

• Bonnet contains packing, gland and stem.

• The bonnet is attached to valve body by
screws or bolts.

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Main Components
3. Stem

• The stem, which connects the actuator and

disc, is responsible for positioning the disc.
• Stems are typically forged and connected to
the disc by threaded or welded joints.
• There are two types of valve stems: rising
stems and non-rising stems.

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Main Components
4. DISC & SEAT

• Fluid flow control.

I. Start / allow
II. Throttle
III. Stop flow
• The type of disk define valve name.

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Main Components
5. STUFFING BOX & PACKING

• Stuffing box is a chamber that holds anti-

seal material (packing).
• Most valves use some form of packing to
prevent leakage from the space between the
stem and the bonnet.
• Packing is commonly a fibrous material that
forms a seal between the internal parts of a
valve and the outside.

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Main Components
6. VALVE ACTUATOR

• The actuator operates the stem and closing element (disk) assembly.
• An actuator may be a manually operated hand wheel, manual lever, motor
operator etc.

Hand Lever Gear Operated Chain Operated Hand wheel

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Main Components
6. VALVE ACTUATOR

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 Classification

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Valve Classification

01 According to function

02 According to application

03 According to motion

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According to function

Valve Classification Valve Function

On/Off Throttling Nonreturn

Ball valve Globe valve Check valves

Gate valve Butterfly valve

Plug valve Needle valve

Diaphragm valve Ball valve

Diaphragm valve
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On–Off Valves

Sometimes referred to as block valves

used to start or stop the flow Safety relief Ball valves

valves
Common on–off valves include
gate, plug, ball, pressure-relief,

Gate valve Plug valve

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Nonreturn valve

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve
or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to
flow through it in only one direction.

Check valve
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Nonreturn valve
At Pump Discharges

• Used to prevent backflow of

fluid, which could damage
equipment or upset the process. Check Valve
• Useful in protecting a pump in
liquid applications or a Isolation Valve
compressor in gas applications
from backflow

Pump A Pump B
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Throttling Valves

used to regulate the flow, temperature, or pressure

Common throttling valves include

globe, pressure regulation valves

Globe control valve

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According to Applications

Valve Classification
Valve Applications

General service valves

special service valves

severe service valves

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According to Applications

Valve Classification
General service valves

Designed for the majority of applications that have:

1. lower-pressure ratings between Class 150 and 600

2. Temperature ratings between 46 and 343°C
3. Noncorrosive fluids, and common pressure drops that do not result
in cavitation or flashing.

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According to Applications

Valve rating
The rating of valves defines as the pressure – temperature
relationship within which the valve may be operated.
➢WOG (Water, oil, gas).
Rating used for small valves.
➢WSP (Working Steam Pressure).
The high temperature rating.

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According to Applications

Valve rating
• NPS versus DN • ANSI Pressure versus PN
inches millimeters psi bar
0.25 6 150 16
0.5 15 300 40
1.0 25 600 100
2.0 50 900 160
4.0 100 1500 250
8.0 200 2500 400
16.0 400 4500 700

Note: PN correlates to DIN (Deustche Industrie Norme) pressure-temperature

rating standards, which may vary significantly from ANSI pres.-temp. ratings.

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According to Applications

Valve Selection Considerations

 1. Pressure. 5. Operating conditions
 A. Frequency of operation.
 2. Temperature.
 B. Accessibility.
 3. Type of fluid.  C. Overall space/size available.
 A. Liquid.  D. Manual or automated control.
 B. Gas, i.e., steam or air.  E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off.
 C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)  F. Concerns about body joint leaks.
 D. Corrosive.  G. Fire safe design.
 4. Flow Considerations  H. Speed of closure.
 A. On-off or Throttling.
 C. Is the valve needed to prevent
 backflow.
 D. Concern for pressure drop.
 E. Velocity.
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According to Applications

Valve Selection Considerations

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Bridge wall Markings

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According to Applications

Valve Classification
special service valves

1. Designed for a single application that is

outside normal process applications
(custom-engineered valves).
2. Handled a demanding temperature, high
pressure or a corrosive medium.

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According to Applications

Valve Classification
severe service valves

1. Equipped with special features to

handle volatile applications and high
pressure drops (highly engineered
trims).
2. Special actuation may be required to
overcome the forces of the process.

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According to Applications

Valve Classification
severe service valves

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According to Motion

Valve Classification
Valve Motion

Linear-motion Valves Rotary-motion Valves

Globe valve Ball Valve

Gate valve Butterfly valve

Diaphragm valve Plug valve

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According to Motion

Valve Classification
Linear-motion Valves

1. Had a sliding-stem design that pushes a

closure element into an open or closed
position.
2. Simple design, easy maintenance, and
versatile with various sizes, pressure class
and design options.
3. Example: gate, globe, diaphragm, three-
way.

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According to Motion

Valve Classification
Linear-motion Valves

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According to Motion

Valve Classification
Rotary-motion Valves

1. Used a closure element that rotates through a quarter-turn range to open

and block the flow.
2. Limited to certain pressure drops.
3. Prone to cavitation and flashing problems.

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According to Motion

Valve Classification
Rotary-motion Valves

1. Right tightly = close

2. Lefty Lucy = open

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According to Port Size

Valve Classification

Valve Port

Full-Port Valves

Reduced-Port Valves

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According to Port Size

Valve Classification
Full-Port Valves

A allow for the use of a pig in the pipeline

B Example: gate and ball valves

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According to Port Size

Valve Classification
Reduced-Port Valves

A valves whose closure elements restrict the flow.

flow area of that port of the closure element is less than the
area of the inside diameter of the pipeline

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Valves Types
Valves types
And Functions

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Globe valve

A
A globe valve is a linear motion valve Ball Valve
used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid
flow. Gate valve

B This movement creates the annular space Ball Valve

between the disk and seat ring that
Check valve
gradually close as the valve closed. This
characteristic provides the globe valve
Plug Valve
good throttling ability required for
regulating the flow.
Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Valve components Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Globe valve

Ball Valve
A Body designs: Z-body, Y-body, and angle
Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

Y-Pattern Angle Z-body

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Globe valve

Ball Valve
B Disk design : ball disk, composition disk, and plug disk.
Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Globe Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve

Advantages Disadvantages Gate valve

Flow path causes a significant pressure Ball Valve

Recommended for throttling applications.
drop.
Check valve
Globe valves are more costly than
Good for frequent operation. Plug Valve
alternative valves.
Easy to repair. High pressure drop
Needle valve
Noisy in high pressure applications
Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Globe valve

A
A Ball valve is a quarter-turn rotary Ball Valve
motion valve that uses a ball shaped
disk to stop or start the flow. Gate valve

B When the valve is opened the hole of Ball Valve

disk is turned in-line with the direction of
the flow. When the valve is shut, the ball Check valve
is rotated so that the hole is
Plug Valve
perpendicular to flow direction.
Needle valve
Most ball valves are of the quick-acting
type, which requires a 90°
Butterfly Valve
turn of the valve handle to operate the
valve.

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Valve components Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Body design Globe valve

A Body designs: Float ball valve & Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Body design Globe valve

Ball Valve
Ball valves are manufactured in different body arrangements
Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

Top entry Side entry or split body Three-piece body

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Valves Types

Ball Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve
Advantages Disadvantages
Gate valve

Low pressure drop Poor throttling characteristics Ball Valve

Easy operation Wear and tear Check valve

Fast acting Temperature operation Plug Valve

Two-way flow possible limitation
Needle valve
Low maintenance costs
Butterfly Valve
Ball is used for opening & closing

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Globe valve

A
A gate valve can be defined as a type of Ball Valve
valve that used a gate or wedge type disk
and the disk moves perpendicular to flow Gate valve
to start or stop the fluid flow in piping.
Ball Valve

B It is a linear motion valve used to start or

stop fluid flow. Check valve

Plug Valve
C These valves are either in fully open or
fully closed position.
Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Valve components Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Valve operation Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Body design Globe valve

A BASED ON STEM Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

• Rising Stem Gate Valve • None Rising Stem Gate Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Body design Globe valve

B BASED ON GATE DESIGN Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Gate Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve
Advantages Disadvantages
Gate valve
Flow changes nonlinearly with
Small Fluid Resistance Ball Valve
stem travel
Little torque required for Vibration/cavitation when Check valve

opening and closing partially open Plug Valve

Little pressure drop Subject to wear
Needle valve
No flow restriction Repair work is difficult
Butterfly Valve
Good sealing when closed

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Globe valve

A
known as non-return valves are valves
that allow fluids to flow in only one Ball Valve
way/direction.
Gate valve
B Can protect equipment and minimize
Ball Valve
damage in case of a leak in the upstream
line.
Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Valve operation Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Valve component Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Body design Globe valve

A BASED ON STEM Ball Valve

Gate valve
Ball check valve Lift check valve
Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve
Swing check Dual plate check
valve valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Body design Globe valve

A Swing Check Valve Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Body design Globe valve

B Spilt (wafer) Disk Check valve Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Body design Globe valve

C LIFT CHECK VALVES Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Body design Globe valve

D Ball CHECK VALVE Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Check Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve
Advantages Disadvantages
Gate valve
difficult to determine whether the valve is
Low pressure drop Ball Valve
open or closed
the condition of internal parts cannot be
Quick opening Check valve
assessed.
Low maintenance costs limitations on its installation configurations
Plug Valve
Used for both high/low pressure Valve disc can stick in open position.
Needle valve
Used for both horizontal & vertical flow
Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Plug Valve
Globe valve

A
Plug valve is Quarter-turn rotary motion Valve that uses a tapered
or cylindrical plug to stop or start the flow. Ball Valve

The disk is in plug shape, which has a passage to pass the flow. Gate valve
B In open position, this bored passage is in line with the flow.
Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Plug Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Plug Valve
Valve component Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Plug Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve

Advantages Disadvantages
Gate valve
first movement (opening-closing) requires a
simple design with few parts Ball Valve
large amount of force
open and close easily Require a gearbox or an actuator.
Check valve
low flow resistance costs are much larger than ball valves
Plug Valve
Provide reliable leakage
Needle valve
Smaller in size than most other valves
Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Needle Valve
Globe valve

A A small type of globe valve, Ball Valve

B Used in instrument systems for throttling of small volumes. Gate valve

They have metal-to-metal seats, but due to the small size, can be used
for positive shut-off Passageways that may plug easily and limit their Ball Valve
use to very small flow rates.
Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Needle Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Needle Valve
Valve component Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Butterfly Valve
Globe valve

A
A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotary motion valve, that is used
to stop, regulate, and start the flow. Butterfly valves are a quick Ball Valve
open type.
Gate valve
B A 90° rotation of the handle can completely close or open the valve.
Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Butterfly Valve
Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Butterfly Valve
Valve component Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Butterfly Valve
Flow direction Globe valve

Ball Valve

Gate valve

Ball Valve

Check valve

Plug Valve

Needle valve

Butterfly Valve

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Valves Types

Butterfly Valve
Advantages & Disadvantages Globe valve

Ball Valve

Advantages Disadvantages
Gate valve
Throttling is limited to low differential
relatively inexpensive, quarter-turn valves. Ball Valve
pressure
Easily/quickly operated There is a chance for cavitation
Check valve
Good for large flow/low pressure
applications due to saving in Plug Valve
weight/size/cost
suitable for large valve applications due to Needle valve
Compact, lightweight design
Butterfly Valve
Little pressure drop

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Valve End Connections

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Valves Ends

Valve
End Connections
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

1 Threaded ends

2 Welded ends

3 Flanged ends

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Valves Ends

Threaded Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

Threaded (NPT,MS)

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Valves Ends

Welded Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

When zero leakage is required for environmental, safety, or any efficiency reasons
the piping can be welded to the valve, providing one piece construction. Many users
A
insist that high-pressure application requires a permanent end especially if they
involve high temperatures

Weld Prep
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Valves Ends

Flanged Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

A
The most expensive but are the best for installation and removal.
The main advantage of flanges is that the valve can be removed easily from the line

Flanged end

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Valves Ends

Flanged Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

Raised Face (RF)

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Valves Ends

Flanged Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

Flangeless
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Valves Ends

Flanged Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

Ring Type Joint (RTJ)

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Valves Ends

Flanged Ends
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

Clamp Connection
(Graylok,ReFlange)

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Valves P&ID

PID Symbols
D r a w i n g E n g i n e e r i n g

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Control valve

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Control valve

Control valve parts

Actuator

Valve Body

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Control valve

Why actuator required?

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Control valve

Why actuator required?

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Control valve

Why actuator required?

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Control valve

Why actuator required?

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Control valve

Why actuator required?

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Control valve

Types of Actuators

Switch Box Actuator Operated Gear Box Lever Operated

Operated

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Control valve

Types of Actuators

Electric

Hydraulic

Pneumatic

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Control valve

Control loop

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Control valve

Control loop

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Control valve

Valve Arrangement

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Control valve

Valve Arrangement

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