Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a

collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to
Sustainable Development
achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".[1] The SDGs Goals
were set in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and are
intended to be achieved by the year 2030. They are included in a UN
Resolution called the 2030 Agenda or what is colloquially known as
Agenda 2030.[2]

The 17 SDGs are: (1) No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health
and Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean
Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent
Work and Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure, (10) Reducing Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and
Mission "A blueprint to
Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13)
Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) statement achieve a better and
Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals. more sustainable
future for all by 2030"
Though the goals are broad and interdependent, two years later (6
Type of Non-Profit
July 2017) the SDGs were made more "actionable" by a UN
project
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. The resolution
identifies specific targets for each goal, along with indicators that are Location Global
being used to measure progress toward each target.[3] The year by Owner Supported by United
which the target is meant to be achieved is usually between 2020 and Nation & Owned by
2030.[4] For some of the targets, no end date is given. community
To facilitate monitoring, a variety of tools exist to track and visualize Founder United Nations
progress towards the goals. All intend to make data more available Established 2015
and more easily understood.[5] For example, the online publication
Website sdgs.un.org (https://s
SDG-Tracker, launched in June 2018, presents available data across
all indicators.[5] The SDGs pay attention to multiple cross-cutting dgs.un.org/)
issues, like gender equity, education, and culture cut across all of the
SDGs. There were serious impacts and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on all 17 SDGs in the year
2020.[6]

Contents
Overview
Targets and indicators
Reviews of indicators
The 17 individual goals
Monitoring
Cross-cutting issues
Gender equality
Education
 Culture
Implementation and support
Allocation
Costs and sources of finance
Costs
Financing
SDG-driven investment
Communication and advocacy
Advocates
Events
History
Background
Ratification
Reception
Competing and too many goals
Weak on environmental sustainability
Importance of technology and connectivity
Country examples
Asia and Pacific
Africa
Europe and Middle East
Americas
See also
Notes
References
External links

Overview

Targets and indicators

Each goal typically has 8-12 targets, and each target has between 1 and 4 indicators used to measure progress
toward reaching the targets. The targets are either "outcome" targets (circumstances to be attained) or "means
of implementation" targets.[7] The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to
address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly
about how the SDGs will be achieved.[7]

The numbering system of targets is as follows: "Outcome targets" use numbers, whereas "means of
implementation targets" use lower case letters.[7] For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The first six are
outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are "means of implementation targets"
and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.

Reviews of indicators
As planned, the indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed
at the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission in
2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.[8] At the 51st session of the
Statistical Commission (held in New York City from 3–6 March
2020) a total of 36 changes to the global indicator framework were
proposed for the Commission’s consideration. Some indicators were
replaced, revised or deleted.[8] Between 15 October 2018 and 17
April 2020, other changes were made to the indicators.[9]

The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a

current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st
session Statistical Commission in March 2020.[4]

The indicators were classified into three tiers based on their level of
methodological development and the availability of data at the global
level.[10] Tier 1 and Tier 2 are indicators that are conceptually clear,
have an internationally established methodology, and data are Work of the Statistical Commission
regularly produced by at least some countries. Tier 3 indicators had no pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
internationally established methodology or standards. The global Sustainable Development containing
the targets and indicators, July 2017
indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either
(UN resolution A/RES/71/313)
abandoned, replaced or refined.[10] As of 17 July 2020, there were
231 unique indicators.[10]

The 17 individual goals

Goal 1: No poverty

SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere".[11] Achieving

SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030.

The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure progress. The
five "outcome targets" are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction
of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems;
ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and
economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental,
economic and social disasters. The two targets related to "means of
achieving" SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and Homeless man living on the streets
the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all of Tokyo, 2008
levels.[12][13]

Despite ongoing progress, 10 per cent of the world live in poverty and struggle to fulfill basic needs such as
health, education, and access to water and sanitation.[14] Extreme poverty remains high in low-income
countries particularly those affected by conflict and political upheaval.[15] A study published in September
2020 found that poverty increased by 7 per cent in just a few months due to the COVID-19 pandemic, even
though it had been steadily decreasing for the last 20 years.[16]:9

Goal 2: Zero hunger

SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture".[17]
 SDG 2 has eight targets and
14 indicators to measure
progress.[18] The five
"outcome targets" are: ending
hunger and improving access
to food; ending all forms of
malnutrition; agricultural
productivity; sustainable food
production systems and
resilient agricultural practices;
Sufficient and healthy foods should and genetic diversity of
be made available to everyone seeds, cultivated plants and
farmed and domesticated
animals; investments,
research and technology. The three "means of achieving" targets
include: addressing trade restrictions and distortions in world
agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their
derivatives.[18]

Globally, 1 in 9 people are undernourished, the vast majority of whom

live in developing countries. Under nutrition causes wasting or severe
wasting of 52 million children worldwide.[19] It contributes to nearly
half (45%) of deaths in children under five – 3.1 million children per
year.[20]

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy

lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages".[21]

SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28

indicators to measure
progress toward targets. The
first nine targets are "outcome
targets". Those are: reduction
of maternal mortality; ending
all preventable deaths under 5
years of age; fight
communicable diseases;
ensure reduction of mortality
from non-communicable
diseases and promote mental
health; prevent and treat
substance abuse; reduce road
injuries and deaths; grant
universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and
Mothers with healthy children in rural education; achieve universal health coverage; and reduce illnesses and
India deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution. The four "means to
achieving" SDG 3 targets are: implement the WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control; support research, development and
universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines; increase health financing and support health workforce
in developing countries; and improve early warning systems for global health risks.[22]
Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common causes of
child and maternal mortality. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-five mortality rate decreased by
47 percent (from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births).[19] Still, the number of
children dying under age five is very high: 5.6 million in 2016.[19]

Goal 4: Quality education

SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and

promote lifelong learning opportunities for all".[23]

SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators. The

seven "outcome-oriented targets" are: free primary and secondary
education; equal access to quality pre-primary education;
affordable technical, vocational and higher education; increased
number of people with relevant skills for financial success; School children in Kakuma refugee
elimination of all discrimination in education; universal literacy and camp, Kenya
numeracy; and education for sustainable development and global
citizenship. The three "means of achieving targets" are: build and
upgrade inclusive and safe schools; expand higher education
scholarships for developing countries; and increase the supply of
qualified teachers in developing countries.

Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at

the primary school level, for both boys and girls. The number of out-
of-school children has almost halved from 112 million in 1997 to 60
million in 2014.[24] In terms of the progress made, global participation
in tertiary education reached 224 million in 2018, equivalent to a
gross enrollment ratio of 38%.[25]

Goal 5: Gender equality

SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls".[26]

Through the pledge to "Leave No One Behind", countries have

committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, first.[27]:54
SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights, opportunities to
live free without discrimination including workplace discrimination or
any violence. This is to achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls.

In 2020, representation by women in single or lower houses of

national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent
in 2015.[6] Women now have better access to decision-making
positions at the local level, holding 36 per cent of elected seats in local
deliberative bodies, based on data from 133 countries and areas.
Whilst female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) is becoming
less common, at least 200 million girls and women have been
subjected to this harmful practice.[28][6]

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all".[29] The eight targets are measured by 11
indicators.

The six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe and affordable

drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation
and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe
reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies,
implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The
two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water and sanitation
support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in Example of sanitation for all: School
water and sanitation management.[30] toilet (IPH school and college,
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)
The Joint Monitoring Programme of WHO and UNICEF (JMP)
reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely
managed sanitation.[31] Also in 2017, only 71 per cent of the global
population used safely managed drinking water, and 2.2 billion
persons were still without safely managed drinking water. With
regards to water stress: "In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and
Northern Africa registered very high water stress – defined as the ratio
of fresh water withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources – of
more than 70 per cent".[6] Official development assistance (ODA)
disbursements to the water sector increased to $9 billion in 2018.[6]

Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

SDG 7 is to: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and

modern energy for all".[32]

The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030.[33] Progress

towards the targets is measured by six indicators.[33] Three out of the
five targets are "outcome targets": Universal access to modern energy;
increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the
improvement in energy efficiency. The remaining two targets are
"means of achieving targets": to promote access to research,
technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade
energy services for developing countries. In other words, these targets
include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the
share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. This would
involve improving energy efficiency and enhancing international
cooperation to facilitate more open access to clean energy technology
and more investment in clean energy infrastructure. Plans call for
particular attention to infrastructure support for the least developed
countries, small islands and land-locked developing countries.[34]

Progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India, Bangladesh, and
Kenya.[35] The global population without access to electricity decreased to about 840 million in 2017 from 1.2
billion in 2010 (sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the largest access deficit).[35] Renewable energy
accounted for 17.5% of global total energy consumption in 2016.[35] Of the three end uses of renewables
(electricity, heat, and transport) the use of renewables grew fastest with respect to electricity. Between 2018
and 2030, the annual average investment will need to reach approximately $55 billion to expand energy
access, about $700 billion to increase renewable energy and $600 billion to improve energy efficiency.[35]
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic

growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all".[36]

SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030. Some

targets are for 2030; others are for 2020. The first ten are "outcome
targets". These are: sustainable economic growth; diversify, innovate
and upgrade for economic productivity; promote policies to support
job creation and growing enterprises; improve resource efficiency in Solar panels on house roof
consumption and production; full employment and decent work with
equal pay; promote youth employment, education and training; end
modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour; protect labour rights and
promote safe working environments; promote beneficial and
sustainable tourism; universal access to banking, insurance and
financial services. In addition there are also two targets for "means of
achieving": Increase aid for trade support; develop a global youth
employment strategy.

Over the past five years, economic growth in least developed

countries has been increasing at an average rate of 4.3 per cent.[37] In
2018, the global growth rate of real GDP per capita was 2 per cent. In
addition, the rate for least developed countries was 4.5 per cent in
2018 and 4.8 per cent in 2019, less than the 7 per cent growth rate
targeted in SDG 8.[38] In 2019, 22 per cent of the world's young
people were not in employment, education or training, a figure that
has hardly changed since 2005.[37] Addressing youth employment means finding solutions with and for young
people who are seeking a decent and productive job. Such solutions should address both supply, i.e. education,
skills development and training, and demand.[39] In 2018, the number of women engaged in the labor force
was put at 48 per cent while that of men was 75 per cent.[36]

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster
innovation".[40]

SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve

indicators. The first five targets are "outcome targets": Develop
sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization; increase access to financial services
and markets; upgrade all industries and infrastructures for
sustainability; enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies.
The remaining three targets are "means of achieving" targets:
Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing
countries; support domestic technology development and industrial
diversification; universal access to information and communications
technology.

In 2019, 14% of the world's workers were employed in

manufacturing activities. This percentage has not changed much since
2000. The share of manufacturing employment was the largest in
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 percent) and the smallest in sub-Saharan Africa (6 percent).[6] The
intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general
decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth.[6] As at 2020, nearly the entire world population
lives in an area covered by a mobile network.[6] Millions of people are still unable to access the internet due to
cost, coverage, and other reasons.[41] It is estimated that just 53% of the world's population are currently
internet users.[42]

Goal 10: Reducing inequalities

SDG 10 is to: "Reduce income inequality within and among countries".[43]

The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards

targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are
"outcome targets": Reduce income inequalities; promote universal
social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities
and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes
equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and
institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in
financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration
policies. The other three targets are "means of achievement" targets:
Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage
development assistance and investment in least developed countries;
reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances.[44]

In 73 countries during the period 2012–2017, the bottom 40 per cent

of the population saw its incomes grow. Still, in all countries with
data, the bottom 40 per cent of the population received less than 25 per cent of the overall income or
consumption.[6]:12 Women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men. Among those with
disabilities, 3 in 10 personally experienced discrimination, with higher levels still among women with
disabilities. The main grounds of discrimination mentioned by these women was not the disability itself, but
religion, ethnicity and sex, pointing to the urgent need for measures to tackle multiple and intersecting forms of
discrimination.[45] In 2019, 54 per cent of countries have a comprehensive set of policy measures to facilitate
orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people.[45]

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable".[46]

SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured

with 15 indicators. The seven "outcome targets" include: Safe and
affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems;
inclusive and sustainable urbanization; protect the world's cultural and
natural heritage; reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters; reduce
the environmental impacts of cities; provide access to safe and
inclusive green and public spaces. The three "means of achieving"
targets include: Strong national and regional development planning;
implement policies for inclusion, resource efficiency and disaster risk
reduction; support least developed countries in sustainable and
resilient building.[47][48]

The number of slum dwellers reached more than 1 billion in 2018, or

24 per cent of the urban population.[6] The number of people living in
urban slums is highest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, sub-
Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia. In 2019, only half of the world's urban population had
convenient access to public transport, defined as living within 500 metres' walking distance from a low-
capacity transport system (such as a bus stop) and within 1 km of a high-capacity transport system (such as a
railway).[6] In the period 1990–2015, most urban areas recorded a general increase in the extent of built-up
area per person.[6]

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".[49]

The 11 targets of the goal are: implement the 10‑Year Framework of

Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns;
achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural
resources; reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the
retail and consumer levels; achieving the environmentally sound
management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle;
reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling
and reuse; encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices;
promote public procurement practices that are sustainable; and ensure
that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness
for sustainable development. The three "means of achieving" targets
are: support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and
technological capacity; develop and implement tools to monitor
sustainable development impacts; and remove market distortions, like
fossil-fuel subsidies, that encourage wasteful consumption.[50]

By 2019, 79 countries and the European Union have reported on at least one national policy instrument to
promote sustainable consumption and production patterns.[6]:14 This was done to work towards the
implementation of the "10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production
Patterns".[6]:14 Global fossil fuel subsidies in 2018 were $400 billion.[6]:14 This was double the estimated
subsidies for renewables and is detrimental to the task of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions.[6]:14

Goal 13: Climate action

SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and
promoting developments in renewable energy".[51]

The targets cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action.

There are five targets in total. The first three targets are "output
targets": Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related
disasters; integrate climate change measures into policies and
planning; build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The
remaining two targets are "means of achieving" targets: To implement
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; and to promote
mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management.[52] The
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for
negotiating the global response to climate change.

The decade between 2010 - 2019 was the warmest decade recorded
in history. Currently climate change is affecting the global community
in each country of the world. Its impact affects not only national
economies, but also lives and livelihoods, especially those in vulnerable conditions.[53] By 2018, climate
change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts,
hurricanes and floods, affecting more than 39 million of people.[54] Over the period 2000–2018, green house
emissions of developed countries and economies in transitions have declined by 6.5%. The emissions of the
developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013.[55] In 2019, at least 120 of 153
developing countries had undertaken activities to formulate and implement national adaptation plans.

Goal 14: Life below water

SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development".[56]

The first ten targets are "outcome targets": Reduce marine pollution;
protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable
fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas; end subsidies contributing
to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of
marine resources. The last three targets are "means of achieving"
targets: To increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for
ocean health; support small scale fishers; implement and enforce
international sea law.[57]

The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-

scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources.[6] One
of the key drivers of global overfishing is illegal fishing. It threatens
marine ecosystems, puts food security and regional stability at risk,
and is linked to major human rights violations and even organized SDG 14: Life below water
crime.[58] Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act
concurrently with ocean acidification and constitute the "deadly trio"
of climate change pressures on the marine environment.[59]

Goal 15: Life on land

SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss".[60]

The nine "outcome targets" include: Conserve and restore terrestrial

and freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation and restore degraded
forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure Nusa Lembongan Reef
conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural
habitats; protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the
benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in
water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three "means of
achieving targets" include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and
biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking.

The proportion of forest area fell, from 31.9 per cent of total land area in 2000 to 31.2 per cent in 2020,
representing a net loss of nearly 100 million ha of the world's forests.[6] This was due to decreasing forest area
decreased in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern Asia, driven by land conversion to
agriculture.[61] Desertification affects as much as one-sixth of the world's population, 70% of all drylands, and
one-quarter of the total land area of the world. It also leads to
spreading poverty and the degradation of billion hectares of
cropland.[62] A report in 2020 stated that globally, the species
extinction risk has worsened by about 10 per cent over the past three
decades.[6]

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels".[63]

The goal has ten "outcome targets": Reduce violence; protect children
from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence; promote the rule of
law and ensure equal access to justice; combat organized crime and
illicit financial and arms flows, substantially reduce corruption and
bribery; develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions;
ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making;
strengthen the participation in global governance; provide universal
legal identity; ensure public access to information and protect
fundamental freedoms. There are also two "means of achieving
targets": Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and
combat crime and terrorism; promote and enforce non-discriminatory
laws and policies.[64]

With more than a quarter of children under 5 unregistered worldwide

as of 2015, about 1 in 5 countries will need to accelerate progress to
achieve universal birth registration by 2030.[65] Data from 38
countries over the past decade suggest that high-income countries have the lowest prevalence of bribery (an
average of 3.7 per cent), while lower-income countries have high levels of bribery when accessing public
services (22.3 per cent).[6]

Goal 17: Partnership for the goals

SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development".[66] This goal has 19 outcome targets and 24 indicators. Increasing international cooperation is
seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals.[67] Goal 17 is included to assure that countries and
organizations cooperate instead of compete. Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to share knowledge,
expertise, technology, and financial support is seen as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The goal
encompasses improving north–south and South-South cooperation, and public-private partnerships which
involve civil societies are specifically mentioned.[68]

With US$5 trillion to $7 trillion in annual investment required to achieve the SDGs, total official development
assistance reached US$147.2 billion in 2017. This, although steady, is below the set target.[69] In 2016, six
countries met the international target to keep official development assistance at or above 0.7 percent of gross
national income.[69] Humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters have continued to demand
more financial resources and aid. Even so, many countries also require official development assistance to
encourage growth and trade.[69]

Monitoring
The UN High-Level Political
Forum on Sustainable
Development (HLPF) is the annual
space for global monitoring of the
SDGs, under the auspices of the
United Nations economic and
Social Council. In July 2020 the
meeting took place online for the
first time due to the COVID-19
pandemic. The theme was
"Accelerated action and
transformative pathways: realizing
the decade of action and delivery World map showing countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs (in
for sustainable development" and a dark blue) and those with the greatest remaining challenges (in the lightest
ministerial declaration was shade of blue) in 2018.[70]
adopted. [6]

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations
Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.[6]

The online publication SDG-Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all available
indicators.[5] It relies on the Our World in Data database and is also based at the University of Oxford.[71][72]
The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is making progress towards the SDGs.[73] It
aims to make the data on the 17 goals available and understandable to a wide audience.[74]

The website "allows people around the world to hold their governments accountable to achieving the agreed
goals".[71] The SDG-Tracker highlights that the world is currently (early 2019) very far away from achieving
the goals.

The Global "SDG Index and Dashboards Report" is the first publication to track countries' performance on all
17 Sustainable Development Goals.[75] The annual publication, co-produced by Bertelsmann Stiftung and
SDSN, includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges for each country in terms of implementing
the SDGs. The publication features trend analysis to show how countries performing on key SDG metrics
have changed over recent years in addition to an analysis of government efforts to implement the SDGs.

Cross-cutting issues
To achieve sustainable development, three sectors need to come
together. The economic, socio-political, and environmental sectors
are all critically important and interdependent.[76] Progress will
require multidisciplinary and trans-disciplinary research across all
three sectors. This proves difficult when major governments fail to
support it.[76]

According to the UN, the target is to reach the community farthest

behind. Commitments should be transformed into effective actions
Young people holding SDG banners in
requiring a correct perception of target populations. However,
Lima, Peru
numerical and non-numerical data or information must address all
vulnerable groups such as children, elderly folks, persons with
disabilities, refugees, indigenous peoples, migrants, and internally-
displaced persons.[77]
Gender equality

The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women's empowerment and
gender equality are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The SDGs look to policy makers as well as private
sector executives and board members to work toward gender equality.[78][79] Statements from diverse sources,
such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women and the World
Pensions Forum, have noted that investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies.
National and global development investments in women and girls often exceed their initial scope.[80]

Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG framework by ensuring that as much sex-disaggregated
data as possible are collected.[81]:11

Education

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of the
SDG on education. UNESCO promotes the Global Citizenship Education (GCED) as a complementary
approach.[82] At the same time, it is important to emphasize ESD's importance for all the other 16 SDGs. With
its overall aim to develop cross-cutting sustainability competencies in learners, ESD is an essential contribution
to all efforts to achieve the SDGs. This would enable individuals to contribute to sustainable development by
promoting societal, economic and political change as well as by transforming their own behavior.[83]

Culture

Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s
cultural and natural heritage"). However, culture is seen as a cross-cutting theme because it impacts several
SDGs.[81] For example, culture plays a role in SDGs related to:[81]:2

environment and resilience (Targets 11.4 Cultural & natural heritage, 11.7 Inclusive public
spaces, 12.b Sustainable tourism management, 16.4 Recovery of stolen assets),
prosperity and livelihoods (Targets 8.3 Jobs, entrepreneurship & innovation; 8.9 Policies for
sustainable tourism),
knowledge and skills,
inclusion and participation (Targets 11.7 Inclusive public spaces, 16.7 Participatory decision-
making).

Implementation and support

Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. This process
can also be called "Localizing the SDGs". Individual people,
universities, governments, institutions and organizations of all kinds
work are working separately but one or more goals at the same
time.[84] Individual governments must translate the goals into national
legislation, develop a plan of action, and establish their own budget.
However, at the same time, they must be open to and actively
searching for partners. Coordination at the international level is
Boeing 787 of XiamenAir uses a
crucial, making partnerships valuable. The SDGs note that countries
GEnx engine which reduces carbon
with less access to financial resources need partnerships with more
emissions and noise pollution.
well-to-do countries.[85]
The co-chairs of the SDG negotiations each produced a book to help people to understand the Sustainable
Development Goals and how they evolved. The books are: "Negotiating the Sustainable Development Goals:
A transformational agenda for an insecure world" by Ambassador David Donoghue, Felix Dodds and Jimena
Leiva and "Transforming Multilateral Diplomacy: The Inside Story of the Sustainable Development Goals" by
Macharia Kamau, David O'Connor and Pamela Chasek.

A 2018 study in the journal Nature found that while "nearly all African countries demonstrated improvements
for children under 5 years old for stunting, wasting, and underweight... much, if not all of the continent will
fail to meet the Sustainable Development Goal target—to end malnutrition by 2030".[86]

Allocation

In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published. Three came from the United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA),[87][88] one from the Bertelsmann Foundation and
one from the European Union.[89][90] According to a review of the five reports in a synopsis, the allocation of
the Goals and themes by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, the allocation was the following:[91]

Allocation of the Goals and their major themes in five leading

SDG reports 2019[91]

SDG Topic Rank Average Rank Mentions[Note 1]

Health 1 3.2 1814
Energy 1328
Climate 2 4.0 1328
Water 1784
Education 3 4.6 1351
Poverty 4 6.2 1095
Food 5 7.6 693
Economic Growth 6 8.6 387
Technology 7 8.8 855
Inequality 8 9.2 296
Gender Equality 9 10.0 338
Hunger 10 10.6 670
Justice 11 10.8 328
Governance 12 11.6 232
Decent Work 13 12.2 277
Peace 14 12.4 282
Clean Energy 15 12.6 272
Life on Land 16 14.4 250
Life below Water 17 15.0 248
Social Inclusion 18 16.4 22

In explanation of the findings, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity, Peace and
Social Inclusion were "left behind" by quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind".[91]
Costs and sources of finance

Costs

The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving

the other sustainable development goals will require about
US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called
"pure fantasy".[92] Estimates for providing clean water and
sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as Cost comparison for UN Goals
high as US$200 billion.[93] The World Bank says that estimates
need to be made country by country, and reevaluated frequently
over time.[93]

In 2014, UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at $2.5 trillion per year.[94] Another
estimate from 2018 (by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that conducts the World Social
Capital Monitor) found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require between $2.5 and $5.0 trillion per
year.[95]

Financing

The Rockefeller Foundation asserts that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a
greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts, and
philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift."[96] Large-scale funders participating in a
Rockefeller Foundation-hosted design thinking workshop concluded that "while there is a moral imperative to
achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there aren't drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale
change".[97]

In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD) that
invited to a public dialogue.[98] The top-5 sources of financing for development were estimated in 2018 to be:
Real new sovereign debt OECD countries, military expenditures, official increase sovereign debt OECD
countries, remittances from expats to developing countries, official development assistance (ODA).[95]

SDG-driven investment

Capital stewardship is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG agenda:

"No longer absentee landlords', pension fund trustees have started to exercise more
forcefully their governance prerogatives across the boardrooms of Britain, Benelux and
America: coming together through the establishment of engaged pressure groups [...] to shift
the [whole economic] system towards sustainable investment"[99] by using the SDG
framework across all asset classes.[79]

In 2017, 2018 and early 2019, the World Pensions Council (WPC) held a series of ESG-focused discussions
with pension board members (trustees) and senior investment executives from across G20 nations in Toronto,
London (with the UK Association of Member-Nominated Trustees, AMNT), Paris and New York – notably
on the sidelines of the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly. Many pension investment
executives and board members confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG-informed
investment processes, with more ambitious investment governance requirements – notably when it comes to
Climate Action, Gender Equity and Social Fairness: “they straddle key Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), including, of course, Gender Equality (SDG 5) and Reduced Inequality (SDG 10) […] Many
pension trustees are now playing for keeps”.[100]

The notion of "SDG Driven Investment" gained further ground amongst institutional investors in the second
semester of 2019, notably at the WPC-led G7 Pensions Roundtable held in Biarritz, 26 August 2019,[101] and
the Business Roundtable held in Washington, DC, on 19 August 2019.[102]

Communication and advocacy

UN agencies which are part of the United Nations Development
Group decided to support an independent campaign to communicate
the new SDGs to a wider audience. This campaign, "Project
Everyone," had the support of corporate institutions and other
international organizations.[103]

Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of

communication specialists developed icons for every goal.[104] They
also shortened the title "The 17 Sustainable Development Goals" to
"Global Goals/17#GlobalGoals," then ran workshops and
conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a global
audience.[105][106][107]

An early concern was that 17 goals would be too much for people to
grasp and that therefore the SDGs would fail to get a wider
recognition. Without wider recognition the necessary momentum to
achieve them by 2030 would not be achieved. Concerned with this,
British film-maker Richard Curtis started the organization in 2015
called Project Everyone with the aim to bring the goals to everyone Katherine Maher, Executive Director
of the Wikimedia Foundation, talks
on the planet.[108][109][110] Curtis approached Swedish designer
about "The role of free knowledge in
Jakob Trollbäck who rebranded them as The Global Goals and
advancing the SDGs" in Stockholm,
created the 17 iconic visuals with clear short names as well as a
2019
logotype for the whole initiative. The communication system is
available for free.[111] In 2018, Jakob Trollbäck and his company
(The New Division), went on to extend the communication system to
also include the 169 targets that describe how the goals can be
achieved.[112]

The benefits of engaging the affected public in decision making that

affects their livelihoods, communities, and environment have been
widely recognized.[113] The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations
convention passed in 2001, explicitly to encourage and promote A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs
effective public engagement in environmental decision making. in a thematic pyramid.
Information transparency related to social media and the engagement
of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals
that the convention has addressed.[114][115]

Advocates
In 2019, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed new SDG advocates.[116] The role of
these 17 public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push for faster action on the SDGs.
They are:

Co-Chairs

Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana.

Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway.

Members

Queen Mathilde of the Belgians

Muhammadu Sanusi II, Emir of Kano.
Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, founder of the Education Above All Foundation.
Richard Curtis, screenwriter, producer and film director.
Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, environmental and indigenous rights activist.
Jack Ma, founder and executive chairman of the Alibaba Group.
Graça Machel, founder of Graça Machel Trust.
Dia Mirza, actress, film producer, and UN Environment Program Goodwill Ambassador for
India.
Alaa Murabit, founder of The Voice of Libyan Women.
Nadia Murad, Nobel Laureate, chair and president of Nadia’s Initiative, UN Office on Drugs and
Crime Goodwill Ambassador.
Edward Ndopu, founder of Global Strategies on Inclusive Education.
Paul Polman, chair of the International Chamber of Commerce, vice-chair of the board of
United Nations Global Compact.
Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University.
Marta Vieira da Silva, footballer for Orlando Pride and UN Women Goodwill Ambassador.
Forest Whitaker, actor, founder and CEO of Whitaker Peace & Development Initiative.

Events

Global Goals Week

Global Goals Week is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for
the Sustainable Development Goals.[117] Its a shared commitment for over 100 partners to ensure quick action
on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to global problems.[118] It first took place in 2016.
It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC.[119]

Film festivals

The annual "Le Temps Presse" festival in Paris utilizes cinema to sensitize the public, especially young people,
to the Sustainable Development Goals. The origin of the festival was in 2010 when eight directors produced a
film titled "8," which included eight short films, each featuring one of the Millennium Development Goals.
After 2.5 million viewers saw "8" on YouTube, the festival was created. It now showcases young directors
whose work promotes social, environmental and human commitment. The festival now focuses on the
Sustainable Development Goals.[120]
The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by HF Productions and supported by the SDGs'
Partnership Platform. Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take place every year in
September in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.[121][122]

History

Background

In 1972, governments met in Stockholm, Sweden for the United

Nations Conference on the Human Environment, to consider the
rights of the family to a healthy and productive environment.[123] In
1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on
Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland
Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs".[124] In 1992, the first United The sustainable development goals
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or are a UN initiative.
Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the first agenda for
Environment and Development, also known as Agenda 21, was
developed and adopted.

In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

(UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to
UNCED.[125][126] Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a
preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011.[127] In
September 2011, this idea was picked up by the United Nations
Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference in Bonn,
Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable UN SDG consultations in Mariupol,
development goals and associated targets. In the run-up to Rio+20 Ukraine
there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. At the Rio+20
Conference, a resolution known as "The Future We Want" was
reached by member states.[128] Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and
sanitation, health, and human settlement.

The Rio+20 outcome document mentioned that "at the outset, the OWG [Open Working Group] will decide
on its methods of work, including developing modalities to ensure the full involvement of relevant
stakeholders and expertise from civil society, Indigenous Peoples, the scientific community and the United
Nations system in its work, in order to provide a diversity of perspectives and experience".[128]

In January 2013, the 30-member UN General Assembly Open Working Group on Sustainable Development
Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The Open Working Group (OWG) was tasked
with preparing a proposal on the SDGs for consideration during the 68th session of the General Assembly,
September 2013 – September 2014.[129] On 19 July 2014, the OWG forwarded a proposal for the SDGs to
the Assembly. After 13 sessions, the OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th
session of the General Assembly in September 2014.[130] On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly
accepted the Secretary General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG
process would be based on the OWG proposals.[131]

Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Secretary-General from 2007 to 2016, has stated in a November 2016 press
conference that: "We don’t have plan B because there is no planet B."[132] This thought has guided the
development of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the
future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The SDGs
were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015. The gaps and
shortcomings of MDG Goal 8 (To develop a global partnership for development) led to identifying a
problematic "donor-recipient" relationship.[133] Instead, the new SDGs favor collective action by all
countries.[133]

The UN-led process involved its 193 Member States and global civil society. The resolution is a broad
intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The SDGs build on the
principles agreed upon in Resolution A/RES/66/288, entitled "The Future We Want".[134] This was a non-
binding document released as a result of Rio+20 Conference held in 2012.[134]

The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July 2017.[3]

Ratification

Negotiations on the Post-2015 Development Agenda began in

January 2015 and ended in August 2015. The negotiations ran in
parallel to United Nations negotiations on financing for development,
which determined the financial means of implementing the Post-2015
Development Agenda; those negotiations resulted in adoption of the
Addis Ababa Action Agenda in July 2015. A final document was
adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September
2015 in New York.[135]

On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General

Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled
"Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development".[136][137] This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph
59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated
169 targets and 232 indicators.
Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development
Reception (UN Resolution A/RES/70/1),
containing the goals (October 2015)
The SDGs have been criticized for setting contradictory goals and for
trying to do everything first, instead of focusing on the most urgent or
fundamental priorities. The SDGs were an outcome from a UN conference that was not criticized by any
major non-governmental organization (NGO). Instead, the SDGs received broad support from many
NGOs.[138]

A commentary in The Economist in 2015 said that the SDGs are "a mess" compared to the eight Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) used previously.[92] Others have pointed out that the SDGs mark a shift from the
MDGs and emphasise the interconnected environmental, social and economic aspects of development, by
putting sustainability at their centre.[139]

The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering on the ambitious development
agenda. The current status quo has been described as "separating human wellbeing and environmental
sustainability, failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade-offs, root causes of poverty and
environmental degradation, and social justice issues".[139]
Regarding the targets of the SDGs, there is generally weak evidence linking the "means of implementation" to
outcomes.[7] The targets about "means of implementation" (those denoted with a letter, for example, Target
6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and tracking their largely qualitative
indicators will be difficult.[7]

Competing and too many goals

Some of the goals compete with each other. For example, seeking high levels of quantitative GDP growth can
make it difficult to attain ecological, inequality reduction, and sustainability objectives. Similarly, increasing
employment and wages can work against reducing the cost of living.[140]

A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many, describing them as
"sprawling, misconceived" and "a mess".[92] The goals are said to ignore local context. All other 16 goals
might be contingent on achieving SDG 1, ending poverty, which should have been at the top of a very short
list of goals.

On the other hand, nearly all stakeholders engaged in negotiations to develop the SDGs agreed that the high
number of 17 goals was justified because the agenda they address is all-encompassing.

Weak on environmental sustainability

Continued global economic growth of 3 percent (Goal 8) may not be reconcilable with ecological
sustainability goals, because the required rate of absolute global eco-economic decoupling is far higher than
any country has achieved in the past.[141] Anthropologists have suggested that, instead of targeting aggregate
GDP growth, the goals could target resource use per capita, with "substantial reductions in high‐income
nations."[141]

Environmental constraints and planetary boundaries are underrepresented within the SDGs. For instance, the
paper "Making the Sustainable Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability"[142] points out that the
way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between environmental sustainability and
SDGs. This means, as the environmental sustainability side of the SDGs is underrepresented, the resource
security for all, particularly for lower-income populations, is put at risk. This is not a criticism of the SDGs per
se, but a recognition that their environmental conditions are still weak.[141]

The SDGs have been criticized for their inability to protect biodiversity. They could unintentionally promote
environmental destruction in the name of sustainable development.[143][144]

Importance of technology and connectivity

Several years after the launch of the SDGs, growing voices called for more emphasis on the need for
technology and internet connectivity within the goals. In September 2020, the UN Broadband Commission for
Sustainable Development called for digital connectivity to be established as a “foundational pillar” for
achieving all the SDGs. In a document titled “Global Goal of Universal Connectivity Manifesto”, the
Broadband Commission said: “As we define the ‘new normal’ for our post-COVID world, leaving no one
behind means leaving no one offline.”[145]

Country examples
Asia and Pacific

Australia

The Commonwealth of Australia was one of the 193 countries that adopted the 2030 Agenda in September
2015. Implementation of the agenda is led by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and the
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) with different federal government agencies
responsible for each of the goals.[146] Australia is not on-track to achieve the SDGs by 2030.[147] Four
modelled scenarios based on different development approaches found that the 'Sustainability Transition'
scenario could deliver "rapid and balanced progress of 70% towards SDG targets by 2020, well ahead of the
business-as-usual scenario (40%)".[147] In 2020, Australia's overall performance in the SDG Index is ranked
37th out of 166 countries (down from 18th out of 34 countries in 2015).[148][149]

Bangladesh

Bangladesh, as an active participant in the global process of preparing the Agenda 2030, started its
implementation from the very beginning through the integration of SDGs into the national development
agenda. The SDGs were integrated with the country’s 7th Five Year Plan (7FYP, 2016- 2020) and these were
given emphasis while setting the priority areas of the 7FYP such that the achievement of Plan objectives and
targets also can contribute towards the achievement of the SDGs. All the 17 goals were integrated into the
7FYP. A Development Results Framework (DRF)- -a robust and rigorous result based monitoring and
evaluation framework—was also embedded in the Plan for monitoring the 7FYP. The outcomes and targets in
the DRF were aligned with the SDGs focus on macroeconomic development, poverty reduction, employment,
education, health, water and sanitation, transport and communication, power, energy and mineral resources,
gender and inequality, environment, climate change and disaster management, ICT, urban development,
governance, and international cooperation and partnership.[150]

Bhutan

The Sustainable development process in Bhutan has a more meaningful purpose than economic growth alone.
The nation's holistic goal is the pursuit of Gross National Happiness (GNH),[151] a term coined in 1972 by the
Fourth King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, which has the principal guiding philosophy for the long
term journey as a nation. Therefore, the SDGs find a natural place within the framework of GNH sharing a
common vision of prosperity, peace, and harmony where no one is left behind. Just as GNH is both an ideal to
be pursued and a practical tool so too the SDGs inspire and guide sustainable action. Guided by the
development paradigm of GNH, Bhutan is committed to achieving the goals of SDGs by 2030 since its
implementation in September 2015. In line with Bhutan's commitment to the implementation of the SDGs and
sustainable development, Bhutan has participated in the Voluntary National Review in the 2018 High-Level
Political Forum.[152] As the country has progressed in its 12th five-year plan (2019–2023), the national goals
have been aligned with the SDGs and every agency plays a vital role in its own ways to collectively achieving
the committed goals of SDGs.

India

The Government of India established the NITI Aayog to attain sustainable development goals.[153] In March
2018 Haryana became the first state in India to have its annual budget focused on the attainment of SDG with
a 3-year action plan and a 7-year strategy plan to implement sustainable development goals when Captain
Abhimanyu, Finance Minister of Government of Haryana, unveiled a ₹1,151,980 lakh (equivalent to
₹120 billion, US$1.7 billion or €1.6 billion in 2019) annual 2018-19 budget.[154] Also, NITI Aayog starts the
exercise of measuring India and its States’ progress towards the SDGs for 2030, culminating in the
development of the first SDG India Index - Baseline Report 2018[155]

Africa

Countries in Africa such as Ethiopia, Angola and South Africa worked with UN Country Teams and the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to provide support to create awareness about SDGs among
government officers, private sector workers, MPs and the civil society.[156]

In Cape Verde, the government received support from the UNDP to convene an international conference on
SDGs in June 2015. This contributed to the worldly discussions on the specific needs of Small Island
Developing States in the view of the new global agenda on sustainable development. In the UN country team
context, the government received support from UNDP to develop a roadmap (a plan) to place SDGs at the
middle of its national development planning processes.[156]

In Liberia, the government received support from UNDP to develop a roadmap to domesticate the AU
Agenda 2063 and 2030 Agenda into the country's next national development plan. Outlines from the roadmap
are steps to translate the Agenda 2063 and the SDGs into policies, plans and programs whiles considering the
country is a Fragile State and applies the New Deal Principles.[156]

Uganda was also claimed to be one of the first countries to develop its 2015/16-2019/20 national development
plan in line with SDGs. It was estimated by its government that about 76% of the SDGs targets were reflected
in the plan and was adapted to the national context. The UN Country Team was claimed to have supported the
government to integrate the SDGs.[156]

In Mauritania, the Ministry for the Economy and Finances received support from the UNDP to convene
partners such as NGOs, government agencies, other ministries and the private sector in the discussion for
implementing of the SDGs in the country, in the context of the UN Country Team. A national workshop was
also supported by the UNDP to provide the methodology and tools for mainstreaming the SDGs into the
country's new strategy.[156]

The government of countries such as Togo, Sierra Leone, Madagascar and Uganda were claimed to have
volunteered to conduct national reviews of their implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Support from UNDP
was received to prepare their respective reports presented at the UN High-Level Political Forum. It was held
during 11–20 July 2016 in New York in the United States. This forum was the UN global platform to review
and follow up the SDGs and 2030 Agenda. It is said to provide guidance on policy to countries for
implementing the goals.[156]

Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the countries that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2017 & 2020 on the
implementation of the SDGs at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). In 2020,
Nigeria ranked 160 on the 2020 world's SDG Index.[157] The government affirmed that Nigeria’s current
development priorities and objectives are focused on achieving the SDGs.[158]

Ghana

Ghana aims to align its development priorities in partnership with CSOs and the private sector to achieve the
SDGs in Ghana together.[159]
Europe and Middle East

Baltic nations, via the Council of the Baltic Sea States, have created the Baltic 2030 Action Plan.[160]

The World Pensions Forum has observed that the UK and European Union pension investors have been at the
forefront of ESG-driven (Environmental, Social and Governance) asset allocation at home and abroad and
early adopters of "SDG-centric" investment practices.[79]

Iran

In December 2016 the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran held a special ceremony announcing a
national education initiative that was arranged by the UNESCO office in Iran to implement the educational
objectives of this global program. The announcement created a stir among politicians and Marja' in the
country.[161]

Lebanon

Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review
VNR in 2018 at the High Level Political Forum in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese
Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country.[162] In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance
in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.[163]

United Kingdom

The UK's approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030: Delivering the Global Goals,
developed by the Department for International Development.[164] In 2019, the Bond network analyzed the
UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[165] The Bond report highlights crucial
gaps where attention and investment are most needed. The report was compiled by 49 organizations and 14
networks and working groups.

Americas

United States

193 governments including the United States ratified the SDGs. However, the UN reported minimal progress
after three years within the 15-year timetable of this project. Funding remains trillions of dollars short. The
United States stand last among the G20 nations to attain these Sustainable Development Goals and 36th
worldwide.[166]

See also
Education 2030 Agenda
Planetary management
Social Progress Index
Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition

Notes
 1. While the total ranking results on the average ranking in five different reports, the number of
mentions is not identical with the average ranking.

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External links
Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals (http Wikipedia's health care articles can
s://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-dev be viewed offline with the Medical
elopment-goals/) Wikipedia app.

UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform –

The SDGs (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs)
"Global Goals" Campaign (http://www.globalgoals.org) Campaign on the SDGs published by
Project Everyone
The UN SDG Action Campaign (https://sdgactioncampaign.org)
Research Guide on the Sustainable Development Goals, by the United Nations Library at
Geneva (http://libraryresources.unog.ch/sdgs)
Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/d
atabase/)
SDG-Tracker.org (https://sdg-tracker.org/) – Visualized tracking of progress towards the SDGs
SDG Pathfinder (https://sdg-pathfinder.org/) – Explore content on SDGs from six international
organizations (powered by the OECD)
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – Resolution adopted
by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015 (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/d/d5/N1529189.pdf)

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