Assignment

Class: First Year

Subject Basic Mechanical Engineering
Topic: Mechanical Power Transmission
Group Members: Muhammad furqan Uddin khan (EE-067)
Syed Muhammad Ismail (EE-059)
Naresh Kumar (EE-108)
Contents
Introduction to power transmission...............................................................................................................................3
Types of Power Transmission.........................................................................................................................................3
MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION:-.........................................................................................................................3
Machine Elements:-........................................................................................................................................................3
 Machine Element used for holding components:-.................................................................................................4
 Machine elements used for transmitting the power:-...........................................................................................4
 Machine elements used for support of other components:-.................................................................................4
Diagram of Mechanical System:-....................................................................................................................................5
Shaft:-..............................................................................................................................................................................5
Types of Shafts:-..............................................................................................................................................................6
Applications:-..................................................................................................................................................................6
Coupling:-........................................................................................................................................................................7
Types of coupling:-..........................................................................................................................................................7
Flexible Coupling:-...........................................................................................................................................................8
Elastomeric Coupling (Tyre coupling):-...........................................................................................................................8
Application:-....................................................................................................................................................................9
Bearings:-......................................................................................................................................................................11
Types of Bearings:-........................................................................................................................................................11
CHAINS:-........................................................................................................................................................................15
Types of chains:-...........................................................................................................................................................15
Applications of Chains:-................................................................................................................................................17
Benefits of Chains:-.......................................................................................................................................................17
Pulleys:-.........................................................................................................................................................................18
Types of pulleys:-..........................................................................................................................................................18
Diagram of Types of Pulleys:-.......................................................................................................................................19
Uses of Pulleys.....................................................................................................................................................19
Flywheels:-....................................................................................................................................................................20
What is flywheel?????..................................................................................................................................................20
Advantages and disadvantages of flywheels................................................................................................................20
Introduction to power transmission

 Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location

where it is applied to perform useful work
 Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time. In SI units
Watt=joules/seconds or newton*meter/Seconds

Types of Power Transmission

 Electrical power
 Mechanical Power
 Chemical and fuels .etc.
Here we will just talk about mechanical power transmission

MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION:-

Mechanical power transmission refers to products used in system with moving parts as opposed to
systems powered electrically. These products include shaft couplings bearings and other drive
components.etc.

Machine Elements:-
 Machine elements is an individual component or a group of components of a machine which
performs a specific function
 Its function may be holding the components together to transmit power or to give support
 Depending upon these function only the machine elements are of following types
1. Machine element used for holding components
2. Machine element used for transmitting the power.
3. Machine element used for support of other components.
 Machine Element used for holding components:-
These type of machine element include nuts and bolts, screw, cotters, key, couplings, pins, rosettes

 Machine elements used for transmitting the power:-

Machine elements like gears, shaft, clutches, brakes, pulleys, belts, chains, and sprocket, are used to
transmit power from one place to another

 Machine elements used for support of other components:-

Machine elements like bearing, axle, brackets, hangers etc. are used to give support to rotating or
stationary members.

 Mechanical elements with Function Description and Applications:-

 Coupling
 Bearings
 Chains
 Flywheels
 Shafts
 Pulleys
Diagram of Mechanical System:-
Shaft:-
A shaft is a rotating member/machine element, which is used to transmit
power from one place to another.in order to transfer the power from one
shaft to another the various member such as pulleys,gears,crank etc. are
mounted on it .These members are mounted on the shaft by means of keys or
splines.
Types of Shafts:-
They are mainly classified into two types.

 Transmission shafts:- are used to transmit power between the source and the
machine absorbing power; e.g. counter shafts and line shaft.
 Machine shafts:- are the integral part of the machine itself; e.g. Crankshaft etc.

Applications:-
Coupling:-
Coupling is a device use to connect two shafts together at their ends for
the purpose of transmitting power

Types of coupling:-
Rigid Coupling:-
 Rigid coupling is used when precise shaft alignment is required
 Simple in design and are more rugged.
 Generally able to transmit more power than flexible coupling
 Shaft misalignment cannot be compensated.

Flexible Coupling:-
 A flexible coupling permits within certain limit, relative rotation and variation in the
alignment of shafts
 Pins(bolts0 covered by rubber washer or bush is used connects flanges with nuts

 The rubber washers or bushes act as a shock absorbers and insulators.

Elastomeric Coupling (Tyre coupling):-
 An assembly of components designed to connect axially oriented shafts in order to
provide power transmission.
 Able to accommodate shaft misalignment through elastomeric materials.

Application:-
 Jaw coupling application:-
The Jaw Coupling is designed to transmit torque while dampening system vibrations and
accommodating misalignment. In this particular example we have a coupling used to
connect a motor shaft to the drive roller of conveyor for Jaw coupling is a good choice for
this application since high accuracy and zero back lash are not requirements. At the same
time Jaw couplings have good misalignment characteristics and can transmit high torque.
 Flexible Coupling Application: Flexible coupling are used to transmit torque from
one shaft to another when the two shafts are slightly misaligned. In this example,
the test fixture is using torque transducer as torque senor for measuring torque. In
this example, the flexible couplings are used to connect the motor and torque sensor
with the work piece. These two couplings need to minimize any misalignment error
since the torque sensor needs to lay as flat as possible. They also need to protect
the sensor from overloading. Major characteristic of the flex couplings are very low
or zero backlash, good torsion rigidity as good lateral and angular misalignment
capabilities making them very suitable for this application.

 Disc Coupling Application

By definition, a disc coupling is a high performance motion control (Servo) coupling
designed to be the torque transmitting element (by connecting two shafts together)
while accommodating for shaft misalignment. It is designed to be flexible, while
remaining torsion ally strong under high torque loads. In this example, the coupling
is used as part of the slide table in the welding station. The coupling connects the
servo motor to ball screws that move the work piece table to the required position or
 positions. The disc coupling used here was recommended to be used with servo
motors due to its low backlash, high torsion rigidity, and good allowable
misalignment and torque capabilities.

Bearings:-
Bearings is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear movement, while reducing friction
and handling stress. Resembling wheels, bearings literally enable device to roll, which reduces
the friction between the surface of the bearing and the surface it’s rolling over when friction is
reduce this also enhance speed and efficiency.

Types of Bearings:-
Bearings can be divided into following types, the differences between types of bearings concern load type and
ability to handle weight
 Ball bearings
 Roller Bearings
 Ball thrust bearings
 Roller thrust bearings
 Tapered roller bearings
 Specialized bearings

Ball Bearings:-
 Ball bearings are extremely common because they can handle both radial and thrust loads, but can only
handle a small amount of weight. They are found in a wide array of applications, such as roller blades and even
cycles, but are prone to deforming if they are overloaded.

Roller bearings:-
Roller bearings are designed to carry heavy loads the primary roller is a cylinder which
means the load is distributed over a large area, enabling the bearing to handle large amount
of weights. This structure, however means the bearing can handle primarily radial load but
is not suited to thrust loads.

Ball thrust bearings:-

These kinds of bearings are designed to handle almost exclusively thrust loads in low-speed low
weight applications. Bar stools for example, make use of ball thrust bearing to support the seat

Roller thrust bearings:-

Roller thrust bearings, much like ball bearings, handle thrust load. The difference, however lies
in the amount of weight the bearing can handle: roller thrust bearings can support significantly
larger amounts of thrust loads and are therefore found in car transmission where they are used
to support helical gears. Gear support is a common examples of roller thrust bearings.
Tapered Roller bearing:-
This style of bearing is designed to handle large radial and thrust loads as a result of their load
versatility, they are found in car hubs due to the extreme amount of both radial and thrust
loads that car wheels are expected to carry.

Specialized Bearings:-
There are off coarse several kinds of bearings that are manufactured for specific applications,
such as magnetic bearings and giant roller bearings
 Magnetic Bearings:-
 Magnetic bearings are found in high speed device because it has no moving parts this
stability enables it to support devices that move unconsciously fast

.
 Giant Roller Bearings:- Giant roller bearing are used to move extremely large and heavy
loads such as buildings and large structural components.
CHAINS:-
A chain is a reliable machine component, which transmits power by means of tensile
forces, and is used primarily for power transmission and conveyance systems. The function and
uses of chain are similar to a belt.

Types of chains:-
Chain can be divided into categories depending on its
Function and the application it’s used for.
This module will focus on Roller chain.

1. Roller chain – suitable for 1000s of applications involving power transmission. Transmission
chain is sometimes called roller or drive chain

2. Leaf chain - for fork truck and other lifting applications.

3. Conveyor chain - for applications where items need to be transported

4. Special Chain - for applications where the chain is required to perform a specific
function.
Applications of Chains:-
There are 1000s of uses, it’s not just for bicycles! Chain is used in virtually
every industry you can name, in applications ranging from food and drink to
mineral processing industries.

Other applications include:

• Timber industry- saw mills and trough
Conveyors.
• Theme park- roller coaster and water rides.
• Sugar - beet conveyors, rock catchers and
Diffusers.
• Oilfield - transmission and mud pump drives.
• Cement - elevators, scrapers and crusher
Feeders.
• Bakery - in baking ovens, bread coolers and
Ancillary conveyors.
• Agriculture - combine harvesters and grain
Elevators.

Benefits of Chains:-
 More accurate than belt drives
 High efficiency (over 98%)
 High power for size
 Unique properties for "inching" applications

 Highly versatile - can be used for power transmission and all sorts of applications for
moving product
Pulleys:-
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a taut cable, supporting shell is referred to as a "block."

A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may have a groove or grooves between two
flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt,
or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove or grooves. Pulleys are assembled to form a
block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also
assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to
another

Types of pulleys:-
 Diagram of Types of Pulleys:-

Uses of Pulleys
There are innumerable uses of pulleys. Some of the most common ones are:

 A pulley system is used in an elevator to pull the weight of 5 people against gravity.
 A gym is one place where one can find a lot of machines using the pulley system.
 Flagpoles on a sailboat or a ship used a pulley system to hoist a flag or bring it down.
 Pulley systems are used in industrial machines across different applications from
production floor to delivery room.

There’s a catch to this brilliant machine. You use less force with a pulley, but you
must pull more because energy is wasted due to friction; when the rope rubs against
the pulley wheels. Nonetheless, it feels simpler and effortless to use a pulley, now
that’s an important thought, isn’t it?
Flywheels:-
Stop... start... stop... start—it's no way to drive! Every time you slow down or stop a vehicle or
machine, you waste the momentum it's built up beforehand, turning its kinetic energy (energy of
movement) into heat energy in the brakes. Wouldn't it be better if you could somehow store that
energy when you stopped and get it back again the next time you started up? That's one of the
jobs that a flywheel can do for you. First used in potter’s wheels, then hugely popular in giant
engines and machines during the Industrial Revolution, flywheels are now making a comeback
in everything from buses and trains to race cars and power plants. Let's take a closer look at
how they work!

What is flywheel?????
A flywheel is essentially a very heavy wheel that takes a lot of force to spin around. It
might be a large-diameter wheel with spokes and a very heavy metal rim, or it could be
a smaller-diameter cylinder made of something like a carbon-fiber composite. Either
way, it's the kind of wheel you have to push really hard to set it spinning. Just as a
flywheel needs lots of force to start it off, so it needs a lot of force to make it stop. As a
result, when it's spinning at high speed, it tends to want to keep on spinning (we say it
has a lot of angular momentum), which means it can store a great deal of kinetic
energy. You can think of it as a kind of "mechanical battery," but its storing energy in
the form of movement (kinetic energy, in other words) rather than the energy stored in
chemical form inside a traditional, electrically battery.

Flywheels come in all shapes and sizes. The laws of physics (explained briefly in the
box below—but you can skip them if you're not interested or you know about them
already) tell us that large diameter and heavy wheels store more energy than smaller
and lighter wheels, while flywheels that spin faster store much more energy than ones
that spin slower.

Modern flywheels are a bit different from the ones that were popular during the
Industrial Revolution. Instead of wide and heavy steel wheels with even heavier
steel rims, 21st-century flywheels tend to be more compact and made from carbon-fiber
or composite material, sometimes with steel rims, which work out perhaps a quarter as
heavy.

Advantages and disadvantages of flywheels

Flywheels are relatively simple technology with lots of plus points compared to rivals such as rechargeable
batteries: in terms of initial cost and ongoing maintenance, they work out cheaper, last about 10 times longer
(there are still many working flywheels in operation dating from the Industrial Revolution), are environmentally
friendly (produce no carbon dioxide emissions and contain no hazardous chemicals that cause pollution), work in
almost any climate, and are very quick to get up to speed (unlike batteries, for example, which can take many
hours to charge). They're also extremely efficient (maybe 80 percent or more) and take up less space than
batteries or other forms of energy storage (like pumped water storage reservoirs)
The biggest disadvantage of flywheels (certainly so far as vehicles are concerned) is the weight they add.
A complete Formula 1 KERS flywheel system (including the container, hydraulics, and electronic control
systems it needs) about 25kg to the car's weight, which is a significant extra load. Another problem
particularly for Formula 1 drivers) is that a large, heavy wheel spinning inside a moving car will tend to act
like a gyroscope, resisting changes in its direction and potentially affecting the handling of the vehicle
(although there are various solutions, including mounting flywheels on gimbals like a ship's compass). A
further difficulty is the huge stresses and strains that flywheels experience when they rotate at extremely
high speeds, which can cause them to shatter and explode into fragments. This acts as a limit on how fast
flywheels can spin and, consequently, how much energy they can store. While traditional wheels were
made from steel and spun around in the open air, modern ones are more likely to use high-performance
composites or ceramics and be sealed inside containers, making higher speeds and energies possible
without compromising on safety.