Generator Exciter & Voltage Exciter

Emergency Diesel Generator The Generator, Exciter, and Voltage Regulation
9.0 GENERATOR, EXCITER, AND through a magnetic field. Figure 9-1 shows
VOLTAGE REGULATION the principles being discussed in this
section. As the conductor passes through
This chapter presents the major the magnetic field, in this case downward, it
components of the electrical generator, the cuts each of the lines of magnetic force
exciter, and the voltage regulator and (flux) which causes a current to be
explains how they relate to the "induced" in the conductor. Because the
development of power by the diesel engine conductor has a resistance, it is known
driven generator unit. from 'ohms law' that the voltage is equal to
the current times the resistance.
Learning Objectives Therefore, a voltage is also 'induced'
between the two ends of the conductor. If
As a result of this lesson, you will be able to: the conductor is connected to a closed
electrical circuit, this voltage would cause a
1. Describe the functions of the generator, current to flow. The amount of current flow
exciter, and voltage regulator. is a function of the voltage induced and the
electrical resistance of the load in the
2. Identify the major components of the circuit.
generator and how they inter-relate.
9.1.2 Induced Voltage
3. Describe how diesel engine output
power relates to the power demands of The actual voltage induced in the conductor
the generator. is determined by the number of lines of flux
cut per unit of time. Two key factors affect
4. Describe the function of the excitation the magnitude of voltage induced.
system and the associated voltage
regulator. • The speed at which the conductor
moves through the fixed magnetic field
5. Identity the major components of the and the strength of the magnetic field
exciter and voltage regulator system. determine the output voltage. This
speed is a function of the rotational
9.1 Generator Principles speed (RPM) of the generator /engine.
As the speed of the engine the
The following is a brief discussion of generator increases, the voltage
generator operation and its relationship to produced also increases.
the mechanical load placed on the diesel
engine. Since the operating speed of the engine
and generator is constant in order to
9.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction maintain the desired frequency, another
method of voltage control must be
Electromagnetic induction, the basic employed.
principle of generator operation, involves
the movement of an electrical conductor • Generator output voltage is most often
Rev 1/11 9-1 of 34 USNRC HRTD

controlled by regulating the strength This is shown in the part of the diagram
(flux intensity) of the magnetic field. labeled 'Start.' As the armature is turned to
This is accomplished by the generator a position 90 degrees from the first, the two
excitation system. The excitation ends of the loop is acted upon in a manner
system monitors the generator output wherein the voltages generated at each
and regulates the magnetic field to end of the loop are additive, as shown in
maintain the desired voltage. As the the '1/4-cycle' diagram. Peak output
load on the generator is increased, an voltage is generated at each cycle point.
increase in current flow causes the As the armature continues to rotate, it
voltage to drop. The excitation system again gets to a position of no voltage
senses this decrease in voltage and generation, shown in the ‘½-cycle diagram’.
increases the strength of the magnetic As the rotation continues, a voltage is again
field to return the voltage to the desired generated. A close examination of the
level. wiring out of the armature reveals that the
connections have become inverted. This
9.1.3 How the generator works results in the opposite polarity of voltage.
Figure 9-2 shows the principles discussed The diagram at the bottom of the figure
above implemented into a machine to shows the resulting build-up and decay and
produce a voltage. In this implementation, opposite polarity build up and decay again
a ‘U’ shaped form is provided with a ‘gap’ through two cycles (two rotations of the
between the open ends of the ‘U’. A coil of armature). The resulting voltage build-up
wire is wrapped about the legs of this form and decay forms a sinusoidal wave that is
to produce a magnetic field across the gap. defined as 'Alternating Current' or AC.
In the gap, an armature is formed by a loop
of wire. The loop exits the armature onto This is the basis for a single phase
two slip rings. The slip rings are contacted alternator. Two other sets of coils offset by
by brushes that connect the generator to 120 degrees and connected to slip rings
the outside electric circuit. An engine or would form a machine to generate 3-phase
some other prime mover is connected to AC power. This is the basis for all AC 3-
the armature causing it to rotate inside the phase generation.
gap. When the ‘field’ coil is energized to
establish a magnetic field/flux in the gap If instead of using two slip rings a single
and the armature is then rotated, a voltage ring that is split into two segments were
is generated in the armature. The slip rings used, as the armature rotated, there would
and brushes conduct this voltage out to be a buildup and decay of voltage as
some load "A." before; but the split slip ring would reverse
the connection on each half revolution.
Figure 9-3 shows a blowup of the armature The split slip ring configuration is commonly
in the gap. As the armature is rotated in its referred to as a 'commutator.' This would
initial position, no voltage is created result in a machine that puts out a pulsating
because the magnetic flux is equal but DC current. By combining a great many
opposite on both branches of the loop. poles and the same number of segments

on the armature commutator, an almost voltage. This is the case when the power
steady DC output would be produced. This factor is 1.0 (unity). The real power (KW) in
is the principle of the DC generator or that case is equal to the apparent power
motor. (KVA). These terms will be discussed later.
When the current is not in phase with the
The AC alternator described above has a voltage, there is a lesser power factor, and
number of problems. The armature and its the KW is less than the KVA. The KW is
slip rings have to handle all the load current still in phase with the voltage, but the KVA
that is produced by this generator. The has shifted slightly due to the shift in the
brushes and slip rings restrict the amount current. This introduced KVAR, and will be
of current that can be handled. To explained later.
eliminate this problem, design and
construction were changed such that the 9.2 Generator Construction
small excitation current now goes through
the brushes and slip rings to the rotating Figure 9-5 shows a cutaway of a typical
armature field. The large AC current generator. The generator consists of a
induced into the stationary stator windings shaft on which is mounted a hub, more
is transmitted to the loads by solid often called the spider. The spider may be
connections. This same principle also attached to the shaft by a press fit, with or
applies to AC synchronous motors as there without keys, or by a flange and bolting.
is little difference between an AC generator The spider has slots into which the field
and an AC synchronous motor. It is a pole pieces are attached. Together, this
matter of what is driving the system – an makes up the ‘rotor’. The rotor assembly
electric motor or an engine-driven usually also includes slip rings used to
generator. convey the field current into the field
windings. These windings are wrapped
This also simplifies the construction of the around the pole pieces. A view of a rotor
generator. These machines very often also and shaft assembly is shown in Figure 9.7.
are called 'alternators' in as much as the
voltage and current are alternating. A The stator core consists of a special steel
three-phase generator/alternator is simply stampings, called laminations, with slots to
three single phase machines interlaced hold the stator windings. The stator core
with one another, sharing the same rotor has spaces between some of the
assembly, with wiring brought out to laminations through which air is force by
connect each phase into the electrical fans on the rotor assembly. This is to
system. The result of the interlacing of the provide cooling for the stator core and the
alternator windings is shown on the voltage windings. A steel framework supports and
trace shown at the bottom of Figure 9-4. aligns the stator core assembly. The steel
framework also usually supports the
The upper part of Figure 9-4 shows how bearings of the generator. Some
the current of each/any phase acts to generators are supplied with two dedicated
produce the power. The left-most diagram bearings, one at each end of the generator
shows the current in phase with the rotor assembly. Others are supplied with

an outboard bearing at the far end of the F is frequency in hertz (Hz)

generator; the engine end bearing supports P is the number of poles
the other end of the generator. N is the generator speed (RPM)
The wiring in the stator slots is grouped in As a short cut, for 60 Hz power generators,
sections. The number for each phase N = 7,200 / P and, therefore, P = 7,200 / N
matches the number of poles on the rotor.
These various sections are wired together All generators have an even number of
around the periphery of the stator. The end poles. An engine running at 900 rpm would
of these groups are gathered together and have 8 poles on its generator to produce 60
brought out to the generator electrical Hz power.
connection box.
9.3.2 Mechanical Loading
Figure 9-6 shows an assembled generator,
ready for installation to an engine. This As the electrical conductors move through
particular machine has a shaft driven the magnetic field of the generator, an
exciter unit, the smaller diameter cylinder opposing magnetic field is created around
shown on the end of the generator. the conductors. This opposing field resists
Figures 9-6 through Figure 9-22 show the movement of the conductors through
various parts and aspects of the assembly the generator magnetic field. The physical
of the parts of the generator. force, or power, provided by the diesel
engine must be sufficient to overcome the
9.3 Generator Terminology resistance of the opposing field in order to
achieve the desired voltage and frequency.
9.3.1 Generator Frequency
As the load on the generator increases in
Another key element in the output of the the form of an increase in current demand,
generator is the frequency. Frequency is a the excitation system increases the density
function of the rotational speed (RPM) of of the magnetic flux by increasing the
the engine and the number of poles current in the generator field. This
(magnetic fields) in the generator as shown increases the resistance to movement of
in the following equation. As the operating the conductors through the field. As a
speed of the engine and generator is result, the generator induced voltage
reduced, the number of poles must be decreases momentarily until the excitation
increased to achieve 60 hertz. An EDG system compensates to return the voltage
operating at 450 RPM would require twice to its previous level. Since the load was
as many poles as a unit operating at 900 increased with relatively constant voltage,
RPM. Once designed, the number of poles the output current (and hence, output
in an alternating current (AC) machine is power) of the generator must increase.
fixed. This power demand is also felt on the
diesel engine which is trying to maintain the
· speed constant as the load from the
120 generator increases.

9.4 Generator Control sequencing system while maintaining

voltage above a minimum of 75% of the
Alternating current (AC) generators of this nominal voltage (25% voltage dip). The
type are driven by high horsepower diesel EDG Voltage Regulator is essential to
engines in nuclear applications, which correct the EDG output voltage. It is
require stable and accurate means of powered from a class 1E power supply and
control. Licensee Technical Specifications is tested for satisfactory operation during
stipulate voltage and frequency limits periodic EDG surveillance testing. If the
during fast start, sequential loading, load Voltage Regulator is inoperable, the EDG is
rejection testing, and normal operation. For inoperable.
a generic EDG, typical voltage and
frequency limits are 4160 + 420 volts (10%) The generator exciter varies the strength of
and 60 + 1.2 Hz (2%) respectively. the generator rotor field current, either
automatically during auto-sequencing or
9.4.1 Frequency Control manually from the control room or EDG
control cabinet.
Generator frequency control is
accomplished by the engine governor The generic plant FSAR specifies governor
sensing speed changes from the desired and voltage regulator comparison test-ing
speed set point. The governor then adjusts (bench-marking) to demonstrate acceptable
the fuel to the engine as required to keep performance of both subsystems when
the engine operating at the desired (set experiencing major load changes. This
point) speed. testing is incorporated into Technical
Specification surveillance items.
9.4.2 Voltage Control
9.4.3 Generator Rating
Large AC generators commonly use a
combination Exciter-Voltage Regulation For discussion involving the EDG electrical
system to maintain generator field current characteristics and electrical load, several
under varying electrical loads. The basic parameters associated with AC machines
voltage regulation system is designed to are defined. These include real power,
automatically regulate generator output reactive power, apparent power, and power
terminal voltage within close tolerances of a factor.
specified value. The generic regulation
system is a 'closed loop' feedback system Generators are normally rated by the KVA
in which generator output voltage is they are designed to produce. This is
automatically compared to a reference normally at a power factor of 0.8 per NEMA
voltage. The error signal is used to change 1 standards. Sometimes, the generator is
generator excitation. The excitation is rated in KW, but then the power factor must
discussed in more detail in section 9.5. also be stated.
The generic EDG must be capable of 9.4.3.1 Real Power -- KW

accepting loads assigned by the auto

Real power in an alternating current (AC) 1000 for KA or 1,000,000 for MVA.
system refers to the true electrical power
that is converted to mechanical energy 9.4.3.4 Power Factor
such as a motor driving a pump. This
power is measured in watts or kilowatts Power factor is the ratio of Real Power
(kW) (or mega-watts - MW) for large (KW) to Apparent Power (KVA). It is a
electrical systems. measure of the utilization of the input power
of a system or equipment. A typical power
9.4.3.2 Reactive Power -- KVAR factor for the rating of the generator, per
NEMA standards, is for a power factor of
Most electrical systems that undergo 0.8 (80%).
changes of voltage or current have either
capacitance or inductance. In a DC For example, the generic plant FSAR
system, these are only important during a specifies that the standby EDG be rated at
significant change. Because AC power is 4000 KW. To provide this real power input
continually changing (the voltage is and generate enough 'magnetizing' power
sinusoidal), the inductance and/or for the generator rotor and stator, the
capacitance become more important. generator is rated at an apparent power of
Electrical power is needed in AC machinery 5000 KVA.
(motors, generators, and transformers) to
create the magnetic fields and voltage 9.4.3.5 Relationship between KW, KVA,
induction that enable these machines to KVAR, and Power Factor
operate. This ‘magnetizing’ power, which is
‘stored’ energy in the AC system, is There is a relationship between the KW,
reactive power. The current component of KVA, KVAR, and Power Factor that allows
this power acts at 90 degrees from the real us to calculate any one, knowing at least
power (KW). Reactive power is measured two others. That relationship is described
in volt-amperes-reactive or VARs. For high by the following formulae:
voltage systems, reactive power may be
measured in kilo-VARs or mega-VARs
(KVAR or MVAR)
9.4.3.3 Apparent Power -- KVA
As its name implies, apparent power is the For power factor in percent, multiply the
power that is ‘apparently’ required to be decimal value by 100.
input or drawn from the AC system.
Apparent power is volt-amperes, kilovolt- Note that the relationships between KW,
amperes, or megavolt-amperes (VA, KVA KVAR, and KVA is the same as that for any
or MVA). It is determined by multiplying the right triangle – The Pythagorean theorem.
voltage times the amperes times the
square root of three for 3-phase electrical Also, note that the triangular relationship
systems and then dividing the result by between the three factors can be solved if

any two are known. This also includes the result of generator, exciter, and voltage
power factor in as much as the power regulator characteristics and response.
factor gives the relationship (ratio) between The frequency dip is a result of engine and
the KW and KVA. So knowing KW or KVA governor characteristics and response.
and the Power Factor, one can get the The engine knows nothing of the KVAR
other and from that the third. loading except as that may influence the
efficiency of the generator and its
KW is usually measured and displayed on relationship to the engine.
a meter. KVA can be obtained by taking
the voltage (average for the 3 phases) and The KW loading on the generator is
the current (average for the 3 phases), converted to the engine Horsepower
multiplying them together, and then required using the following relationship:
multiplying that result by the square root of
3 (1.73) for a three-phase power system,
then dividing by 1000 to get the kilo-VA. ·
. %
KVAR may be displayed on a meter as well
as Power Factor being displayed.
9.5 Excitation and Voltage Regulation
There is no means of directly measuring
Every power generation system requires
KVAR or PF other than special meters for
some means of controlling the voltage
that purpose or by calculation using the
and/or current produced by the machine.
above formulas. The Power factor meter is
The output of a generator is normally
the least accurate of any of the electrical
controlled by controlling the current in the
parameter meters. It is far more accurate to
field of the generator, the speed being
solve the triangular relationship between
constant for a set frequency. Various
KW and KVA as shown in paragraph
excitation systems are possible and all
9.4.3.4.
usually include some system of sensing
and controlling the generator output
It is convenient at this point to emphasize a
voltage.
principle that applies to all engine driven
generator systems.
9.5.1 Types of Excitation Systems
• THE GOVERNOR ON THE ENGINE
Excitation systems vary from the very
CONTROLS OR RESPONDS TO THE
simplest to rather complex systems. The
KW LOADING ON THE GENERATOR.
simplest would consist of a battery to
supply excitation power to the generator
• THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND
field along with a rheostat to control the
EXCITER SYSTEM CONTROLS OR
amount of excitation current, that being
RESPONDS TO THE KVA and
managed manually by an operator. This
thereby the KVAR loading.
system is generally not acceptable;
therefore, some means of automatic
The two control devices are quite
control is desired. It may consist of
independent otherwise. Voltage dip is a
automating the rheostat such as the old

Westinghouse rocking arm Silver Stat Most excitation systems used at nuclear
design. It worked; it wasn’t fast and had power stations are either the Series Boost
droop in the voltage regulation, but it was (SB) or the fully electronic Static Exciter
simple. Voltage Regulator (SEVR) system. These
are more similar than they are different in
Most modern excitation systems involve most cases, and they will be explained by
electronics in the voltage sensing and explaining the excitation system shown in
regulation and are relatively fast and Figure 9-23.
accurate. Many exciter systems consist of
an excitation generator driven by the The exciter output DC voltage type is fed
engine either directly or by a system of through bundles of slip rings into the main
pulleys and belts. The excitation generator generator field windings.
puts out the power, and a voltage regulator
controls that generator’s field in such a way
that the main generator’s field is under 9.5.2 Explanation of Elements of the
control. Electronic (Static) Type Excitation
System
Many commercial systems use what is
termed a brushless exciter. With a Figure 9-23 shows the elements in the
brushless excitation system, an typical modern electronic excitation system.
alternator/generator is mounted on the end While there are differences between the
of the generator shaft and is driven along Series Boost (SB) and the Static Exciter-
with the main generator. A permanent Voltage Regulator (SEVR) systems, the
magnet field excites the alternator as it basic elements are the same in both
rotates. The alternator output goes through systems. Their differences will be
a diode bridge which converts it into DC explained as each section of the systems is
that is fed into the generator field through explained.
wires running along the shaft between the
alternator’s output section and the main Figure 9-23 shows the generator on the far
generator field. There are no brushes in left with its load lines going to the right, until
this type system, thus the term ‘brushless they finally pass through the generator
exciter’. A control winding is included in the output circuit breaker and on to the loads.
permanent magnet field to control the As each load line exits the generator, it
output of the exciter alternator, and thereby goes through the primary side of a Power
the main generator’s field. There are a few Current Transformer (PCT). The
of these systems at nuclear stations. They secondary side of these transformers feed
are not as fast and responsive as the fully power for excitation into the exciter
electronic system that is discussed below. package. Most of the modern exciter
They are limited in power capability, and systems have these Power Current
their overall response is slow because the Transformers to supply some of the
system has to operate through two sets of excitation current required by the generator
magnetics the exciter alternator and the field.
main generator field.

Properly sized PCTs, supply power for the unit. This is not desirable in the
excitation in direct proportion to the load on isolated 'emergency mode'. The terms
the generator. The generator exciter used on the switching this control function
system requires about 1 to 2 percent are usually referred to as 'unit' (without
generator’s output power. current compensation) and 'parallel' (with
current compensation).
As the load lines continue beyond the PCT
connections, there are connections to a The voltage regulator receives a reference
Power Potential Transformer (PPT). Since signal from the operator or system which
there is no generator output current when tells it the voltage to maintain. This voltage
there is ‘no load’ on the generator, there may be modified by the current
must be some other source of power for compensation circuit if the exciter is set up
generating excitation when there is no load. for ‘parallel’ operation. In this case, the
The PPTs supply the power for generator reference input of the regulator is
excitation when the generator is not loaded. compared to the sensed voltage input. The
voltage regulator’s output is changed to
As the load lines continue beyond the PPT restore the generator output voltage back
connection, there is another PT connection to the reference voltage input.
for sensing the generator output. This is
fed into the Voltage Regulator section as a The output signal from the voltage regulator
sense of the generator output voltage. controls elements in the Power Section of
the exciter system. This section is attached
Beyond the sensing PT connection, there is to the Power Potential Transformers.
another Current Transformer (CT) for Properly sized PTs control the output
sensing the amount of load (via the current, voltage without the need for current
assuming the voltage is constant). This is compensation.
used to adjust the voltage regulator’s
output when the unit is being paralleled to Generally there are two methods of
the grid (infinite bus). In order to control controlling the power section. In the case
the reactive power component of the load of the Series Boost (SB) exciter, the
current when paralleled, the voltage transformers (PPTs) have a third (tertiary)
regulator has to receive some sense of the winding. The PPTs are like normal
load on the system. This is equivalent to transformers if the tertiary winding is not
the droop function in the governing system. turned on. However, if there is current in
This principle is variously called 'current the tertiary winding, it causes the
compensation,' 'load compensation,' transformers to become saturated to the
‘paralleling load sensing’ or ‘voltage droop’. point that the current transfer from the
The function is usually switched out primary of the PPT to the secondary is (can
automatically when the diesel generator is be) restricted; thus, the output current can
in the 'emergency mode.' It is required only be controlled. These transformers are
in parallel operation. If the circuit were left therefore often called 'saturable reactors'.
active in ‘emergency mode’, there would be
a slight change in voltage as load is put on In the case of the SEVR type exciter, the

amount of current out of the power section regulator. That is, all of the power
is controlled by turning on or holding off the generated in the exciter goes to the
firing of silicone controlled rectifiers (SCRs) generator field circuit. There are SCRs that
or similar electronic elements. If a large are connected in parallel with the generator
amount of power is required, the SCRs are field that shunt the proper amount of
fired early in the voltage cycle. If less current around the field in order to control
power is required, the SCRs are fired later. the current that goes through the field.
If no power is required (in the voltage
overshoot situation), the SCRs are not Other than these differences, most exciter
turned on. This is the means of controlling systems are more alike than different, and
the no-load excitation power in such a all contain the basic elements shown in
system. Figure 9-24.
The power from the power section is sent There is generally some feedback from the
over to the rectifier section where it is exciter output section to the voltage
joined with the power from the PCTs. This regulator section so that the voltage
is rectified (converted) from AC to DC regulator can anticipate what it needs to do
(direct current) and sent on to the generator next or if it needs to help stabilize the
field as shown. There is usually a voltage regulator. In most regulation systems
meter and an amperage meter in the field without feedback, the systems tend to turn
circuit so that the field conditions can be all the way 'on' or all the way 'off' and this is
monitored. The generator field can accept not desirable. Therefore, feedback helps
only a direct current supply. The generator the regulator know how much excitation is
acts as a fixed resistance, changed only being put out so it can gauge that against
slightly by its temperature. Therefore, the the error and anticipate that the problem is
field voltage and current are proportional. nearly resolved, et.al.
This is helpful in troubleshooting some
types of exciter/generator problems such These exciters are self-sustaining. That is,
as detecting a short or ground in the they take the power they need from the
generator field. generator output. They require no external
power for normal operation. But that also
There are a number of differences in some means that they will probably not start
excitation techniques that are worth themselves up when required. Therefore, a
mentioning. In the Westinghouse and GE means of starting the excitation process
exciters, the power section output, and the has to be provided. This is done with the
PCT, contributions are rectified separately 'Field Flashing' circuit, also shown on
and joined together in the DC field circuit. Figure 9-23. That circuit consists of a
In the Basler and Portec systems, the battery (maybe the station batteries) and a
power section and PCT contributions are switch. The switch is closed when the
joined on the AC side and rectified after system is signaled to start up (usually upon
they are joined. the engine achieving a certain speed), and
the switch is opened when the voltage
The Portec exciter is a 'shunt' type regulator senses that the generator voltage

has built up to a certain value (usually side of the exciter rotor. It serves to
about 65 to 75% of rated voltage). Inside change the AC exciter output to DC. The
the rectifier section this circuit usually output is fed through a hole in the exciter
includes a diode to block reverse current shaft to the main generator. It exits after
from the exciter back into the batteries. passing through the rear of the generator
Usually, some resistors are included to limit housing and connects to the rotating main
the current available from the batteries generator field windings. There are no slip
because only a small current is needed into rings or brushes.
the generator field to get generation
started. The field of the exciter generator is
stationary. Its housing is mounted onto the
Most of the modern excitation systems rear end of the main generator.
have the capability of putting out an
immense amount of power if needed. To Another alternator may be mounted
sustain rated load may not take much outboard of the exciter generator. This unit
power, but to start a large motor load may would have a permanent magnet rotor,
tax the generator and exciter system. Most usually mounted on the back of the
of the modern exciters are capable of generator shaft. The stator winding of this
putting out about 3 to 5 times (300 to alternator puts out an AC current/voltage to
500%) of the generator’s normal full load a voltage regulator. The voltage regulator
excitation current. This is called ‘field turns that AC input into a DC output which
forcing’. The voltage dip caused by starting is controlled so as to ultimately control the
a large motor is primarily a function of the current into the main generator field.
generator characteristics (specifically the
transient and sub-transient reactances). If the unit does not have this permanent
However, the rate of recovery and a few magnet alternator (PMA), another source of
percent of the voltage dip can be influenced voltage for the voltage regulator must be
by the response and the field forcing provided. In a number of cases, that may
capability of the excitation system. be from a battery. In other cases, it is from
the main generator output (reduced in
9.5.3 Brushless Excitation Systems voltage by a transformer). In this last case,
since the voltage source is not available
A brushless excitation system has the when the EDG is being started, a battery is
advantage of not having brushes to used to ‘flash’ the system until the
transmit the current to the generator field generator voltage has built up to a near
through slip rings and brushes. Figure 9-24 rated voltage condition, similar to flashing
shows a schematic diagram of the typical the field on the static exciter systems
brushless exciter system. discussed above.
The brushless exciter system consists of an 9.5.4 Digital Voltage Regulation

exciter generator mounted on the generator
shaft, usually outboard of the generator The only section of the excitation system
bearing. A diode plate is attached to one that lends itself to digital control is the

voltage regulator. While there are some and output. When it comes to response to
advantages to digitizing the voltage the voltage dip caused by starting large
regulator for the purpose of better voltage motors, that is primarily influenced by the
stability during isolated operation (powering characteristics of the generator and would
the emergency bus), and of controlling not be appreciably influenced by having a
reactive power (power factor) a little tighter faster and more complicated voltage
when in parallel with the offsite power regulator. The more components in a
system, the effect would be small in a system, the less reliable the system
comparison to the existing analog systems. becomes.
The voltage regulator operates basically
from analog inputs and in the case of the 9.6 Generator Output Breaker
Basler Series Boost systems (used at most
plants), the output is also analog, there is Figure 9-23 also shows the main generator
little advantage to inserting digital output beaker at the right end of the
components in between the input and diagram. The generator output breaker
output. When it comes to response to the connects the generator to its Class 1E
voltage dip caused by starting large motors, emergency bus. When an emergency
that is primarily influenced by the start signal is received, the EDG starts and
characteristics of the generator and would comes up to rated speed and voltage. The
not be appreciably influenced by having a output circuit breaker is closed
faster and more complicated voltage automatically. An auxiliary contact on the
regulator. The more components in a circuit breaker provides a signal to the load
system, the less reliable the system sequencer to connect the emergency load
becomes. in proper sequence within a time period of
approximately 30 seconds.
9.5.4 Digital Voltage Regulation
In the event of the unit being started for
The only section of the excitation system surveillance testing, the output breaker is
that lends itself to digital control is the closed manually by the plant operators
voltage regulator. While there are some after bringing the unit into synchronizism
advantages to digitizing the voltage with the offsite power system. The
regulator for the purpose of better voltage operator must closely match the frequency
stability during isolated operation (powering of the generator to that of the offsite
the emergency bus), and of controlling power, with the generator slightly higher
reactive power (power factor) a little tighter than the offsite frequency so that the unit
when in parallel with the offsite power will assume some load when the output
system, the effect would be small in a breaker is closed. The voltage must also
comparison to the existing analog systems. be closely matched but slightly high so that
The voltage regulator operates basically the KVAR loading will be outbound rather
from analog inputs and in the case of the than inbound. A synchroscope is typically
Series Boost systems, the output is also used to bring the unit into synchronizism,
analog, there is little advantage to inserting and the system may also include sync-
digital components in between the input check relays to protect the generator output

breaker from being closed with the unit not phase of this system. There is a like device
synchronized properly. and circuit for each phase, A, B and C.
The circuit includes a device called the 87

9.7 Generator Differential Protection trip relay (differential relay). If the currents
become unbalanced due to significant
The generator requires very little monitoring single phase loading or mismatched
its normal operation. The output voltage, because of some of the generator output
currents, field voltage and current, stator current going to ground or shorted to
temperatures and perhaps bearing another phase, it would cause a current
temperature and oil level would be about through the coil of the 87 relay. If the
the extent of the required monitoring. current is sustained at a level above the 87
However, there is one item that is required relay trip set point, the relay will actuate its
by NRC regulations that must not only be contact. When that contact operates, it
monitored but if such a fault is detected, the puts a current into the latch coil on the 86
unit must be immediately shutdown, not trip device shown in Figure 9-25. When the
only the generator but the engine as well. 86 trip device coil in energized, the latch
holding the 86 trip device handle in the
A system is set up to monitor the currents 'Reset' position is pulled by solenoid action
into the generator on the neutral side and moving the 86 Trip device to the Tripped
also the currents in each phase on the position. Contacts in the 86 trip device
output (load) side of the generator. If one close circuits in the engine and generator
of the phases were to go to ground or if a control systems shut down the engine and
phase-to-phase fault developed, the input shut off the generator excitation system.
and output currents would not match, The 86 trip device must be manually reset
indicating a problem exists within the in order to restore the EDG unit to
protected area of the generator. In normal operating status.
service, the currents in each phase of the
generator are balanced. Prompt shutdown of the generator will
minimize damage to the generator and
To determine that the current going to the could prevent generator destruction from
loads on the generator and the currents prolonged operation with high fault current.
within the generator loop are the same as Prompt shutdown of the engine may
they normally would be, a detection system prevent mechanical damage to the
is set up as shown in Figure 9-25. Note generator and to the engine in the event
that there is a set of current transformers that the generator components expand or
(CTs) installed in the lines into the separate and cause rubbing or seizure of
generator on the neutral side of the the generator rotor within the stator.
generator windings. There is a like set of
CTs installed beyond the unit’s circuit It is important to note that each phase of
breaker which monitor the currents going to the generator is monitored by an 87 relay
the generator load. The diagram shows the and that operation of any of these relays
inter-connection of these CTs for the ‘C’ will cause the 86 device to trip, which shuts

down the generator and engine. Inclusion

of the Generator Differential protection is The generator is subject to stresses due to
required by the licensee’s FSAR and normal currents running through the
technical specifications as required by NRC windings. To avoid undue stresses, there
Reg Guide 1.9 and IEEE 387. This is one are some operations and conditions which
of the two conditions that will shut down the should be guarded against if at all possible.
EDG under all circumstances. The other These add extra stress to the generator
mandatory shutdown is for the engine and may cause the generator damaged or
going into an over-speed condition. Other failure. These fall into two basic
shutdowns may be included only if provided categories, with some items appearing in
with coincident logic. both categories.
9.7.1 Generator Monitoring and 9.7.2.1 Electrical Stresses: (primarily for

Protection the Stator)
A panel for control and monitoring is • High Sustained Currents

usually found in nuclear plants. Various • High Motor Starting Loading currents
meters and relays and trip mechanisms are • Paralleling Out of Phase
mounted on this a panel to give the • High operating temperatures
operator a means of monitoring the
generator’s operation and performance. 9.7.2.2 Mechanical Stresses: (primarily
for the Rotor)
Typically the following meters would be
present: • Dynamic Loading (engine problems)
• Suddenly applied Fault Current Loading
• Phase Current and Phase Volt meter • Centrifugal rotational loading
with phase selection switch. • High operating temperatures
• Field Volt and Amp meters • Paralleling out of phase
• KW and KVA meters • Armature not concentric with stator
(optionally, a Power Factor Meter)
• Vibration (out of balance)
• Synchroscope and Synchronizing Lights
• Out of Alignment.
• Frequency Meter (Engine Tachometer)
The above mechanical stresses may
Typically, the relays and trips would include: involve the engine as well as the generator.
• Differential Fault and 86 trip switch 9-8 Generator Connection and

• Loss of Field and Field Ground Alignment to the Engine (Fig. 9-26)
• Over-current and Over Voltage
• Under-Voltage One of the exercises that students will
• Reverse Power participate in while in this school, is to
• Under Frequency check for crank shaft deflection in the last
crank throw of the engine. Figure 9-26
9.7.2 Generator Stresses shows how a dial indicator is mounted

between the cheeks of the crankshaft at the have the crankshaft straight in the
throws to determine that the crankshaft is horizontal plane.
straight. This procedure for crank
alignment is commonly known as crank Once the generator bearing and the rotor
web deflection or crank alignment. are properly set up to relieve the crank
stress/strain, then the generator stator must
The crank pin journal can be considered to be positioned with respect to the rotor
be of fixed length. If the crankshaft is not position so as to equalize the air gap
straight through the throw, as the between the stator and the rotor. This is
crankshaft rotates, the crankshaft webs go usually done by shifting the generator on
through a bending to accommodate the jack screws and then installing shims under
bend in the crank. This causes the crank the generator feet before tightening the
cheeks to go from being more open to generator to the foundation or the skid.
being more closed, as shown in the lower
left portion of the diagram. The crankshaft The details of how to perform a crankshaft
is attempting to bend in that section shown alignment will be covered in the hands-on
with as 'AREA OF HIGHEST STRESS'. If the exercise.
crank continued to bend or deflect during
each rotation, it could induce high enough
stress to fail over time. It is necessary to
change this situation to minimize the
bending and flexing of the crankshaft
particularly through the last throw.
The lower right diagram shows a situation

where the some of the weight of the
generator shaft and rotor are being carried
by the last bearing in the engine. This
bearing is next to the last throw on the
crank. The upper right lower diagram
shows the bending of the last throw as a
result of the generator rotor weight. To
alleviate this problem, usually the rear
bearing of the generator is raised so that
the generator-engine shaft is straight
through the last bearing and straightens the
last crank throw. While this diagram
exaggerates the actual situation, it is
usually only necessary to raise the
generator bearing by a few thousandths of
an inch.
It may also be necessary to shift the
generator bearing sideways in order to

Figure 9-1 Conductor in a Magnetic Field

LOAD
Figure 9-2 Simple Generator (Alternating Current

Figure 9-3 Single Phase Sine Wave

Emergency Diesel Generator The Generator, Exciter, and Volta
age Regulation
Figure
e 9-4 Three-Phase Generation
Rev 1/11 9-19 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9-5 Cutaw

way of Generator – Identification of Parts
Rev 1/11 9-20 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
Figure 9-6 OP Engine Generator Assembly (under test)

Figure 9-7 Complete Rotor Assembly (coupling end-of-shaft view)
Figure 9-8 Generator Shaft (coupling end view)

Figure 9-9 Rotor Spider (hub)
Figure 9-10 Field Pole Wedges

age Regulation
Figurre 9-11 Field Pole Blocking
Figure 9-1
12 Field Pole with Amortiser
Rev 1/11 9-24 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9-13 Field Wiring to Slip
Figure 9-14 Slip Ring Assembly
Rev 1/11 9-25 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figurre 9-15 Winding Coil
Figure 9-15 Windings Installed in Stator
Rev 1/11 9-26 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
Figure 9-17 Coil Tying and Bracing
Figure 9-18 Lead Cable Terminations

age Regulation
Figure 9-19
9 Complete Stator Assembly
Figure 9-20 Rotor Installed within Stator (note fan assembly & sllip ring
Rev 1/11 9-28 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9-21 Bea

aring & Housing Assembled in Rotor
Figure 9-22
2 Brush Rigging and Slip Rings
Rev 1/11 9-29 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Exciter System Block Diagram (SEVR/SB

Figure 9-23
Rev 1/11 9-30 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9-24 Brushless Exciter System Diagram
Rev 1/11 9-31 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9--25 Generator Differential Fault
Rev 1/11 9-32 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
age Regulation
Figure 9-2
26 Engine-Generator Alignment
Rev 1/11 9-33 of 34 U

USNRC HRTD
HANDS-ON SESSION 10 • Identify the generator frame including its

mounting / provisions for an on-engine
10.0 GENERATOR, EXCITER, AND mounting.
VOLTAGE REGULATION • Show how the generator stator is
mounted within the frame with its power
Purpose leads brought out.
• Show how the generator field pole
The purpose of this session is to pieces are mounted on the rotor and its
complement Chapter 9. mounting to the generator power input
shaft.
Learning Objectives • Identify and discuss the generator stator
to rotor air gap.
Upon completion of this lesson you will: • Discuss air gap functions and
importance of its concentricity.
1. Become familiar with the EDG • Show how the slip rings are mounted to
generator configuration, components the generator shaft and are connected
locations and their functions. to the generator field.
• Show how the brush rigging is mounted
2. Understand the alignment of generator above the slip rings.
shaft with crankshaft and alignment of
• Show the brush holders, spring clips,
the generator rotor within the generator
and brushes and discuss their
stator
alignment, curvature, condition, and
how to measure brush pressure.
3. Understand the need for proper
• Show where the input from the external
connection from external exciter through
exciter is connected into the brush
generator brushes and slip rings to
holders.
generator field windings
• Show the generator outboard (inboard)
bearings and the need for alignment,
4. Understand the need for insulation of
lubrication, and isolation from ground.
generator end bearing from ground
• Show the generator shaft input coupling
to the diesel engine. Discuss the need
5. Understand the need for periodic
for proper alignment and mounting to
inspections and tests of slip rings,
the engine.
brushes, windings, bearing, and
alignment • Discuss periodic inspections and tests
of the generator including slip rings,
brushes, windings, bearings, and
10.1 The Generator alignment.
• Discuss potential problem areas,
Using the EDG generator on the test floor, indications of problems, and tests.
the instructor will conduct the following
training:

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Emergency Diesel Generator The Generator, Exciter, and Voltage Regulation

Rev 1/11 9-1 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-2 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-3 of 34 USNRC HRTD

an outboard bearing at the far end of the F is frequency in hertz (Hz)

Rev 1/11 9-4 of 34 USNRC HRTD

9.4 Generator Control sequencing system while maintaining

The generic EDG must be capable of 9.4.3.1 Real Power -- KW

Rev 1/11 9-5 of 34 USNRC HRTD

9.4.3.3 Apparent Power -- KVA

Rev 1/11 9-6 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-7 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-8 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-9 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-10 of 34 USNRC HRTD

The brushless exciter system consists of an 9.5.4 Digital Voltage Regulation

Rev 1/11 9-11 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-12 of 34 USNRC HRTD

The circuit includes a device called the 87

Rev 1/11 9-13 of 34 USNRC HRTD

down the generator and engine. Inclusion

9.7.1 Generator Monitoring and 9.7.2.1 Electrical Stresses: (primarily for

A panel for control and monitoring is • High Sustained Currents

• Differential Fault and 86 trip switch 9-8 Generator Connection and

Rev 1/11 9-14 of 34 USNRC HRTD

The lower right diagram shows a situation

Rev 1/11 9-15 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figure 9-1 Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Rev 1/11 9-16 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figure 9-2 Simple Generator (Alternating Current

Rev 1/11 9-17 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figure 9-3 Single Phase Sine Wave

Rev 1/11 9-18 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-19 of 34 U

Figure 9-5 Cutaw

Rev 1/11 9-20 of 34 U

Figure 9-6 OP Engine Generator Assembly (under test)

Rev 1/11 9-21 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figure 9-7 Complete Rotor Assembly (coupling end-of-shaft view)

Figure 9-8 Generator Shaft (coupling end view)

Rev 1/11 9-22 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figure 9-9 Rotor Spider (hub)

Figure 9-10 Field Pole Wedges

Rev 1/11 9-23 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Figurre 9-11 Field Pole Blocking

Rev 1/11 9-24 of 34 U

Figure 9-13 Field Wiring to Slip

Figure 9-14 Slip Ring Assembly

Rev 1/11 9-25 of 34 U

Figurre 9-15 Winding Coil

Figure 9-15 Windings Installed in Stator

Rev 1/11 9-26 of 34 U

Figure 9-17 Coil Tying and Bracing

Figure 9-18 Lead Cable Terminations

Rev 1/11 9-27 of 34 USNRC HRTD

Rev 1/11 9-28 of 34 U

Figure 9-21 Bea

Rev 1/11 9-29 of 34 U

Exciter System Block Diagram (SEVR/SB

Rev 1/11 9-30 of 34 U