Detailing of

Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures

١
٢
Detailing of Reinforcement

in Concrete Structures

Volume (I)

Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib

Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

First Edition
2017

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٤
 Introduction
In the past 30 years’ new methods of design and construction and materials
have been developed that required new code provisions., and this has been
particularly true of reinforcing steel. "Detailing of Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures" Handbook provides information about the use of steel
reinforcement when embedded in normal reinforced concrete., Post-
earthquake damage investigation over 30 years have provided valuable
lessons over the importance of reinforcement detailing., For severe
earthquake loading, it is inevitable that neglected details lead to major
problems., The designer must be aware of the importance of proper details
for seismic resistance. In addition, the construction practices so that the
structure is built according to design., This book gives recommendations
for detailing practices related to design and construction of reinforced
concrete structures systems (such as, connections, splices, shear
reinforcement, etc.)., This book presents Detailing of Reinforcement using
the provisions of ECP 203 / 2007., The book is one Volume "Volume (I)"
deals with the provisions of ECP 203 / 2007 Code,Volume (I) divided into
eight chapters: Chapter (1) deals with Properties of materials and the
general requirements for reinforcement detailing in concrete, Chapter (2)
cover the reinforcement detailing of footings, Chapter (3) cover the
reinforcement detailing of columns and shear walls, Chapter (4) cover the
reinforcement detailing of solid slabs, Chapter (5) cover the reinforcement
detailing of hollow block slabs, Chapter (6) cover the reinforcement
detailing of waffle slabs, Chapter (7) cover the reinforcement detailing of
flat slabs, Chapter (8) cover the reinforcement detailing of beams.

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٦
 Acknowledgements

The author wish to express his appreciation to family, wife, friends,

Eng. Esmaeel El Ansary, especially Dr. Hesham Mohamed Helmy
who have assisted in developments of this book by suggesting relevant
changes. The author has received a great deal of assistance,
encouragement and inspiration from practicing engineers and
contractors, particularly those for whom he has act as consultant.

٧
٨
 Volume (I)

Provisions of ECP 203 / 2007

Code

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١٠
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Chapter (1)

Properties of materials and general requirements for

reinforcement detailing in concrete…………………………..….13

Chapter (2)

Reinforcement Detailing of Footings………………………….…35

Chapter (3)
Reinforcement Detailing of Columns and Shear walls…… ...100

Chapter (4)
Reinforcement Detailing of Solid slabs……………………..…124

Chapter (5)
Reinforcement Detailing of Hollow block slabs……….…..…..151

Chapter (6)
Reinforcement Detailing of Waffle slabs…………….……...…170

Chapter (7)
Reinforcement Detailing of Flat slabs……………….….......…178

Chapter (8)

Reinforcement Detailing of beams…………………………….198

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١٢
 Chapter (1)

Properties of Materials and General

Requirements for Reinforcement
Detailing in Concrete

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١٤
1-REINFORCEMENT STEEL

Steel reinforcement bar is also known as rebar, reinforcing bar,

reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel. It is a versatile

constructional material which is widely used in the construction

industry for making of the reinforced concrete. Reinforcement

concrete (RC) is a composite material made up of concrete and some

form of reinforcement – most commonly steel rods, bars, wires or

mesh of steel rods and steel wires. The steel reinforcement bars

usually consist of such shape and size that they may easily be bent and

placed in the concrete so as to form a monolithic structure., The

properties of thermal expansion for both steel and concrete are

approximately the same. This along with excellent bend ability

property makes steel the best material as reinforcement in concrete

structures. Another reason steel works effectively as reinforcement is

that it bonds well with concrete. When steel bars are employed., The

designer needs to determine, not only the amount of reinforcement to

be used, but how it is to be distributed and where it is to be positioned.

These decisions of the designer are critical to the successful

performance of reinforced concrete and it is imperative that, during

construction, reinforcement be positioned exactly as specified by the

designer.
١٥
1.1 TYPES OF REINFORCING STEEL

1.1.1Normal Mild Steel " "

Mild steel is smooth and has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and

easy to form.see Fig. (1-1)

1.1.2 High Tensile Steel " , "

High tensile steel is deformed steel bar for concrete reinforcement is also called

ribbed steel bar. This kind of steel bar usually has vertical rib and transverse rib

on surface. see Fig. (1-2)

Figure 1-1. Normal mild steel

١٦
 Figure 1-2. High Tensile Steel

1.1.3 Welded Wire Mesh " "

Welded wire mesh, or welded wire fabric, or "weld mesh" is an electric fusion

welded prefabricated joined grid consisting of a series of parallel longitudinal

wires with accurate spacing welded to cross wires at the required spacing.

Machines are used to produce the mesh with precise dimensional control and the

product can result in considerable savings in time, labor and money.

see Fig. (1-3)

١٧
Figure 1-3. Welded Wire mesh

١٨
2-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL TYPES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL TYPES
Ultimate
Yield stress tensile
Bar Elongation
Steel type Grade Symbol N/mm stress
surface percent
(min.) N/mm
(min.)
Normal
smooth 350/240 240 350 20
mild steel
High 520/360 360 520 12
Tensile deformed
Steel 600/400 400 600 10
Cold
Smooth or
formed
deformed 520/450 450 520 8
welded
ribbed
wire mesh

3-STEEL BARS WEIGHT, CIRCUMFERENCE, AND AREAS

STEEL BARS WEIGHT, CIRCUMFERENCE, AND AREAS
Diam. Weight
Circum. Area of cross-sec on in cm2
mm Kg/m
6 0.222 1.88 0.283
8 0.395 2.51 0.503
10 0.617 3.14 0.785
12 0.888 3.77 1.13
14 1.21 4.40 1.54
16 1.58 5.03 2.01
18 2.00 5.65 2.54
20 2.47 6.28 3.14
22 2.98 6.91 3.80
25 3.85 7.85 4.91
28 4.83 8.80 6.16
32 6.31 10.05 8.04
38 8.90 11.94 11.3
40 9.86 12.56 12.56

١٩
4-CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT
Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against

corrosion and to provide resistance against fire. The thickness of cover depends

on environmental conditions and type of structural member. The minimum

thickness of reinforcement cover is indicated in the drawings, or shall be

obtained from the relevant code of practice. Below are the specifications for

reinforcement cover for different structural members in different conditions.

4.1 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement to resisting Fire

Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" **

Fire resistance rating 0.5 hr 1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr

Minimum cover for column 20* 20 20 25 25 25

Minimum cover for simple beam 20* 20 30 45 60 70

Minimum cover for cont. beam 20* 20* 25 40 50 60

Minimum cover for simple slab 15 20 25 35 45 55

Minimum cover for cont. slab 15 20 20 25 35 45

Minimum 0.4% << 1% 25 25 25 25 25 25

cover for
wall  > 1% 15 15 25 25 25 25

 = longitudinal reinforcement ratio in wall.

* Minimum cover may be 15 mm, if maximum nominal aggregate not more than
15 mm.
* * Minimum cover for reinforcement related to element dim. And may be
changed according to the aggregate types.

٢٠
Minimum cover must be bigger than the max. diameter of reinforcing steel. For
bundled bars, minimum specified concrete cover shall not less than equivalent
diameter of the bundle, (equivalent diameter "e" for 2 bars bundle = 1.4bar

and for 3 bar bundle = 1.7bar).

4.2 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement according to the

degree of exposure of concrete tension surface to the environmental
effects.

Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" *

All element except solid

solid slabs and walls
slabs and walls
Category

FcuG25 Fcu>25 Fcu G 25 Fcu>25

One 25 20 20 20

Two 30 25 25 20

Three 35 30 30 35

Four 45 40 40 35

* Minimum cover must be bigger than the max. diameter of reinforcing steel.
For bundled bars, minimum specified concrete cover shall not less than
equivalent diameter of the bundle.

٢١
5-SPACING AND ARRANGEMENT OF BARS
Spacing of reinforcement and the concrete cover should be sufficient to make

concreting easier; consequently, the concrete surrounding the reinforcement can

be efficiently vibrated, resulting in a dense concrete cover which provides

suitable protection of the reinforcement against corrosion., Spacing (clear

distance "s") between bars must be as follows: Minimum Spacing for members

with parallel bars in a layer, the clear spacing between bars must be at least one

bar diameter, or 25mm, or 1.33 times maximum nominal aggregate, whichever

is greatest. see Fig. (1-4 and 1-5)., The limitations on nominal maximum

aggregate size may be waived if the workability and methods of consolidation of

the concrete are such that the concrete can be placed without honeycomb or

voids. The licensed design professional must decide whether the limitations on

maximum size of aggregate may be waived., For reinforcement in two or more

layers, bars in the upper layers must be directly above bars in the bottom layer,

with at least 25mm. see Fig. (1-4 and 1-5)., For spirally reinforced and tied

reinforced compression members (e.g. columns), the clear distance between

longitudinal bars must be at least 1.5 bar diameters, but not less than 40mm.

These spacing requirements also apply to clear distance between contact-lap-

spliced single or bundled bars and adjacent splices or bars., Maximum Spacing

in walls and slabs other than concrete joists, primary flexural reinforcement must

not be spaced greater than 200mm.

٢٢
Figure 1-4. Spacing of steel bars (a) one row, (b) two rows and
(c) column with offset corner bars

Figure 1-5. Spacing of steel bars in two rows.

٢٣
6-DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, EMBEDMENT LENGTH AND SPLICES OF
REINFORCEMENT

6.1 Development Length " Ld "

The development length may be defined as the length of the bar required on

either side of the section to develop the required stress (point of maximum

stress) in steel at that section, if this point is in the mid span of the beam then it

can develop on both sides but if the maximum stress is at the end

(like cantilevers) then we need to provide extra length beyond the end support

center line. If this extra anchoring length is straight which is not beyond the

nominal cover of the end support then its same as development length and if this

extra anchoring is beyond the nominal cover of the end support, then it is not

straight bar i.e. with hooks then it is called as anchorage length which is used to

provide full development length. Extra development length is required in case of

bundled bars than that required for an individual bar because the grouping

makes it more difficult to mobilize bond resistance from the core between the

bars.

Development Length Ld shall be determined from equation (1-1).

Ld = Fy / s / (4Fbu) (1-1)

Fbu = 0.3√ Fcu / c N/mm2
Where:
 = nominal diameter of bar.
 = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete below it more than 300 mm and 1.0. for

other cases.

٢٤
 = correction factor for shape of bar end (with or without hooks).

see table (1-2).

 = correction factor for type of bar surface (smooth or deformed).

see table (1-3).

Ld- should not be less than "400mm or 35which bigger" for smooth bar and

not be less than "300mm or 40which bigger" for deformed bar.

Development Length "Ld" can be taken from table (1-1), for  = 1.0 and_

Fcu > 20 N/mm2

TABLE (1-1) Development Length "Ld" as multiplier of  (= 1.0) **

Type of steel

Smooth bars with hooks Fy Deformed bars (straight)

Fcu =240 N/mm2 Fy =360 or 400 N/mm2 *
N/mm2
Bars in Bars in
Bars in tension Bars in tension
compression compression
20 38 35 60 40
25 36 35 55 40
30 35 35 50 40
35 35 35 45 40
40 35 35 42 40
H45 35 35 40 40

* In case of deformed bar ends with hooks Ld multiplied by 0.75.

** The above values should be multiplied by = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete
below it more than 300 mm.

٢٥
TABLE (1-2) values of coefficient

TABLE (1-3) values of coefficient 

Type of steel Bars in tension Bars in compression

Smooth bars 1.00 0.70
Deformed bars  0.75 0.45
Deformed bars within 2 bar bundle 1.10 0.75
Deformed bars within 3 bar bundle 1.20 0.80

٢٦
6.2 Development Length "Ld"for Straight Deformed Bars in Tension Using
Eq. (1-1) in Cm.

Ld = Fy / s / (4 Fbu) (1-1)

Fbu = 0.3√ Fcu / c N/mm 2

s = 1.15
c = 1.5
 = nominal diameter of bar.
 = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete below it more than 300 mm and 1.0 for
other cases.
 = from table (1-2) = 1.00 for Bars in tension.
 = from table (1-3) = 0.75 for Bars in tension.

Table (1-4) shows the values of Development Length "Ldt" for Straight
Deformed Bars Using Eq. (1-1) In Cm *

Fcu Fy  = nominal diameter of bar.mm

N/mm N/mm2
2
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
25 48 58 67 77 86 96 105 120
30 44 52 61 70 79 87 96 109
35 360 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 101
40 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100
45 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100
25 53 64 75 85 96 106 117 133
30 49 58 68 78 87 97 107 122
35 400 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 113
40 42 51 59 67 76 84 93 105
45 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100

* *In case of deformed bar in compression Ldc = 40

* The above values should be multiplied by = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete
below it more than 300 mm.

٢٧
7-REINFORCEMENT SPLICES
Reinforcement splices is not preferable, and must be executed according to

workshop drawing or under engineering supervision, bars must not have spliced

in high stresses zones., Reinforced concrete structures are designed to behave

monolithically. Properly designed splices of individual reinforcing bars are a

key element in transmitting forces through the structure and creating a load path.

The engineer provides location, lap length, and related information on structural

drawings., There are three methods of splicing reinforcing bar: lap splices,

mechanical splices, and welded splices. Lap splices are the most common. Lap

splices are typically used for smaller-diameter method (28mm or smaller)

reinforcing bars., When there is not enough space for a lap splice, mechanical or

welded splices are used.

7.1 Lap Splices

A lap is when two pieces of rebar are overlapped to create a continuous line of

rebar. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade,

size, and spacing.

٢٨
Contact splices in which the bars touch and are wired together are preferred

because they are more secure against displacement during construction. Non-

contact lap-spliced bars should not be spaced too far apart., Where reinforcing

bars of two sizes are lap-spliced in tension, industry practice is to use the larger

of the tension lap splice length for the smaller bar, or the tension development

length for the larger bar. When bars of different sizes are lap-spliced in

compression, the lap splice length must be the larger of the compression

development length of the larger bar or the compression lap splice length of the

smaller bar., Lap splices of bundled bars should be based on the lap splice length

recommended for individual bars of the same size, and individual splices within

the bundle should not overlap each other. The length of lap should be increased

20% for a 3-bar bundle and 33% for a 4-bar bundle. Bar laps should be securely

wire-tied together to maintain the alignment of the bars and to provide minimum

concrete cover. In lap splices, bars may be contact each other or not contact each

other see Fig. (1-6 and 1-7).

For bars subjected to tension forces in flexural, lap splices must be staggered

where the area of spliced bars at any section must be less than 25% of total area

of bars at this section and the distance between the axes of lap splices must not

be less than 1.3 splice length as in. Fig. (1-7). It is preferable that reinforcement

area at splice section equals to twice the required area, and the details in

Fig. (1-7) should be considered. see Fig. (1-6 and 1-7).

٢٩
Length of lap splices (for bars subjected to tension or compression) equals to

development length (Ld), but if reinforcement at splice section is less than twice

of the required reinforcement, in this case length of lap splice is taken (1.3 Ld).

It is not preferable to use lap splices for elements subjected to axial tension or

eccentric tension produces tensile stresses all over the section, in this case it is

preferable to splice reinforcement by using weld (if it is allowed) or mechanical

splices.

Figure 1-6. (a) contact bars, (b) non-contact bars

Figure1-7. Lap splices Details.

٣٠
7.2 Mechanical Splices

There are three basic categories of mechanical splices, "tension-compression,"

which can resist both tensile and compressive forces,"compression only," also

known as the "end-bearing" mechanical splice, and "tension only"., There are

various types of mechanical splices are supplied by a number of manufacturers

across many countries (like Shear Screw Coupler Sleeve and Cold-Swaged

Coupling Sleeve). see Fig. (1-8)., Mechanical splice must resist tensile or

compressive stress not less than 125% of the specified minimum yield strength

of the spliced bars., For tensioned bars, mechanical splices must be staggered

where the area of the splices bars at any section must be less than 25% of the

total area of bars at that section.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1-8. (a) Shear Screw Coupler Sleeve, (b) Cold-Swaged Coupling Sleeve

٣١
7.3 Welded Splices

It is allowed to splice bars by using weld according to standard specifications for

weld at points of interlocking between any two bars taking into consideration

that the axes of the two bars must be on the same line, Weld section must resist

tensile or compressive stress not less than 125% of the specified minimum yield

strength of the spliced bars., Electrical weld is only used in welding the splice.,

It is not allowed to use weld in a distance less than 100mm from the start point

of bar rotation, and the inner diameter of rotation must not be less than

(12 times bar diameter)., It is not allowed to use weld splice for cold treated bars

before using a thermal curing for weld zone., it is not allowed to use weld splice

in structures subjected to frequent dynamic load., For tensioned bars, weld

splices must be staggered where the area of the splices bars at any section must

be less than 25% of the total area of bars at that section.

٣٢
8-STANDARD HOOKS
The requirements for standard hooks for reinforcing bars are illustrated in Fig.

(1-9) shows the requirements for primary reinforcement while Fig. (1-10) is for

stirrups and ties. The standard hook details for stirrups and ties apply to 25mm

and smaller bar sizes only.

Figure 1-9. Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement

Figure 1-10. Standard Hooks for stirrups and ties

8.1 Minimum Bend Diameter "D "

D = 4 (Normal mild steel)

D = 6for Bars Diameter G 25mm(High Tensile Steel)
D = 8for Bars Diameter > 25mm(High Tensile Steel)

٣٣
Table (1-5) Addi onal Length "S mm" to form Standard Hooks

Standard Diameter
Hooks mm
Fy 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
Shape
N/mm2
240 60 80 100 110 130 150 170 180 200 220

360 80 110 130 160 190 210 240 260 290 230

240 70 90 120 140 160 180 200 220 250 280

360 80 100 120 150 170 200 220 240 270 300

240 80 110 130 160 180 210 240 260 290 330

360 90 110 140 170 190 220 250 270 300 340

8.2 Field Bending of Reinforcing Bars

Reinforcing bars partially embedded in concrete are frequently subjected to

bending and straightening in the field., Protruding bars often must be bent to

provide clearance for construction operations., Field bending and straightening

may also be required because of incorrect fabrication or accidental bending.,

Bars partially embedded in concrete must not be field bent without authorization

of the licensed design professional unless shown on the plans, any bend should

be limitedto 90 degrees.

٣٤
 Chapter (2)

Reinforcement Detailing
of Footings

٣٥
٣٦
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF FOOTING
The function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load form the
structure to the underlying soil.
The choice of suitable type of footing depends on the depth at which the bearing
strata lies, the soil condition and the type of superstructure.

1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in footings

For minimum flexural reinforcement in footings, see table (2-1)

Table (2-1) shows the minimum flexural reinforcement values for footings

Fy
minimum flexural reinforcement in footings*
N/mm2

240 0.25% *100*T

360 0.167%*100*d

400 0.15%*100*d

*The minimum bar diameter to be used in footing is 12mm

T = total depth of footing
d = effective depth of footing (T-cover)

1.2 spacing of reinforcement

To control flexural cracking in slabs, the concrete structural standard required

the maximum spacing of tension reinforcement to be limited.

1.3 Reinforcement Detailing of Isolated Footings:

Isolated footings are provided under each column and may be square,
rectangular, or circular in plan. Footing may be flat or tapered. see Fig. (2-1: 2-
6).

٣٧
Figure 2-1. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings subjected to compression force only

٣٨
 Figure 2-2. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift "

٣٩
Figure 2-3. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings " pedestal "
subjected to compression force only

٤٠
Figure 2-4. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings" pedestal -subjected to normal force
and bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension
stresses from moment or uplift "

٤١
Figure 2-5. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings " outer column "
subjected to compression force only

٤٢
Figure 2-6. reinforcement detailing of isolated footings" outer column -subjected to normal
force and bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any
tension stresses from moment or uplift "

٤٣
1.4 Reinforcement Detailing of Combined Footings:

Combined footings are provided to support two or more column loads. These
may be continuous with rectangular or trapezoidal in plan as shown. Combined
footings become necessary under the following circumstances:
* when the isolated footings overlap.
* when the exterior column is close to the property line with the result
symmetrical isolated footing cannot be provided. see Fig. (2-7: 2-8).

Figure 2-7-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings- subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (a) soil pressure, (b)bending moment diagram
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٤٤
 Figure 2-7-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift " reinforcement details
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٤٥
 Figure 2-7-C. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (c)reinforcement details
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٤٦
Figure 2-8-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to compression
force only, (a) soil pressure, (b) bending moment diagram
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٤٧
Figure 2-8-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to compression
force only, (c) reinforcement details
" Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure"

٤٨
1.3.1 The relationship between settlement and bearing pressure
To define the relationship between settlement and bearing pressure. this is
usually done using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks (also known as the
modulus of subgrade reaction, for the subgrade modulus), The interaction
between the slab and the underlying soil may be represented as a "bed of
springs," each with a stiffness ks per unit area, by using this method in the
analysis, reinforcement details will be as showing in Fig. (2-9: 2-21).

Figure 2-9. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (a) springs, (b) bending moment diagram
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٤٩
Figure 2-10-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift "
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥٠
Figure 2-10-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (c) reinforcement details
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥١
Figure 2-11-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings subjected to compression
force only, (a) springs, (b) bending moment diagram
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥٢
Figure 2-11-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings subjected to compression
force only, (c) reinforcement details
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥٣
Figure 2-12. transverse reinforcement detailing of combined footings subjected to
compression force only
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٥٤
 Figure 2-13. transverse reinforcement detailing of combined footings subjected to
compression force only
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥٥
Figure 2-14. transverse reinforcement detailing of combined footings" subjected to normal
force and bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any
tension stresses from moment or uplift"
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٥٦
Figure 2-15. transverse reinforcement detailing of combined footings " subjected to normal
force and bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any
tension stresses from moment or uplift "
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٥٧
Figure 2-16-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (a) plan and soil pressure, (b)bending moment diagram
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٥٨
Figure 2-16-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (c) reinforcement details
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٥٩
Figure 2-16-C. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (d) reinforcement details, (e)transverse reinforcement detailing
(Considering the footing as a beam subjected to a uniform upward pressure)

٦٠
Figure 2-17-A. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift, (a) plan and soil pressure, (b) bending moment diagram,
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٦١
Figure 2-17-B. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (c) reinforcement details
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٦٢
Figure 2-17-C. reinforcement detailing of combined footings - subjected to normal force and
bending moment," top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift "(d) reinforcement details, (e)transverse reinforcement detailing
(the output from finite element analysis using the coefficient of sub grad reaction, ks)

٦٣
 Figure 2-18. reinforcement detailing of trapezoidal combined footings
(a) plan, (b) bending moment diagram, (c) top and bottom reinforcement details

٦٤
1.3.2 Shear failure (corbel type failure) Reinforcement

The detail at the junction of the column on the edge of the foundation need
particular attention. Since the top steel in the foundation is often highly stressed
at this point, large-radius bends may be needed, and care should be taken that
the column reinforcement. it is advisable to provide horizontal U-bars around
the starter bars cage, see Fig. (2-19).

Figure 2-19. details of horizontal U-bars around the starter bars – Edge columns

٦٥
1.5 Reinforcement Detailing of Strap or cantilever footing

A Cantilever or strap footing normally comprises two footings connected by

a beam called a strap. A Strap footing is a special case of a combined footing.
A Strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing close
to the property line to an interior column. see Fig. (2-20: 2-21).

Figure 2-20-A. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing

(a) plan

٦٦
Figure 2-20-B. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(b) section (1-1) reinforcement details
٦٧
 Figure 2-20-C. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(c) section (1-1) reinforcement details, (D) section (2-2) reinforcement details

٦٨
 Figure 2-20-D. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(e) strap beam reinforcement details, (f) transverse reinforcement detailing

٦٩
Figure 2-21-A. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(a) plan

٧٠
Figure 2-21-B. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(b) section (1-1) reinforcement details
٧١
 Figure 2-21-C. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(c) section (1-1) reinforcement details, (d) section (2-2) reinforcement details

٧٢
 Figure 2-21-D. reinforcement detailing of Strap or cantilever footing
(e) strap beam reinforcement details, (f) transverse reinforcement detailing
٧٣
1.6 Reinforcement Detailing of Strip footing

Strip footing, spread footing, continuous, and also known as wall footing built

specifically to support walls and closed columns. These building concrete

footings are placed below bearing walls or closed columns that are located at

both interior and exterior of a structure. see Fig. (2-22: 2-25).

Figure 2-22-A. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing subjected to compression

force only, (a) plan

٧٤
Figure 2-22-B. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing subjected to compression
force only (b) section (1-1) reinforcement details and bending moment diagram

٧٥
 Figure 2-22-C. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing subjected to compression
force only, (c) longitudinal reinforcement details, (d) transverse reinforcement details

٧٦
 Figure 2-23-A. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (a) plan.

٧٧
 Figure 2-23-B. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift (b) section (1-1) reinforcement details and bending moment diagram

٧٨
 Figure 2-23-C. reinforcement detailing of Strip footing - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift, (c) longitudinal reinforcement details, (d) transverse reinforcement
details

٧٩
Figure 2-24-A. reinforcement detailing of wall footing subjected to compression
force only, (a) plan, (b) section (1-1) reinforcement details

٨٠
Figure 2-24-B. reinforcement detailing of wall footing subjected to compression force only
(c) longitudinal reinforcement details, (d) transverse reinforcement details

٨١
 Figure 2-25-A. reinforcement detailing of wall footing - subjected to normal force and
bending moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses
from moment or uplift ", (a) plan, (b) section (1-1) reinforcement details

٨٢
Figure 2-25. reinforcement detailing of wall footing - subjected to normal force and bending
moment " top reinforcement should always be designed to carry any tension stresses from
moment or uplift ", (c) longitudinal reinforcement details, (d) transverse reinforcement details

٨٣
1.7 Reinforcement Detailing of Raft foundation

If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the

allowable soil pressure so small that individual footings would cover more than

about one-half of the area, it may be better to provide a continuous footing under

all columns and walls. Such a footing is called a raft or mat foundation. Raft

foundations are also used to reduce the settlement of structures located above

highly compressible deposits. Since rafts are usually at some depth in the

ground, a large volume of excavation may be required. If weight of the

excavated soil is equal to the weight of the structure and that of the raft, and the

centers of gravity of excavation and structure coincide, settlement would be

negligible. Where complete compensation is not feasible, a shallower raft may

be accepted if the net increase in loads in small enough to lead to tolerable

settlement. A raft foundation may be rectangular or circular and may be with or

without an open.

Differential settlement cause distortion and damage in structures. There are a

function of soil moisture change and uniformity, stiffness of the structure and

soil, and distribution of loads within the structure. Excessive differential

settlement may lead to tilting that can interfere adjacent structures and disrupt

the performance of machinery and people. Differential settlement can cause

cracking in structure, distorted and jammed doors and windows, uneven floors

stairways, Widespread cracking can impair structure integrity and lead to

collapse of the structure particularly during earthquakes. See Fig. (2-26: 2-33).

٨٤
Figure 2-26. relative distribution of soil contact pressurefor rigid mats on cohesionless and
cohesive soils

Figure 2-27. relative distribution of soil contact pressuresand displacements for, (a)flexible
mats on cohesionless soil and, (b) flexible mats on cohesive soil

٨٥
Figure 2-28. reinforcement details for raft foundation – bottom and top mesh - long direction

٨٦
Figure 2-29. reinforcement details for raft foundation – bottom and top mesh
(short direction)

٨٧
Detail (A)

Detail (A)
Figure 2-30. finite element analysis results – Detail (A)
bottom additional reinforcement details

٨٨
Detail (B)

Detail (B)

Figure 2-31. finite element analysis results –Detail (B)

Top additional reinforcement details

٨٩
Figure 2-32-A. reinforcement details for raft foundation – section (1-1) reinforcement details.
٩٠
Figure 2-32-B. reinforcement details for raft foundation – section (1-1) reinforcement details.

٩١
Figure 2-33. details of horizontal U-bars around the starter bars – Edge columns

٩٢
1.8 Detailing of Pile Caps

Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of
the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface.
The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles. Piles are
long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high
bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity The main types
of materials used for piles are steel and concrete. Piles made from these
materials are driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected the pile
caps. See Fig. (2-34: 2-39).

Figure 2-34. details of pile cap, (a) development length, (b) when piles with an allowable load
greater than 200 tons' additional stirrups for pile reinforcement inside caps are provided

٩٣
Figure 2-35. details of pile cap – single pile

٩٤
Figure 2-36. Example - Details of pile cap – (a) plan

٩٥
Figure 2-37. Example - Details of pile cap – (b) side bars

٩٦
 (*) top reinforcement details to carry any tension stresses from moment or uplift
(**) top reinforcement details in case "no tension stresses from moment or uplift"

Figure 2-38. Example –Sec 1-1 – (c) Reinforcement Details

٩٧
 (*) top reinforcement details to carry any tension stresses from moment or uplift
(**) top reinforcement details in case "no tension stresses from moment or uplift"
Figure 2-39. Example – Sec 3-3 – (d) Reinforcement Details

٩٨
1.9 Tie Beam

Tie beams is a soil level beam connecting two or more vertical load carring
columns for the purpose of stabilizing those columns laterally, particulary in the
case seismic loads, See Fig. (2-40).

*see Figure 1- 4
Figure 2-40. Reinforcement Detail of Tie Beam

٩٩
 Chapter (3)

Reinforcement Detailing of Columns

and Shear walls

١٠٠
١٠١
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
Columns are structural elements that support the superstructure, transfer vertical

loads from superstructure to foundation, and resist the lateral loads due to

seismic and various service loads. See Fig. (3-1: 3-6).

Columns are categorized along two parameters shape and height, Columns are

compression members which have: (1) Height greater than five time the smaller

side, (2) Length not more than five times the breadth (3) Height greater than five

time the diameter (for circular columns).

1.1 Notes and details

Minimum dimensions of rectangular or circular column = 200 mm.

Minimum diameter for longitudinal reinforcement is 12 mm.

All columns should have one longitudinal bar in each corner.

Maximum dimension of column side with only corner bars = 300 mm.

Maximum spacing between bars is 250 mm.

Minimum number of bars for circular columns is 6 bars.

1.2 Columns may be short or long. The column is called either short or long

according to its effective slenderness ratio (Klu/r).

where:
K = effective length factor
lu = unsupported length of a compression member
r = radius of gyration

١٠٢
1.3 Minimum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

1 min short column 0.8 % Ac req but not less than 0.6 % Ac chosen
min long column - for min = 0.25+0.015 i

rectangular section min = 0.25+0.015 b
1.0 % Ag (gross concrete area) or
 min spiral column
1.2 % Ak (core area inside spiral)

1.4 maximum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

Type of column Interior column Edge column Corner columns

max 4% 5% 6%

1.5 Stirrups

Both spiral and hoops must be continuing inside the beams or slabs
Minimum Diameter of stirrups is the greater of:
 8mm.
 0.25 max diameter of vertical reinforcement.
 The volume of stirrups not less than 0.25% of the concrete volume.
 Maximum spacing between stirrups (tide-rectangular columns)
 Not more than 200mm
 Not more than 15-time smaller diameter of vertical reinforcement
 Not more than the smaller dimension of column
Spiral stirrups (spiral-circular columns)
 Minimum diameter not less than 8mm
 Pitch not more than 80mm
 Pitch not less than 30mm
 It is preferred to keep the pitch constant, and to use three turns with half
pitch at top and bottom of column with end bar bent inside the column
with length not less than 100mm or 10-time the diameter of the spiral

١٠٣
 *d = bar diameter
*Stirrup`s hook is evenly distributed on four corners

Figure3-1. Columns Reinforcement Detail

Figure 3-2. Role of Anchorage - Hoops & Stirrups

١٠٤
 Not mor than
75mm

Figure 3-3. Column Lap Splice Requirements in Structures with Limited Ductility

١٠٥
Figure 3-4. Reinforcement Details for ductile columns subjected to lateral force

١٠٦
Figure3-5. Example for roof beam column joint reinforcement details- subjected to lateral
force

Figure 3-6. Example for roof slab column joint reinforcement details - subjected to lateral
force

١٠٧
2- REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS
2.1 Structural Features

Buildings with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete shear walls are widespread in

many earthquake-prone countries and regions, this type of construction has been

practiced since the _960s in urban regions for medium- to high-rise buildings

(4 to 35 stories high). Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in

elevation. However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for commercial

purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at

those floors. In other cases, there are setbacks at higher floor levels. Shear wall

buildings are commonly used for residential purposes and can house from _100

to 500 inhabitants per building., The lateral and gravity load-resisting system

consists of reinforced concrete walls andreinforced concrete slabs. Shear walls

are the main vertical structural elements with a dual role of resisting both the

gravity and lateral loads. Wall thickness varies depending on the number of

stories.

See Fig. (3-7: 3-18).

2.2 General Deficiencies of Thin Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

The following general deficiencies can be seen in many existing buildings:

 inadequate wall thickness with only one curtain of distributed horizontal and

vertical reinforcement.

 inadequate lap splice lengths of the longitudinal reinforcement.

 lap splices located in regions of potential plastic hinging.

١٠٨
 inadequate confinement of the end regions of the walls.

 lack of control of the buckling of the flexural reinforcement.

 Insufficient amounts and poorly detailed transverse (shear) reinforcement.

Walls are categorized along two parameters shape and height, Walls are

compression members which have: (1) Length is greater than five times the

breadth, minimum thickness 120mm but not less than the following:

 (H/25) for Bearing walls

 (H/30) for Non Bearing walls

 Where H is the least of:

 Height between slabs

 Distance between bracing members

Maximum dimension of wall side with only corner bars = 300 mm.

2.3 Short and long walls

Walls may be short or long. The Wall is called either short or long

according to its effective slenderness ratio (Klu/r).

where:

K = effective length factor

lu = unsupported length of a compression member

r = radius of gyration

١٠٩
2.4 Minimum percentage of Vertical reinforcement

Sec.
Fy = 240 N/mm2 Fy = 400 N/mm2
subjected to
tensile 0.45 % Ac chosen but not less
0.8 % Ac chosen
stresses than 0.5 % Ac req

0.25 % Ac chosen at tension side 0.15 % Ac chosen at tension

bending but total As not less than 0.4 % side but total As not less than
moment Ac chosen and not less than 0.5 % 0.4 % Ac chosen and not less
Ac req than 0.5 % Ac req

comp. 0.4 % Ac chosen but not less than 0.4 % Ac chosen but not less
stresses 0.5 % Ac req than 0.5 % Ac req

* Vertical reinforcement must not more than 4% Ac actual

The spacing of the vertical bars should not exceed the lesser of 250mm or twice
the wall thickness
Minimum diameter for Vertical reinforcement is 10 mm.
All walls should have one Vertical bar in each corner.

2.5 Minimum percentage of Horizontal reinforcement

Fy = 240 N/mm2 0.3 %Ac chosen

Fy = 400 N/mm2 0.25 %Ac chosen

* Minimum Diameter of Horizontal reinforcement is the greater of:

 8mm.
 0.25 max diameter of vertical reinforcement.
* In case of Vertical reinforcement > 1% Ac, additional closed stirrups with
minimum Diameter " 6mm or 0.25*Diameter of Vertical reinforcement" and
with minimum 4 stirrups / square meter are to be arranged to hold Vertical
Reinforcement On both sides of wall through wall thickness.
* in case of design the wall as a column, distance between branches of stirrups
must not be more than 300mm or twice the wall thickness in both directions.

١١٠
* Maximum vertical spacing between Horizontal reinforcement

 Not more than 200mm

 Not more than 15-time smaller diameter of vertical reinforcement

 Not more than the smaller dimension of wall

* Horizontal reinforcementmust be continuing inside the beams or slabs

2.6 Condition for resisting seismic loads

Minimum percentage for total vertical distributed reinforcement not less than

0.25 %Ac chosen

Minimum diameter for Uniformly distributed Vertical reinforcement is 10 mm.

The spacing of the vertical bars should not exceed 200 mm

Minimum diameter for concentrated vertical reinforcement located in boundary

zones is 12 mm at end of wall and corners.

Minimum percentage for Uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement located

between boundary zones of wall not less than 0.1 %Ac chosen

Minimum percentage for concentrated vertical reinforcement located in

boundary zone of shear wall not less than 0.2 % of total Ac chosen

Uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement ≥ Horizontal reinforcement

calculated for shear– Particularly important for walls with height-to-width

ratio of 1.0 or less

Lap splices are not used near critical sections of frames that are required to resist

earthquakes' demands because they are believed to limit frame toughness. The

lap splices at the bases of structural walls not prefered because of the large

inelastic deformations are expected to take place during strong ground motions.

١١١
2.7 Minimum percentage of Horizontal reinforcement

Fy = 240 N/mm2 0.3 %Ac chosen

Fy = 400 N/mm2 0.25 %Ac chosen

* Minimum Diameter of Horizontal reinforcement is the greater of:

 10 mm.

 0.25 max diameter of vertical reinforcement.

* In case of Vertical reinforcement> 1% Ac, additional closed stirrups with

minimum Diameter " 10 mm or 0.25*Diameter of Vertical reinforcement" and

with minimum 4 stirrups / square meter are to be arranged to hold Vertical

reinforcement. On both sides of wall through wall thickness.

* in case of design the wall as a column, distance between branches of stirrups

must not be more than 300mm or twice the wall thickness in both directions.

* Maximum vertical spacing between Horizontal reinforcement

 Not more than 200mm

 Not more than 150 mm at lap splice

 Not more than 15-time smaller diameter of vertical reinforcement

 Not more than the smaller dimension of wall

* Horizontal reinforcement must be continuing inside the beams or slabs

١١٢
Figure 3-7. Cross section showing Boundary zone (shear walls)

١١٣
Figure 3-8. Cross section showing Boundary zone (shear walls)

١١٤
Figure 3-9. section showing Boundary zone (shear walls)
Condition for resisting seismic loads

١١٥
Figure 3-10. section showing lapping of vertical reinforcement bars (shear walls)
Condition for resisting seismic loads

١١٦
Figure 3-11. section showing details of vertical reinforcement (shear walls)

١١٧
Figure 3-12. section showing details of Horizontal reinforcement (shear walls)

١١٨
Figure 3-13. section showing Boundary zone details for Horizontal and vertical
reinforcement
(shear walls) - Condition for resisting seismic loads

١١٩
Figure 3-14. sections showing details of Horizontal (shear walls)

١٢٠
Figure3-15. Example for beam slab wall joint reinforcement details - subjected to lateral force

Figure 3-16. Example for roof slab wall joint reinforcement details (subjected to lateral force)

١٢١
Figure 3-17. typical wall opening details

١٢٢
Figure 3-18. Example for shear wall reinforcement details

١٢٣
 Chapter (4)

Reinforcement Detailing of Solid

slabs

١٢٤
١٢٥
1- SOLID SLABS
A solid slab is a reinforced concrete slab which is supported by beams or walls
The following details based on that the slabs Under normal conditions and for
spans that do not differ more than 20%, and for other conditions the
reinforcement details must be according to analysis output. See Fig. (4-1: 4-26).

Type of slab

 One-way solid slab

Slabs of uniform thickness bending and reinforced in one direction.
Suitable only for relatively short spans.
 Two-way solid slab
Slabs of uniform thickness bending and reinforced in two directions.
Economical for medium spans with intermediate to heavy loads.

1.1 One-way solid slab Reinforcement detailing

1.1.1 Minimum reinforcement

The following minimum percentages of total longitudinal reinforcement should
be provided in each direction. see table (4-1)

Table (4-1) shows the minimum flexural reinforcement values for solid slab

Fy
minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab*
N/mm2

240 0.25% *100*d*

360 0.167%*100*d*

400 0.15%*100*d*

*d = effective depth of solid slab (T-cover) "for Area required"

١٢٦
minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab not less than (0.6 / fy) "for Area
chosen"
Notes
 At least one third of the reinforcement must be extend from the
support to the support.
 The maximum distance between bars is 200 mm or 2*slab thickness.
 The area of the secondary steel mesh should be at least 20% of the
main area of steel with a minimum of 4 bars per meter.
 The minimum bar diameter is 6 mm for straight bars and 8 mm for
bent bars.
 Slabs with a thickness more than 160 mm should be reinforced with
top steel mesh not less than 20% of the main steel with a minimum of
58m` for mild steel and 56 /m` for high grade steel.
 Under normal conditions and for spans that do not differ more than
20%, half of the reinforcement can be bent at the fifth of the clear span
and extends to the adjacent span one fourth the bigger of the two
spans.

1.2 Two-way solid slab Reinforcement detailing

1.2.1 Minimum reinforcement

The following minimum percentages of total longitudinal reinforcement should

be provided in each direction. see table (4-2)
Table (4-2) shows the minimum flexural reinforcement values for solid slab
Fy
minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab*
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*d*

360 0.167%*100*d*

400 0.15%*100*d*

*d = effective depth of solid slab (T-cover) "for Area required"

١٢٧
minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab not less than (0.6 / fy) "for Area
chosen"

Notes
 At least one third of the reinforcement must be extend from the support to the
support.
 The maximum distance between bars is 200 mm or 2*slab thickness.
 The area of the secondary steel mesh should be at least 25% of the main area
of steel with a minimum of 4 bars per meter.
 The minimum bar diameter is 6 mm for straight bars and 8 mm for bent bars.
 Slabs with a thickness more than 160 mm should be reinforced with top steel
mesh not less than 20% of the main steel with a minimum of 58 / m` for
mild steel and 56 / m` for high grade steel.
 Under normal conditions and for spans that do not differ more than 20%, half
of the reinforcement can be bent at the fifth of the clear span and extends to
the adjacent span one fourth the bigger of the two spans.
 Positive reinforcement adjacent and parallel to a continuous edge may be
reduced by 25% for a width not exceeding 0.25 of the shorter dimension of
the panel but not less than 5-bar / m`

Figure 4-1.one third of the bottom reinforcement must extend to the support

١٢٨
Figure 4-2. secondary steel reinforcement for one-way solid slab

Figure 4-3. secondary steel reinforcement for two-way solid slab

Figure 4-4. secondary steel reinforcement for two-way solid slab

١٢٩
Figure 4-5. minimum top steel reinforcement for T- section - solid slab

Figure 4-6. minimum top steel reinforcement for L- section - solid slab

١٣٠
Figure 4-7. Bottom reinforcement adjacent and parallel to a continuous edge - two-way solid
slab

١٣١
Figure 4-8. Bottom reinforcement details for one-way solid slab

١٣٢
Figure 4-9. Bottom reinforcement details for one-way solid slab
(Another Proposal)

١٣٣
Figure 4-10. Top reinforcement details for one-way solid slab

١٣٤
Figure 4-11. Top reinforcement details for one-way solid slab
(Another Proposal)

١٣٥
Figure 4-12. Secondary Top reinforcement details for one-way solid slab
X-direction

١٣٦
Figure 4-13. Secondary Top reinforcement details for one-way solid slab
Y-direction

١٣٧
Figure 4-14. Bottom reinforcement details for two-way solid slab

١٣٨
Figure 4-15. Bottom reinforcement details for two-way solid slab
(Another Proposal)

١٣٩
Figure 4-16. Top reinforcement details for two-way solid slab

١٤٠
Figure 4-17. Top reinforcement details for two-way solid slab
(Another Proposal)

١٤١
Figure 4-18. Secondary Top reinforcement details for two-way solid slab
X-direction

١٤٢
Figure 4-19. Secondary Top reinforcement details for two-way solid slab
Y-direction

١٤٣
Figure 4-20. Reinforcement details for solid slab – BENT BARS

١٤٤
Figure 4-21. Reinforcement details for solid slab – BENT BARS
(Another Proposal)

١٤٥
Figure 4-22. Corner reinforcement details for solid slab
( for spans > 5ms )

١٤٦
Figure 4-23. Reinforcement details for Dropped slab
(solid slab)

١٤٧
Figure 4-24. Reinforcement details for Dropped slab
(solid slab)
(Another Proposal - simply supported slabs)

١٤٨
Figure 4-25. Reinforcement details for cantilever slab- solid slab
(case -1)

١٤٩
Figure 4-26. Reinforcement details for cantilever slab- solid slab
(case -2)

١٥٠
 Chapter (5)

Reinforcement Detailing of Hollow

Block Slabs

١٥١
١٥٢
1- HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB
Hollow block slab consists of regularly spaced ribs monolithically built with a
toping slab., Hollow blocks are used to fill portions of the slab thickness, this
results in deeper arm for the reinforcement while saving the amount of concrete
and hence the own weight of the slab., The reinforcement is located between the
blocks inside the ribs., Blocks may be concrete blocks or Styrofoam
blocks.When the ribs are in one direction then it is a one-way hollow block
slab., When ribs are in both directions then it is a two-way hollow block slab.

1.1 Hollow block slab Reinforcement Detailing

The following details based on that the slabs Under normal conditions and for
spans that do not differ more than 20%, and for other conditions the reinforcement
details must be according to the analysis output., See Fig. (5-1: 5-18)

Figure 5-1. Reinforcement details for ribs and top slab (hollow block slab)

١٥٣
Figure 5-2. Reinforcement details for cross ribs and top slab (hollow block slabs)

Figure 5-3. Reinforcement details for solid part (hollow block slabs)

١٥٤
Figure 5-4. Reinforcement details for solid part (hollow block slabs)
١٥٥
Figure 5-5. Reinforcement details for hidden beam (hollow block slab)

١٥٦
Figure 5-6. Reinforcement details for the connection between solid or flat slab and hollow
block slabs

١٥٧
Figure 5-7. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (projected beams)

١٥٨
Figure 5-8. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (projected beams)
(Another Proposal)

١٥٩
Figure 5-9. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (projected beams)

١٦٠
Figure 5-10. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (projected beams)
(Another Proposal)

١٦١
Figure 5-11. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (hidden beams)

١٦٢
Figure 5-12. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (hidden beams)
(Another Proposal)

١٦٣
Figure 5-13. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (bent bars)

١٦٤
Figure 5-14. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (bent bars)
(Another Proposal)

١٦٥
Figure 5-15. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (bent bars)

١٦٦
Figure 5-16. Reinforcement details for hollow block slabs (bent bars)
(Another Proposal)

١٦٧
Figure 5-17. Reinforcement details for the connection between cantilever solid slab
and hollow block slabs

١٦٨
figure 5-18. Reinforcement details for the connection between cantilever solid slab
and hollow block slabs

١٦٩
 Chapter (6)

Reinforcement Detailing of
Waffle Slabs

١٧٠
 1-WAFFLE SLAB

Waffle floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually supported directly by

columns. They are either one-way spanning systems known as ribbed slab or

a two-way ribbed system known as a waffle slab. This form of construction is

not very common because of the formwork costs and the low fire rating. A 120-

mm-thick slab with a minimum rib thickness of 125-200 mm for continuous ribs

is required to achieve a 2-hour fire rating. Ribbed slabs are suitable for medium

to heavy loads.

1.1 Waffle slabs Reinforcement Detailing

The following details based Finite Element Analysis Output (FEA).

See Fig. (6-1: 6-6).

١٧١
Figure 6-1. Waffle Slabs (general layout)

١٧٢
 Figure 6-2. Reinforcement details for waffle slabs
(Ribs - Bottom Reinforcement subjected to normal force only)

١٧٣
 Figure 6-3. Reinforcement details for waffle slabs
(Ribs - Top Reinforcement subjected to normal force only)

١٧٤
 Figure 6-4. Reinforcement details for waffle slabs
(Ribs - Bottom Reinforcement subjected to normal force and lateral force)

١٧٥
 Figure 6-5. Reinforcement details for waffle slabs
(Ribs - Top Reinforcement subjected to normal force and lateral force)

١٧٦
Figure 6-6. Reinforcement details for waffle slabs
(Section 1 - 1)

١٧٧
 Chapter (7)

Reinforcement Detailing of
Flat Slabs

١٧٨
١٧٩
1- FLAT SLAB
A flat slab is a one-way or two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does
not have beams and girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the
supporting concrete columns. See Fig. (7-1: 7-13).

Uses of column heads

 Shear strength of flat slab is increased by using column heads.
 Column heads reduce the clear or effective span, and therefore, reduce the
moment in the flat slab floor

Uses of drop panels

 Drop panels increase shear strength of flat slab floor.
 Drop panels increase flat slab's negative moment capacity.
 Drop panels reduce deflection by stiffening the flat slabs.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Slabs

Advantages

 Simple formwork
 No beams (simplifying under-floor services outside the drops)
 Minimum structural depth
 Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.

Disadvantages

 Medium spans
 Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
 Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.

The following details based on that the slabs Under normal conditions and for
spans that do not differ more than 20%, and for other conditions the
reinforcement details must be according to analysis output.

1.1 Minimum reinforcement

The following minimum percentages of total longitudinal reinforcement should

be provided in each direction. see table (7-1)

١٨٠
Table (7-1) shows the minimum flexural reinforcement values for solid slab

Fy
minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab*
N/mm2

240 0.25% *100*d*

360 0.167%*100*d*

400 0.15%*100*d*

*d = effective depth of solid slab (T-cover) "for Area required",

minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slab not less than (0.6 / fy) "for Area

chosen"

Notes

1- At least 0.5% of the reinforcement must be extend from the support to the

support in flat without drop panel.

2- The maximum distance between bars is 200 mm or 2*slab thickness.

3- The minimum bar diameter is 6 mm for straight bars and 8 mm for bent bars.

4- Slabs with a thickness more than 160 mm should be reinforced with top steel

mesh not less than 20% of the main steel with a minimum of 58m` for mild

steel and 56 /m` for high grade steel.

١٨١
 Method -1
Flat slab reinforcement details using

Column Strip and Field strip

The following details based on that the slabs Under normal

conditions, spans not mor than 10ms and spans that do not
differ more than 20%,. for other conditions the
reinforcement details must be according to analysis
output.

١٨٢
١٨٣
Figure7-1. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - Bottom Reinforcement
without drop panel
(subjected to normal force only - method 1)

١٨٤
Figure 7-2. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - Top Reinforcement
without drop panel
(subjected to normal force only - method 1)

١٨٥
Figure 7-3. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - Bottom Reinforcement
with drop panel (subjected to normal force only - method 1)

١٨٦
Figure 7-4. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - Top Reinforcement
with drop panel (subjected to normal force only - method 1)

١٨٧
 Method -2
Flat slab Reinforcement Details
using Bottom & Top mesh plus
Additional Reinforcement

١٨٨
Figure 7-5. Bending moment diagram from finite element analysis model
x-direction (m 1-1)

١٨٩
Figure 7-6. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - general layout
(subjected to normal force only –method 2)

١٩٠
Detail (A)

Detail (A)
Figure 7-7. finite element analysis results – Detail (A)
(Bottom additional reinforcement details)

١٩١
Detail (B)

Detail (B)

Figure 7-8. finite element analysis results – Detail (B)

(Top additional reinforcement details)

١٩٢
Figure 7-9. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - without drop panel
(subjected to normal force and lateral force)

١٩٣
Figure 7-10. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - with drop panel
(subjected to normal force and lateral force)
١٩٤
 Figure 7-11. Location of reinforcement in Flat Slabs (subjected to lateral force)

Note

 Two-way slabs without beams are acceptable seismic-force-resisting systems

in structures assigned to intermediate moment frames. They are not permitted

to be part of the seismic-force-resisting system in structures assigned to

special moment frames.

 All reinforcement resisting that part of the moment to be transferred to the

column by flexure should be placed between lines that are one and one-half

the slab or drop panel thickness, 1.5h, on each side of the column.

 Not less than one-half of the reinforcement in the column strip at the support

shall be placed within the effective slab width which equal to one and one-

half the slab or drop panel thickness, 1.5h, on each side of the column.

١٩٥
Figure 7-12. Reinforcement details for flat slabs - with drop panel
(subjected to lateral force)

١٩٦
1.2 Reinforcement of column head

The Column head are to be reinforced by reinforcement. "1 and 2" which are
anchored by stirrups "3" showing in figure (7-12), which must be sufficient to
resist the bending moment from the worst position and not less than the
following.
 For rectangular column head reinforcement. "1 and 2" not less than 1/25 of
area of negative reinforcement / m` of column strip in direction considered
multiplied by length of perpendicular panel to this reinforcement.
 For circular column head the sum of reinforcement. "1 and 2" obtained as
above are to be distributed along the perimeter of the column head.

Figure 7-13. Reinforcement details for column head

١٩٧
 Chapter (8)

Reinforcement Detailing of Beams

١٩٨
١٩٩
 1- BEAMS
Beam are structural elements carrying external loads that cause bending
moments, shear forces and torsional moments along their length. The beams can
be single or doubly reinforcement and can be simply supported, fixed or
continuous. The structural details of such beams must resist bending, diagonal
tension, shear and torsion and must be such as to transmit forces through a bond
without causing internal cracking. The detailer must be able to optimize the
behavior of the beam under load. He must coordinate with the structural
engineer on the choice of structural details need for particular conditions. See
Fig. (8-1: 8-29).

1.1 Minimum reinforcement

The following minimum percentages of total longitudinal reinforcement should

be provided in tension face is the least of the following"
 min= A s / bd = 0.225 ((Fcu)0.5 / Fy) e (1.1/ Fy)
 (As req / bd) e0.15 % bd "for High Tensile Steel "
 (As req / bd) e 0.25 % bd "for Normal mild steel "

minimum percentages of total longitudinal reinforcement should be provided in

compression face is 10% Main reinforcement but not more than 0.4% bd
shrinkage reinforcement g0.8% Main reinforcement "side bars"
The following minimum percentages of web reinforcement (stirrups) should be
not less than
 min = Astirrups / bs= 0.4 / Fy) – min 56 /m`

 (Astirrups/ b*S) e 0.10 % bs "for High Tensile Steel "

 (Astirrups / b*S) e 0.15 % bs " for Normal mild steel "

where (S) is the spacing between stirrups

٢٠٠
1.2 General condition

 To consider the beam as T or L – sec., it must be casted monolithically with

slab of min thickness 80 mm
 The top reinforcement in the flange perpendicular to the web, must be not
less than 0.3 % of the cross sectional area of the slab, and should be arranged
all over the flange width at max. spacing 200 mm.
 The stirrups must extend from web to the top of the flange.
 For isolated T-sections, the thickness of slab must not be less than 0.5 the
web width, also total flange width should not be more than 4 times web
width.
 For beams with depth > (600 mm + slab depth), shrinkage bars must be
added with min. area of 0.8% of the tension steel. The distance between
shrinkage bars must not exceed 300 mm.

٢٠١
1.3 Maximum reinforcement

1.4 Maximum area of steel for T or L - reinforced sections

1.5 Maximum area of steel for doubly reinforced sections

1.6 Torsion

Curved beams and edge beams of slabs, spiral stairs and ledge beams examples
for members subjected to torsion.

 Stirrups must be closely spaced with maximum spacing not more than the
following:
1. 200 mm
2. (x1+y1 / 4) where x1 and y1 are the shorter and the longer center to center
dimensions of closed stirrups.
 Only the outer two legs are proportional for torsional plus shear, and interior
legs are proportional for vertical shear only.
 Stirrups proportioned for torsional must be closed.
 For box sections, transversal and longitudinal reinforcement arranged along
the outside and inside perimeter of the section may be considered effective in
resisting torsional provided that the wall thickness"tw" is less or equal to (b /
6)where b is the shorter side length of the section, if the wall thicknesses
thicker, torsional shall be resisted by reinforcement arranged along the
outside perimeter only
 Minimum reinforcement of longitudinal steel should be not less than:

٢٠٢
* where Acp is the area enclosed by outside perimeter of the section including
area of openings
* Ph is equal to the perimeter of the stirrups
 The spacing between longitudinal reinforcement should be not more than 300
mm and they should be uniformly distributed along the perimeter., At least
one bar must be placed in each corner of the section
 Minimum bar diameter for longitudinal steel should be not less than 12- mm
and not less than (S /15) where S is the spacing between stirrups.
 Enough anchorage of longitudinal torsional reinforcement should be provided
at the face of the supports, not less than 0.5*the perimeter of stirrups

1.7 SPACING AND ARRANGEMENT OF BARS

 Spacing of reinforcement and the concrete cover should be sufficient to make

concreting easier; consequently, the concrete surrounding the reinforcement
can be efficiently vibrated, resulting in a dense concrete cover which
provides suitable protection of the reinforcement against corrosion.
 Spacing (clear distance "s") between bars must be as follows: Minimum
Spacing for members with parallel bars in a layer, the clear spacing between
bars must be at least one bar diameter, or 25 mm, or 1.33 times maximum
nominal aggregate, whichever is greatest. see Fig. (1-4 and 1-5).
 The limitations on nominal maximum aggregate size may be waived if the
workability and methods of consolidation of the concrete are such that the
concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.,The licensed design
professional must decide whether the limitations on maximum size of
aggregate may be waived.

٢٠٣
 For reinforcement in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers must be
directly above bars in the bottom layer, with at least 25 mm. clear vertically
between layers. see Fig. (8-1 and 8-2).
 For spirally reinforced and tied reinforced compression members (e.g.
columns), the clear distance between longitudinal bars must be at least 1.5
bar diameters, but not less than 40mm. These spacing requirements also
apply to clear distance between contact-lap-spliced single or bundled bars
and adjacent splices or bars.
 Maximum Spacing in walls and slabs other than concrete joists, primary
flexural reinforcement must not be spaced greater than 200 mm.

Figure 8-1. Spacing of steel bars (a) one row, (b) two rows

Figure 8-2. Spacing of steel bars in two rows.

٢٠٤
1.8 STANDARD HOOKS

The requirements for standard hooks for reinforcing bars are illustrated in
Fig. (8-3) shows the requirements for primary reinforcement while Fig. (8-4)
is for stirrups and ties. The standard hook details for stirrups and ties apply to
25mm and smaller bar sizes only.

Figure 8-3. Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement

* Minimum Bend Diameter "D "

D = 4 (Normal mild steel)

D = 6 for Bars Diameter G 25mm (High Tensile Steel)
D = 8f or Bars Diameter > 25mm (High Tensile Steel)

٢٠٥
 Figure 8-4. Standard Hooks for stirrups and ties

* Minimum Bend Diameter "D "

D = 4 (Normal mild steel)

D = 6 for Bars Diameter G 25mm (High Tensile Steel)
D = 8f or Bars Diameter > 25mm (High Tensile Steel)

٢٠٦
Figure 8-5. anchorage length for bent bars participate in shear resistance

٢٠٧
 Figure 8-6. Details of longitudinal skin reinforcement

Figure 8-7. Minimum top steel reinforcement for T- section

٢٠٨
Figure 8-8. stirrup arrangement for beams having b > t or b > 40 mm

*where S is the spacing between stirrups

Figure 8-9-A. torsional reinforcement details

٢٠٩
 *where S is the spacing between stirrups
Figure 8-9-B. torsional reinforcement details

*where S is the spacing between stirrups

Figure 8-10. torsional reinforcement details – 4 branches

٢١٠
*where S is the spacing between stirrups
Figure 8-11. torsional reinforcement details

٢١١
Figure 8-12. Percentage of compression reinforcement in beams

٢١٢
 Longitudinal Reinforcement Details
for Beam

The following details of beams based on that the

slabs Under normal conditions, spans not more than

10ms and spans that do not differ more than 20%.,

for other conditions the reinforcement details must

be according to analysis output.

٢١٣
٢١٤
Figure 8-13. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal force only)
٢١٥
Figure 8-14. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal and lateral force)

٢١٦
Figure 8-15. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal force only)
(Bent-up bars)
٢١٧
Figure 8-16. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal and lateral force)
(Bent-up bars)

٢١٨
Figure 8-17. Reinforcement details for simple beam and cantilever
(subjected to normal force only)

٢١٩
Figure 8-18. Reinforcement details for simple beam and cantilever
(subjected to normal and lateral force)
٢٢٠
Figure 8-19. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal force only)
٢٢١
Figure 8-20. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal and lateral force)
٢٢٢
Figure 8-21. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal force only) - (Bent-up bars)
٢٢٣
Figure 8-22. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal and lateral force) - (Bent-up bars)

٢٢٤
Figure 8-23. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal and lateral force) - (Bent-up bars)
٢٢٥
 Longitudinal Reinforcement Details
for Beam

The following details of beams based on that the

reinforcement details according to Finite Element

Analysis Output (FEA).

٢٢٦
Figure 8-24. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal force only)

٢٢٧
Figure 8-25. Reinforcement details for simple beam (subjected to normal and lateral force )

٢٢٨
Figure 8-26-A. Reinforcement details for continuous beam (subjected to normal force only)

٢٢٩
Figure 8-26-B. Reinforcement details for continuous beam (subjected to normal force only)

٢٣٠
Figure 8-27-A. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal and lateral force)

٢٣١
Figure 8-27-B. Reinforcement details for continuous beam
(subjected to normal and lateral force)

٢٣٢
1.9 Additional stirrups at cut-off points

Figure 8-28. Additional stirrups at cut-off points details

٢٣٣
Figure 8-29. Shrinkage Reinforcementand Longitudinal Reinforcement for Torsiondetails

٢٣٤
 REFERENCES
 EGYPTIAN CODES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS - 203 / 2007

 EGYPTIAN CODES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

BUILDINGS - 203 / Construction Detail Guide

 REINFORCED CONCRETE HANDBOOK – Prof. Dr. Shaker El Behairy

 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE – VOLUME 1

Prof. Dr. mashhour-a-ghoneim

 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE – VOLUME 2

Prof. Dr. mashhour-a-ghoneim

 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE – VOLUME 3

Prof. Dr. mashhour-a-ghoneim

 STRUCTURAL DETAILS IN CONCRETE – M.Y.H Bangash

 DETAILS AND DETAILING of CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT (ACI

315-99)

 MANUAL for DETAILING REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES to

EC2

 CRSI DESIGN HANDBOOK 2008 - Based upon the 2008 ACI building
code

 STANDARD REINFORCED CONCRETE DETAILS – Concrete Society

Technical Report No. 6

 HANDBOOK CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING –

Bureau of Indian Standards

٢٣٥
Author
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib, 1997 – 2002 [ Faculty of
Engineering - Shoubra, Benh University ] [ Cairo] MSc candidate,
Now owner of MEGA STRUCTURES office - for structural design
and contracting "under establishment". He has extensive experience
in the design of concrete and steel buildings. He has held positions as
a senior project engineer in Egypt, UAE and KSA. He has also
served as a senior project manager with a consulting firm in Egypt.
He has conducted research into DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR
LOW AND HIGH RISE BUILDINGS. He participated in the design of many projects in
Egypt, UAE and KSA. some of the most notable of these projects ( During my work with
Dr. Hisham M. Helmy - EGSCO office ) are: Design of GRAND MOSQUE - shell structure -
7000m2 [KSA -ALQASIME], WHEAT SILOS project 60000 tons [QENA -EGYPT], Design
of ELRAJHY HOTEL (H = 85m [KSA], Design of EL-3AKARIA [ 35 TOWERS 3-
basment+ground+12 loors ], EL ABED shopping center 20000m2 [ cairo – alix road ],
Design of PIPE LINE FOUNDATION [CADCO company -TOSHKA], Design of BADER
school – suez - (25000m2), Design of MUROOJ YANBU hotel KSA (10000m2), Design of
El MA3ADI tower [3-basment and 12 floor] [H\B = 5 times], DIAMOND PLAZA
Tourist Village sharm el shekh [hotel 4 stars 20000m2, Restaurant 4000m2 (using waffle
slabs), mall, Cinema Buildings, shops, hotels rooms, studios rooms, stuff units, villas, palaces
and water lake 50000m2], Design of NOVAL FACTORY [ shoubra ] production buildings
using wafle slab 7000m2, Design of STEEL TANKS - Ietos company- [EGAS, AIRPORT,
ENPPI and others] 120m3, Design of sewage treatment station [SOUTH ARAE –
MILITARY], Design of RETAINING WALLS [5 km long , its height between 2m & 9m
use cantilever. And counter fort systems], Design of CALVERT OF EL-SOKHNA: EL-
ZA3FRANA ROAD , Design of MANHOLE, PULLHOLE, ELEC.DUCTES, BOND, 400Hz
& FUEL PITS, APRON DRAINS, TRANSFORMER PITS, UTILITY MARKERS and
Design of AIR FIELD LIGHTING COLUMNS AND FOOTING [Cairo International
Airport], LIST STATION for industrial area [Jubail KSA] [ mtm office] [ tanks up to 17m
height],.
participated in the design of many projects in United Arab Emirates offices - some of these
projects:
Design of 2 TOWER 4B+G + 40, Design of 3 TOWER 2B+G + 14, Design of 2 residential
building 2B + G + 4 - Shop drawing (reinforcement details of previous projects)

٢٣٦