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Chapter 9 - The Mole (Part-2)

The document discusses several chemistry concepts related to moles: 1) It reviews what a mole is and mole-related calculations from the previous lecture. 2) It introduces the concept of determining the percentage composition of elements in a compound using atomic masses and the compound's formula. 3) It defines percentage yield as a measure of a reaction's efficiency by comparing experimental and theoretical product values. 4) It discusses concentration in terms of moles per liter and how to calculate concentration from given quantities. 5) It outlines the process for determining a compound's empirical formula from the relative amounts of its elements.

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Yasser Ali
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53 views2 pages

Chapter 9 - The Mole (Part-2)

The document discusses several chemistry concepts related to moles: 1) It reviews what a mole is and mole-related calculations from the previous lecture. 2) It introduces the concept of determining the percentage composition of elements in a compound using atomic masses and the compound's formula. 3) It defines percentage yield as a measure of a reaction's efficiency by comparing experimental and theoretical product values. 4) It discusses concentration in terms of moles per liter and how to calculate concentration from given quantities. 5) It outlines the process for determining a compound's empirical formula from the relative amounts of its elements.

Uploaded by

Yasser Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chap 9: The Mole

(Part 2)

In the previous lecture, we learnt what the mole was, and did some related numerical questions
related to it. Let’s go through a quick revision of the major points.
● A mole is a quantity of substance in grams which contains the Avogadro Number of
Particles.
● The mass of one mole of atoms is its relative atomic mass in grams. Same goes for
molecules.
● One mole of any gas at r.t.p occupies a volume of 24 dm³.

We also learnt some formulae. Now, let’s learn some more.

Percentage Composition of Compounds:

This is to determine what percentage of each element is present in the compound. It also involves
calculations. It can be found if one is given the compound’s formula, as well as the A r of the
elements in the compound.
In general, the percentage by mass of an element in a compound can be found by using the
formula:

Percentage by mass of an element in a compound

= Ar of element × no. of atoms in formula × 100%


Mr of compound

Percentage Yield:

In any reaction, the amount of product produced experimentally is always less than that which
should have been produced theoretically. The percentage yield is a measure of efficiency of the
reaction.

Percentage Yield = experimental value x 100%


theoretical value

Concentration or Molarity:

(This is mainly going to be used in your practical or A.T.P paper).

1 mol/dm3 means 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution. Therefore, we can say that
concentration = no. of moles x 100
Vol. in cm3

Empirical Formula:
The simplest formula of a compound that shows the type of elements present in it in the simplest
ratio is known as the empirical formula. The steps for determining an Empirical Formula are as
follows.
1. Start with the number of grams of each element, given in the problem. If percentages are
given, assume that the total mass is 100 grams so that
The mass of each element = the percent given.
2. Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar mass from the periodic table. 
3. Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated. 
4. Round to the nearest whole number. This is the mole ratio of the elements and
is represented by subscripts in the empirical formula. If the number is too far to round,
then multiply each solution by the same factor to get the lowest whole number multiple.
■ e.g.  If one solution is 1.5, then multiply each solution in the problem by
2 to get 3.
■ e.g.  If one solution is 1.25, then multiply each solution in the problem by
4 to get 5.
The molecular formula is the formula that shows the exact number of atoms of each element in a
molecule.
Once the empirical formula is found, the molecular formula for a compound can be determined if
the molar mass of the compound is known. Simply calculate the mass of the empirical formula
and divide the molar mass of the compound by the mass of the empirical formula to find the ratio
between the molecular formula and the empirical formula. Multiply all the atoms (subscripts) by
this ratio to find the molecular formula.

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