Practical Re search 2

Quarter 1 - Module 2
Research Variables

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Practical Research 2 Grade 12
Quarter 1 - Module 2: Research Variables

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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Socrates M. Cereno

Editor: Excelsa F. Buan , HT3

Reviewer: Darcy Guy Y. Mañebo, EPS

Illustrator: Socrates M. Cereno

Layout Artist: Socrates M. Cereno

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 Practical Research 2 - Grade 12
WRITING TASK SCORING RUBRICS Quarter 1 Module 2
Research Variables
CRITERIA EXCELLENT SATISFACTORY AVERAGE POOR
(9-10) (7-8) (5-6) (1-4)
The paper The paper The paper The paper does
demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates not I. Introduction Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=research+variables+ima
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INTEGRATION that the author that the author, that the author, demonstrate
OF fully for the most part, to a certain that the author Variable refers to the quantity that changes its value, which can be measured. It has
KNOWLEDGE understands understands and extent, has fully
two types - discrete variable (the one that has a certain number of values) and continuous
and has applied has applied understands understood and
concepts concepts learned and has applied applied variable (the one that can take any value between a given range). Data can be understood
learned in in Practical concepts concepts as the quantitative information about a specific characteristic in which the qualitative
Practical Research 2 learned in learned in
characteristic is transformed into quantitative one, by providing numerical data of that
Research 2 subject. Practical Practical
subject Research 2 Research 2 characteristic, thus, the quantitative characteristic is known as a variable.
subject subject
The topic is The topic is The topic is too The topic is not Source:https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_
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focused focused but lacks broad for the clearly defined. 9xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--
TOPIC FOCUS narrowly direction; the scope of this II. Objectives
enough for the writer has not assignment.
scope of this established a
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
assignment position.
In-depth In-depth The writer has The writer differentiate kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3);
DEPTH OF discussion & discussion & omitted made very few illustrate the similarities and differences of variables (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3); and
DISCUSSION elaboration in elaboration in pertinent discussions of
design a research used in daily life (CS_RS12-Id-e-1)
all sections of most sections of content or the sections of
the paper the paper content runs-on the paper.
excessively.
Author's writing Author's writing Author's writing riting
demonstrates demonstrates an does not does not III. Vocabulary List
an understanding of demonstrate an demonstrate
COHESIVENESS understanding the relationship understanding understanding
of the among material of the any By and large this
relationship obtained from all relationship relationships Categorical involving, according with, or considered with respect to specific
among material sources. among material categories
obtained from obtained from
all sources. all sources. Continuous marked by uninterrupted extension in space, time, or sequence.
No spelling &/or Minimal spelling Noticeable Unacceptable Continuous Variable a variable can take on any value between its minimum value
MECHANICS grammar &/or grammar spelling & number of and its maximum value
(SPELLING & mistakes. mistakes. grammar spelling and/or
Continuum a coherent whole characterized as a collection, sequence, or
GRAMMAR) mistakes. grammar
mistakes progression of values or elements varying by minute degrees.
TOTALS Controlled Variable an element that is not changed throughout an experiment,
because its unchanging state allows the relationship between the other variables
http://academics.adelphi.edu/edu/hpe/healthstudies/whalen/HED601_r2.shtml
being tested to be better understood.

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Discrete consisting of distinct or unconnected elements
Discrete Variable A type of variable, also called a categorical or nominal variable,
which has a finite number of possible values that do not have an inherent order. INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
Diametrically opposite Source:https://images.search.yahoo.co
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Finite this term means limited in size or extent.
Infinite limitless or endless in space, extent, or size
Interval space between two things or a gap:
Isolated Point a point in a set such that the neighborhood of the point is devoid of
any other points belonging to the set.
Mutually Exclusive a statistical term describing two or more events that cannot
coincide. It is commonly used to describe a situation where the occurrence of one
outcome supersedes the other.
Mutually Inclusive applies to things that must be together or occur together which
can be natural law, design or imposition.
Overlapping covering something partly by going over its edge, or covering part of
the same space.
Qualitative Data data that are non-numeric, such as colors, images and
descriptions.
Quantitative Data numeric data, are much easier to analyze than qualitative data,
which are descriptive and open to interpretation.
Random in statistical sample selection in which all possible samples have equal
probability of selection.
Range the difference between the least and greatest values of an attribute or of the
variable of a frequency distribution.
Socio-economic Status state the position of an individual on a social-economic
scale that measures such factors as education, income, type of occupation, place of
residence, and, in some populations, heritage and religion
Statistical Variable a variable having discrete values that differ through random
causes and when arranged in order form a statistical distribution or array
Variable something that changes or that can be changed : something that varies.
mathematics : a quantity that can have any one of a set of values or a symbol that
represents such a quantity.

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 VIII. Assignment/Additional Activities IV. Pre-Test
Direction: Think and write a scenario on each of the kinds of Direction: MULTIPLE CHOICE In each item, choose the letter of the correct answer.
variables discrete, continuous, independent, and dependent. You may Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer
sheet. Be sure not to write anything on this learning module.
use the guide questions provided in this activity to help you

plan and accomplish this writing task. Write your Source:https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_

1. Research Question: Does heating a cup of water allow it to dissolve more sugar? What is
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answers on a separate sheet of paper which will 9xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--

serve as your answer sheet. Be sure not to write anything on this learning module. A. water temperature B. amount of dissolved sugar

C. heating a cup of water D. dissolving sugar

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
2. The changes that occur in an experiment that are directly caused by the researchers are
Source:https://images.search.yahoo.co Source:https://images.search.yahoo.co called _____
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A. Independent Variable B. Dependent Variable

C. Controlled Variable D. Continuous Variable

3. Which of these is NOT continuous data? _____

A. A person's height each year

B. The volume of water in a swimming pool each day

C. Cars finished in a factory each day

D. A person's weight on each birthday

4. Which of these is NOT discrete data? _____ Source:https://images.search.yahoo.co

m/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTLfpcxQ1fEqgA7
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A. Height of a sunflower as measured each day NlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--

B. How many students are absent from school each day

C. How many widgets a business sell each day

D. The number of people who drive through a red light each hour during rush hour

5. By recording the number and type of questions asked by students you can measure their
confusion with new subjects.' Which of the following is the independent variable in this
situation?

A. Number and type of questions C. Confusion

B. Students D. New subjects

16 5
 V. Learning Activities VII. Post-Test
Direction: From the given experiments, identify
Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
the types of variable (Continuous, Discrete,
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A variable is considered as a central concept in 9xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--
_ylt=Awr9NEn4vg1fkRoAbUs2nIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTBsZ
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support your answers. Write your answers on a
research. It is a measurable characteristic that changes
separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet. Be sure not to write
in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to another, or even with
anything on this learning module.
the same person overtime. A variable is anything that may assume varied numerical or
Example: 1. Research Title: The Amount of Sleep and Classroom Behaviour of
Grade 7 Students of De La Salle Zobel.
applicable as a variable if the research setting is an exclusive school or the girls or a school
Independent Variable: The amount of sleep Dependent Variable: classroom behaviour
for the boys only. Socio-economic status is another example of a variable. It may range from
zero to billion pesos. Another example of a variable is educational attainment which may be
Research Title Variables
from did not attend school to post-doctorate degree. Taking into consideration the examples
Recording the number of points scored by 1. _______________________
and situations given, to describe and to explain variables is one of the important aspects in an NBA team in each game of the 2018 _______________________
research. Understanding the kinds of variables is necessary for all kinds of research as you season. _______________________
may need to measure, manipulate and/or control the variables you are investigating. _______________________

Collecting data about the mileage per liter 2. _______________________

1. Discrete and Continuous Variables of a certain brand and model of a car _______________________
_______________________
1.1 Discrete Variable _______________________
A discrete variable is a type of statistical variable that can assume only fixed
Measuring the distance travelled by 3. _______________________
number of distinct values and lacks an inherent order. This is also known as a different cars using 1-liter of gasoline. _______________________
categorical variable, because it has separate, invisible categories. However no values _______________________
can exist in-between two categories, i.e. it does not attain all the values within the limits _______________________
of the variable. Hence if you are able to count the set of items, then the variable is said to
The effectiveness of two reading methods, 4. _______________________
be discrete.
sight and phonics, in increasing verbal _______________________
comprehension. _______________________
Examples of Discrete Variable _______________________
1. Number of printing mistakes in a book
2. Number of road accidents in Metro Manila The study investigated whether the ability 5. _______________________
3. Classroom attendance to discriminate among parts of speech _______________________
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increased with chronological age and _______________________
Discrete data key characteristics: _ylt=AwrT4R_Qxw1fcHUAX2I2nIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTBs
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educational level. _______________________
You can count the data. It is usually units counted in whole numbers.
The values cannot be divided into smaller pieces and add additional meaning.

6 15
 You cannot measure the data. By nature, discrete data cannot be measured at all.
Practice Task 3 For example, you can measure your weight with the help of a scale. So, your weight
Direction: Identify the possible variables (continuous, is not a discrete data.
discrete, independent, dependent) present in each It has a limited number of possible values e.g. days of the month.
scenario. List down your answers on the third column Source:https://images.search.yahoo.co
m/yhs/search;_ylt=Awr9NEn4vg1fkRoA
of the chart below. Write your answers on a separate bUs2nIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTBsZ29xY3ZzB
Discrete data is graphically displayed by a bar graph.
HNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg-
sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet.
Be sure not to write anything on this learning module. 1.2 Continuous Variable
SCENARIOS ILLUSTRATIONS VARIABLES PRESENT

Continuous variable, as the name suggest is a random variable that assumes all the
possible values in a continuum. Simply put, it can take any value within the given range. So,
if a variable can take an infinite and uncountable set of values, then the variable is referred
as a continuous variable. A continuous variable is one that is defined over an interval of
values, meaning that it can suppose any values in between the minimum and maximum
value. It can be understood as the function for the interval and for each function, the range
for the variable may vary.

Examples of Continuous Variable

1. Height of a person
2. Age of a person

Continuous data key characteristics:

In general, continuous variables are not counted.
The values can be subdivided into smaller and smaller
pieces and they have additional meaning.
The continuous data is measurable.
It has an infinite number of possible values within an interval.
Continuous data is graphically displayed by histograms.
In comparison to discrete data, continuous data give a much Source:https://images.sear
ch.yahoo.com/yhs/search;
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Key Differences Between Discrete and Continuous Variable

The difference between discrete and continuous variable can be drawn clearly on the
following grounds:
The statistical variable that assumes a finite set of data and a countable number of
values, then it is called as a discrete variable. As against this, the quantitative

Source:https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/Science/Independent_and_Depe
ndent_Variables/Identifying_Dependent_Variables_an24834sb
14 7
 variable which takes on an infinite set of data and a uncountable number of values is
Practice Task 2
known as a continuous variable.
For non-overlapping or otherwise known as mutually inclusive classification, wherein Direction: Read and analyse each scenario and indicate the independent variable and
the both the class limit are included, is applicable for the discrete variable. On the dependent variable. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve
contrary, for overlapping or say mutually exclusive classification, wherein the upper as your answer sheet. Be sure not to write anything on this learning module.
class-limit is excluded, is applicable for a continuous variable. A researcher wants to examine whether a new drug increases the maze running
In discrete variable, the range of specified number is complete, which is not in the performance of rats. The researcher teaches two groups of rats to find a piece of food in a
case of a continuous variable. maze. One group of rats is given the new drug while they are learning the maze. The second
Discrete variables are the variables, wherein the values can be obtained by counting. group is not given the drug. One week after having learned the maze, the researcher retests
On the other hand, Continuous variables are the random variables that measure the rats and records how long it takes them to find the food.
something.
Discrete variable assumes independent values whereas continuous variable : ______________________________________________________
assumes any value in a given range or continuum. : ______________________________________________________
A discrete variable can be graphically represented by isolated points. Unlike, a
continuous variable which can be indicated on the graph with the help of connected A researcher wanted to study the effects of sleep deprivation on physical
points. coordination. The researcher randomly selected a group of college students and deprived
some of the participants to either 24, 36, or 48 hours of sleep.
Table 1: Comparison Chart Between Discrete and Continuous Variables
BASIS FOR COMPARISON DISCRETE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
The variable which The variable which ______________________________________________________
Meaning assumes a finite number of assumes an infinite number
isolated values. of different values. A researcher wanted to test whether the number of people present (either 1, 6, 12,
Range of specified number Complete Incomplete
Values Values are obtained by Values are obtained by members of the group gave the incorrect answer. The researcher then noted whether the
counting. measuring. subject conformed to the group decision.
Classification Non-overlapping Overlapping
Assumes Distinct or separate values. Any value between the two Independent Variable: ______________________________________________________
values.
Represented by Isolated Connected points
points A researcher had 20 participants watch a videotaped re-enactment of a jewelry store
robbery. One-half of the participants were asked by a police investigator to recall the event,
By and large, both discrete and continuous variable can be qualitative and while the remaining participants were interviewed by a police investigator while they were
quantitative. However, these two statistical terms are diametrically opposite to one another in hypnotized.
the sense that the discrete variable is the variable with the well-defined number of permitted
values whereas a continuous variable is a variable that can contain all the possible values ____________
between two numbers.

8 13
 Activity: Identify whether the given information is discrete or continuous variable. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet. Be sure not to
VI. Practice Tasks write anything on this learning module.
1. /height

Practice Task 1 2. Profit earned by the company

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_ylt=AwrT4R.uyg1fHmoA5nU2nIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTBs 3. Travel time from Manila to Cebu
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4. Grade level of students
Direction: Compare and contrast continuous/discrete variables and
5. Number of siblings of an individual
independent/dependent variables. Write at least 3 similarities and 3 differences for
each paired variables. Give specific examples to support your answers. You may use
an extra sheet of paper to write your answers. Be sure not to write anything on this 2. Independent and Dependent Variables
learning module.
A variable is not only something that you measure, but
VARIABLES SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES also something that you can manipulate and control for. Both
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know what they are and how to use them. An independent variable (sometimes called an
DISCRETE
experimental or predictor variable) is a variable that is being manipulated in an experiment in
order to observe the effect this has on a dependent variable (sometimes called an outcome
variable), If you are having a hard time identifying which variable is the independent variable
and which is the dependent variable, remember the dependent variable is the one affected
by a change in the independent variable. If you write out the variables in a sentence that
shows cause and effect, the independent variable causes the effect on the dependent
CONTINUOUS variable. If you have the variables in the wrong order, the sentence won't make sense.
Independent variable causes an effect on the dependent variable.

Example: How long you sleep (independent variable) affects your test score (dependent
variable). This makes sense
Example: Your test score affects how long you sleep
This doesn't really make sense (unless you can't sleep because you are worried
INDEPENDENT you failed a test, but that would be a different experiment).

The independent variable is the condition that you change in an experiment. It is the
variable you control. It is called independent because its value does not depend on and is
not affected by the state of any other variable in the experiment. Sometimes you may hear
this variable called the "controlled variable" because it is the one that is changed. Do not

DEPENDENT confuse it with a "control variable," which is a variable that is purposely held constant so that
it can't affect the outcome of the experiment. An independent variable is a variable that the
experimenter (or nature) manipulates in order to perform the experiment. A researcher will
use this information to help understand the outcome of their experiment.

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 Source:https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;
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More examples of Independent and Dependent Variables

Activity: From the given examples, identify the dependent and independent variables by
writing your answers (independent variable/dependent variable) on the blanks. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet. Be sure not to
1 Think of an independent variable as a cause that produces an effect. write anything on this learning module.

In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the
_________________________ is the length of time spent sleeping while the
scientific experiment, a researcher changes an independent variable to see how it affects
_________________________ is the test score.
other variables.
For example, if a researcher wants to see how well different doses of a You want to compare brands of paper towels, to see which holds the most liquid. The
medication work, the dose is the independent variable. _____________________ in your experiment would be the brand of paper towel.
Suppose you want to see if studying more improves your test scores. The The ________________ would be the amount of liquid absorbed by the paper towel.
amount of time you spend studying is the independent variable
In an experiment to determine how far people can see into the infrared part of the
spectrum, the wavelength of light is the _____________________ and whether the
2 Treat the dependent variable as an outcome.
light is observed (the response) is the _________________________

A dependent variable is an effect or result, and it always depends on another factor. You want to determine whether a chemical is essential for rat nutrition, so you design
The goal of an experiment or study is to explain or predict the dependent variables caused an experiment. The presence/absence of the chemical is the _________________.
by the independent variable. The health of the rat (whether it lives and can reproduce) is the ________________.

Say a researcher is testing an allergy medication. Allergy relief after If you determine the substance is necessary for proper nutrition, a follow-up

taking the dose is the dependent variable, or the outcome caused by experiment might determine how much of the chemical is needed. Here, the amount
of chemical would be the __________________ and the rat health would be the
taking the medicine.
_______________________.

3 Remember that a dependent variable change an independent variable. Imagine that a tutor asks 100 students to complete a math test. The tutor wants to
know why some students perform better than others. Whilst the tutor does not know
When distinguishing between variables, ask yourself if it makes sense to say one the answer to this, she thinks that it might be because of two reasons: Some
students spend more time revising for their test; and some students are naturally
independent variable. more intelligent than others. Therefore, the tutor decides to investigate the effect of
makes sense, but revision time and intelligence on the test performance of the 100 students. As such,
the dependent and independent variables for the study are:

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