POST GRADUATE COLLEGE

Mechatronics
Mechatronics

MME205: Advanced Microprocessor and

Microcontroller
Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Prepared by:
Dr. Ahmed Hassan M. Hassan
Associate Professor
[email protected]

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

www.mashreq.edu.sd
 Main Contents
Architecture
 Internal Register Organization and Pin Configuration
 Instruction Set of 8085
 addressing modes
 instruction machine cycles with states and timing
diagram.
 8085 assembly language programming
 Examples

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Introduction

Microprocessor-based system

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Bit: A bit is a single binary digit.

 Word: A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be
processed by the arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. A 16-bit
binary number is called a word in a 16-bit processor.

 Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information.

 System Bus: The system bus is a group of wires/lines used

for communication between the microprocessor and peripherals.

 Memory Word: The number of bits that can be stored in a

register or memory element is called a memory word.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Address Bus: It carries the address, which is a unique binary
pattern used to identify a memory location or an I/O port. For
example, an eight bit address bus has eight lines and thus it
can address 28 = 256 different locations. The locations in
hexadecimal format can be written as 00H – FFH.

 Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer data between

memory and processor or between I/O device and processor.
For example, an 8-bit processor will generally have an 8-bit
data bus and a 16-bit processor will have 16-bit data bus.

 Control Bus: The control bus carry control signals, which

consists of signals for selection of memory or I/O device from
the given address, direction of data transfer and
synchronization of data transfer in case of slow devices.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 A typical microprocessor consists of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in
association with control unit to process the instruction execution.
 Almost all the microprocessors are based on the principle of store-
program concept.
 In store-program concept, programs or instructions are sequentially
stored in the memory locations that are to be executed. To do any task
using a microprocessor, it is to be programmed by the user.
 So the programmer must have idea about its internal resources,
features and supported instructions.
 Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is
provided by the microprocessor manufacturer. The instruction set
of a microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary machine code
and mnemonics.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a machine
language and it is difficult for us to understand.

 Therefore, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called

mnemonics, which forms the assembly language.

 The conversion of assembly-level language into binary machine-level

language is done by using an application called assembler.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Technology Used:

The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used for chips are:

 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
 Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Classification of Microprocessors:
Based on their specification, application and architecture
microprocessors are classified.
1. Based on size of data bus
2. Based on application
3. Based on architecture

1) Based on size of data bus:

 4-bit microprocessor
 8-bit microprocessor
 16-bit microprocessor
 32-bit microprocessor

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

2) Based on application
 General-purpose microprocessor- used in general computer system
and can be used by programmer for any application. Examples, 8085
to Intel Pentium.
 Microcontroller- microprocessor with built-in memory and ports
and can be programmed for any generic control application.
Example, 8051.
 Special-purpose processors- designed to handle special functions
required for an application. Examples, digital signal processors and
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips.

3) Based on architecture:

 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors

 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE

 The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor

available as a 40-pin IC package and uses +5 V for
power.
 It can run at a maximum frequency of 3 MHz.
 Its data bus width is 8-bit and address bus width is
16-bit, thus it can address 216 = 64 KB of
memory.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
  Arithmetic and Logic Unit:
 The ALU performs the actual numerical and logical operations such as
Addition (ADD), Subtraction (SUB), AND, OR etc.
 It uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform
operations. The results of the arithmetic and logical operations are stored
in the accumulator.
 Registers
 The 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register.
 In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: stack pointer and program counter.
They are briefly described as follows.
 The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are
identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. they can be combined as register pairs -
BC, DE and HL to perform some 16-bit operations.
Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
 The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data
into the register by using data copy instructions.

(8)
(8) (8)
(8) (8)
(8) (8)
(16)
(16)

8 Lines Bidirectional
16 Lines Bidirectional

Data Bus Address Bus

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Accumulator

 The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of ALU.

 This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.
 The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is
also identified as register A.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Flag register

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation
according to data condition of the result in the accumulator and other
registers. They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P) and
Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data
conditions.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Carry (CY) Flag

If the arithmetic operation finally result in a

carry, carry flag is set (1). Else, it reset (0)

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Example

11111111 1010 1010

1 0101 0101 +1010 1001
0101 0100 0101 0011
Cy=1; AC=0 CY=1; AC=0

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Parity Flag

This flag tests for number of 1 bits in the accumulator. If the

accumulator holds even number of 1’s, even parity exists
and the flag bit is set (1). On the other hand, if the number
of 1’s is odd, parity is odd and the flag is reset (0).

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Auxiliary Carry Flag
In an athematic operation, when the carry is generated by
the 3rd bit and is passed on the 4th bit, AC flag is set (1). If
not, flag is reset (0). This flag is used only in Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD) operations.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 One Byte Number
AC

Upper Nibble 1 Lower Nibble

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

+
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
(1)
Carry
Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
Zero Flag
Zero flag occupies the 6th of the flag register. It is set (1)
when the operation performed in the ALU results in 0 and is
reset (0) when the result is not zero.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Sign Flag
It help the programmer to know whether the number stored
in the accumulator is positive or negative. If the sign flag is
set (1), its means that the number stored in the
accumulator is negative and if the reset (0), the number is
positive.
Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
 Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This
register is a memory pointer. The microprocessor uses this register to
sequence the execution of the instructions. The function of the program
counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be
fetched. When a byte is being fetched, the program counter is automatically
incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register, used as a memory pointer. It points to
a memory location in R/W memory, called stack. The beginning of the stack is
defined by loading 16-bit address in the stack pointer.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Instruction Register/Decoder
It is an 8-bit register that temporarily stores the current
instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from memory
prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and decodes or
interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next
stage.

Control Unit

Generates signals on data bus, address bus and control bus within
microprocessor to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 buses and their timing

 Data Bus:
 Data bus carries data in binary form between microprocessor and
other external units such as memory.
 It is used to transmit data i.e. information, results of arithmetic etc
between memory and the microprocessor.
 Data bus is bidirectional in nature. The data bus width of 8085
microprocessor is 8-bit i.e. 28 combination of binary digits and are
typically identified as D0 – D7.
 Thus size of the data bus determines what arithmetic can be done.
If only 8-bit wide then largest number is 11111111 (255 in decimal).
Therefore, larger numbers have to be broken down into chunks of
255. This slows microprocessor.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Address Bus: The address bus carries addresses and is one way
bus from microprocessor to the memory or other devices. 8085
microprocessor contain 16-bit address bus and are generally identified as
A0 - A15. The higher order address lines (A8 – A15) are unidirectional and
the lower order lines (A0 – A7) are multiplexed (time-shared) with the eight
data bits (D0 – D7) and hence, they are bidirectional.

 Control Bus: Control bus are various lines which have specific
functions for coordinating and controlling microprocessor operations.
The control bus carries control signals partly unidirectional and partly
bidirectional.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Control and status signals are
used by 8085 processor

1. ALE (output): Address Latch Enable is a pulse that is provided

when an address appears on the AD0 – AD7 lines, after which it
becomes 0.
2. RD (active low output): The Read signal indicates that data are being
read from the selected I/O or memory device and that they are available
on the data bus.
3. WR (active low output): The Write signal indicates that data on the data
bus are to be written into a selected memory or I/O location.
4. IO/M (output): It is a signal that distinguished between a memory
operation and an I/O operation. When IO/M = 0 it is a memory operation
and IO/M = 1 it is an I/O operation.
5. S1 and S0 (output): These are status signals used to specify the
type of operation being performed; they are listed in Table 1.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Status signals and associated operations

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 schematic representation of the 8085
bus structure

 The microprocessor performs primarily four operations:

I. Memory Read: Reads data (or instruction) from memory.
II. Memory Write: Writes data (or instruction) into memory.
III. I/O Read: Accepts data from input device.
IV. I/O Write: Sends data to output device.

 The 8085 processor performs these functions using address

bus, data bus and control bus

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
 8085 PIN Description

Properties:
 It is a 8-bit microprocessor
 Manufactured with N-MOS technology
 40 pin IC package
 It has 16-bit address bus and thus has 216 = 64 KB
addressing capability.
 Operate with 3 MHz single-phase clock
 +5 V single power supply

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 The logic pin layout and signal groups
of the 8085nmicroprocessor.
All the signals are classified into six
groups:
 Address bus
 Data bus
 Control & status signals
 Power supply and frequency
signals
 Externally initiated signals
 Serial I/O signals

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Address and Data Buses:
 A8 – A15 (output, 3-state): Most significant eight bits of memory
addresses and the eight bits of the I/O addresses. These lines
enter into tri-state high impedance state during HOLD and HALT
modes.
 AD0 – AD7 (input/output, 3-state): Lower significant bits of
memory addresses and the eight bits of the I/O addresses
during first clock cycle. Behaves as data bus during third and
fourth clock cycle. These lines enter into tri-state high impedance
state during HOLD and HALT modes.

 Control & Status Signals:

 ALE: Address latch enable
 RD : Read control signal.
 WR : Write control signal.
 IO/M , S1 and S0 : Status
signals.
Lecture #2: Organization of 8085
 Power Supply & Clock Frequency:

 Vcc: +5 V power supply

 Vss: Ground reference
 X1, X2: A crystal having frequency of 6 MHz
is connected at these two pins
 CLK: Clock output

 Serial I/O Signals:

 SID: Serial input signal. Bit on this line is loaded to D7 bit

of register A using RIM instruction.
 SOD: Serial output signal. Output SOD is set or reset by
using SIM instruction.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085

 Externally Initiated and Interrupt Signals:

 IN RESET : When the signal on this pin is low, the PC is set to 0, the buses
are tri-stated and the processor is reset.
 RESET OUT: This signal indicates that the processor is being reset. The
signal can be used to reset other devices.
 READY: When this signal is low, the processor waits for an integral
number of clock cycles until it goes high.
 HOLD: This signal indicates that a peripheral like DMA (direct
memory access) controller is requesting the use of address and data bus.
 HLDA: This signal acknowledges the HOLD request.
 INTR: Interrupt request is a general-purpose interrupt.
 INTA : This is used to acknowledge an interrupt.
 RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5,5 – restart interrupt: These are vectored
interrupts and have highest priority than INTR interrupt.
 TRAP: This is a non-maskable interrupt and has the highest priority.

Lecture #2: Organization of 8085