Chap. 06 - Electrochemistry: Modul Al-Kimiya

Modul Al-Kimiya
Chap. 06 - Electrochemistry
6.1 Understanding properties of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds
6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions
6.4 Evaluating electrolysis in industry
6.5 Analysing voltaic cell
6.6 Synthesising electrochemical series
6.7 Develop awareness and responsible practices when handling chemicals used in
electrochemical industries
Page 139 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

Modul Al Kimiya
- Page I BulbJanis2011
update: Chap. I06 - Electrolysis
1,-and
Sixikirti
6.1 Understanding properties of electrolytes and chloride, NaCt solution
non-electrolytes
Astudent is able to:
A
s
state the meaning of electrolytes
c
classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes
relate the presence of freely moving ions to electrical conductivity.
1. Definition of electrolysis is ...............................................................................
A. ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES

ttery Battery
Art elecirolyte can. curramt efectriciiy because of the pretence of free moving
kin 5.
1.Definition of an electrolyte is a substance that can conduct in

................. state or ....................... solution and undergo chemical changes.
2.Ionic compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution are electrolytes

because these substances contain freely
3.A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct either

in ............................ state or ............................ solution.
4.Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain

neutral and no freely However, certain
covalent compounds such as hydrogen chloride, ammonia and ethanoic acid
when dissolved in water are electrolytes. This is because these compounds
react with water to produce freely
Modul Al Kimiya
- Page I Chap. I06 - Electrolysis
update: Jan 2011
Activity 1: Classify the substances in the text box below into electrolyte
and non-electrolyte
Solid lead(II) chloride, molten aluminium oxide, lead(II) nitrate solution,

solid sodium chloride, sodium chloride solution, magnesium, silver,
molten lead (II) chloride, glucose solution, glacial ethanoic acid,
dilute ethanoic acid, molten naphthalene, ethanol, tetrachloromethane,
sodium hydroxide solution, aqueous ammonia
Electrolyte Non-electrolyte
6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds
A student is able to:

describe electrolysis,
describe electrolytic cell,
identify cations and anions in a molten compound,
describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in
molten state,
describe electrolysis of a molten compound,
write half-equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode,
predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds.
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update: Jan 2011
Electrolysis of Molten Compounds
1.Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in or

....................... states are broken down (or decomposed) into their constituent
.....................................by passing.............................. through them.
0.Anode is the electrode which is connected to the terminal of a

battery.
1.Cathode is the electrode which is connected to the terminal

of a battery.
2.Carbon or platinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or

unreactive.
3.The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of electrolysis of molten

lead (II) bromide.
Activity 2: Name the main apparatus and materials in the diagram.

Cr
NOTE:
During electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions

are attracted to the anode.
Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed
position and not freely moving.
In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted
by electrostatic forces in a lattice.
Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting
wires and movement of ions in the solution.
Modul Al Kimiya
update: Jan 2011
If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease
because there will be an increase in internal resistance.
Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct

electricity. Activity 3: Given below is a list of ionic compounds in molten state.
Identify the cation and anion in each electrolyte.
Electrolyte Cation Anion
(Molten) Name Formula Name Formula
Sodium chloride
Lead(II) oxide
Potassium bromide
Activity 4: Given below is a list of electrolytes and products discharged at both

electrodes. Based on the given substance discharged at the electrode, write a half
equation to represent the reaction occurring at the electrode.
Electrolyte Substance discharged at the electrodes

(molten) and the half equation
Anode Cathode
i)Aluminium Oxygen gas Aluminium
oxide, Half equation: Half equation:
Al203
0)Potassium Iodine Potassium

iodide, KI Half equation: Half equation:
0) S o d i u Chlorine gas Sodium

m chloride, Half equation: Half equation:
NaC1
i)Zinc bromide, Bromine gas Zinc

ZnBr2 Half equation: Half equation:
Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 — Electrolysis
Activity 5: The flow chart below is used to predict the products formed at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2.
Try This!
Moltenflow
1. In the spaces below, draw a similar lead(II) bromide
chart (as in question 1) to predict the
products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten
lead(II) chloride, PbC12. Consists of
E Molten Lead(II) chloride E
Consists of
(Ions that are present)
I
To anode
(Half equation)
At Anode
1111
(Products formed) if
At Anode
To anode
(Half equation)
I
.411 At Anode
(Products formed)
At Anode
L
Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 — Electrolysis
2. Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of

molten Zinc Chloride, ZnC12.
Try This!
In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the
products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten Aluminium
oxide, Al203.
I
Molten Aluminium Oxide
Consists of
•
( Movement of ions) . . . 4 -
I
To anode
(Half
(Half equation)
equation)
At Anode
At Anode
( P r o d u c t s f o r m e d )
k
( P r o d u c t s f o r m e d )
1111
Hci At Anode
1 1 1 1
At Anode
]
Modul Al Kimiya- Chap. 06 - Electrolysis
6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions

identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution,
describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode,
predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions.
(i). Aqueous Solutions
1.Molten contains only solute. That means 2 ions exist. The positive ion and
the negative ion, from a solute.
2.But an aqueous, contain solute that have two ions and solution - water,
also have two ions.
Molten (solute only) Aqueous
Solute 1 +ve ion 1 -ve ion Solute 1 +ve ion 1 -ve ion
Solution 1 -ve ion,
1 +ve ion, H+
(Water) OH-
3. That mean, the aqueous solution contains 4 ions present in it. Two positive
ions and two negative ions.
4. When the switch is on,

i)The two positive ions will attract to cathode
ii) the two negative ions will attract to anode.
5. Based on the situation, the factor affecting electrolysis are:

a). The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
b). The concentration of electrode (solution used)
c). The type of electrode

Modul Al Kimiya
- Chap. 06 - Electrolysis
(ii). Electrochemical Series

1. The list used to determine the ions will be selected and discharge at anode and
cathode.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
Cation Anion
Formula Name Memorize Formula Name Memorize
K+ F-
Na+ SO4 2-
Ca2+ NO3 -
mg2+ Cl-
A13+ Br-
Zn2+ I-
Fe2+ OH-
Sn2+
Pb2+
I-1+
Cu2+
Ag+
(a). The affect of the position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
1. Based on the Electrochemical Series, arrange the ions in aqueous solution

according the position. The ions that will be selected at anode and cathode
will be choosing in the LOWER position in the Electrochemical Series.
Example 1: The lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr2

(Solution mean aqueous - contains solute and
solution)
Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason

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Example 2: The lead(II) chloride solution, PbC12

Ions present in
solution
Anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 3: The Copper(II) Sulphate solution, Cu504

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 4: The Silver bromide solution, AgBr

Ions present in
solution
Anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 5: Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride), HC1

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason

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(b). The affect of the concentration of electrode (solution used)
1.Concentration means the solution contains more solute than water.

The indicator to show concentration is MOLDM-3 and CONCENTRATED.
2.Example: Concentrated Copper(II) sulphate I 1.0 moldm-3 Copper(II)

sulphate
Example 1: 1.0 moldm -3

of lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr2
Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 2: Concentrated of lead(II) chloride solution, PbC12

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 3: 1.0 moldm -3

of Silver bromide solution, AgBr
Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Conclusion for cathode:

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Example 4: Concentrated of hydrochloric acid, HC1

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Note!
If the aqueous contains ion
The ions will be NOT selected.
The other ion will be chosen.
Example 5: 1.0 moldm-3 of Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
Example 6: 1.0 moldm-3 of Sulphuric acid, H2504

Ions present in
solution
anode Cathode
Ion that move to
Ion that choose
Reason
(c). The affect of type of electrode
1.In the discussion before, the electrode used is carbon or platinum.

This unreactive electrode.
2.If used electrode other than carbon or platinum, the electrode will react.

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Anode Cathode
• The electrode will dissolve into the • The electrode act as "middle
person"
solution • Choose the concentrated ions or the
• The electrode produce ions lower position of ions in the solution
• The electrode become thinner • The electrode will be coated
or thicker
Example 1: Copper(II) sulphate solution with

(i) carbon (ii) copper
electrode electrode
Diagram
Ions present
Ions attract to
anode
Ion chosen
Reason
Ions attract to
Cathode
Ion chosen
Reason

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Example 2: Silver nitrate solution with

(i) carbon (ii) silver
electrode electrode
Diagram
Ions present
Ions attract to
anode
Ion chosen
Reason
Ions attract to
Cathode
Ion chosen
Reason
Example 3: Silver nitrate solution with silver electrode and spoon
Ions present
Ion attract to anode
Ion chosen
Ion attract to cathode
Ion chosen
Diagram

Modul Al Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis
2.
-
Try This !
1.
Concentrated sodium chloride solution

The apparatus above is used to electrolyse dilute magnesium chloride
solution. 1. (a) Name electrode
Dilute magnesium chloride solution
(i) P : _____________________________ [1 M] (ii) Q : ________________________ [1 M]

(b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] P
Electrode
Electrode P
Electrode Q
Electrode Q
c)(i) Name the product X. [1 M] (ii)State a chemical test to
confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M]
(iii)Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M]
d)(i) Name the product Y. [1 M]
ii)State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (d) (i) above. [1 M]
iii)Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q. [1 M]
The apparatus above is used to electrolyse concentrated sodium chloride

solution.
(a) Name electrode
i) P : [1 M]
ii) Q : [1 M]
(b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M]
(c) (i) Name the product X. [1 M]

Modul Al Kimiya
(ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M]
(iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M]
(d) (i) Name the product Y. [1 M]
ii)State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (d) (i) above.[1 M]
0)Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q.[1 M]

Modul Al Kimiya - Chap. 06 - Electrolysis
3.
Copper electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate solution

_./
The apparatus above is used in electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using

copper electrodes.
(a)Write the formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M]
b)Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the:
( i ) a n o d e [ 1 M ]
( i i ) c a t h o d e : [ 1 M ]
c)Explain why the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution does

not change as electrolysis proceeds. [2 M]
d)If the experiment is repeated but with the copper electrodes being
replaced with carbon electrodes, name the products formed at the:
( i ) a n o d e [ 1 M ]
( i i ) c a t h o d e : [ 1 M ]
e)Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the:
i)anode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M]
ii)cathode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M]

Carbon electrode X
Crucible
Carbon electrode Y Molten lead(II) bromide
Exercise 1:burner
Bunsen
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of

molten Lead (II) bromide.
DIAGRAM 1.1
a)Based on Diagram 6.1, identify : [1M]
Anode
Cathode
b)Write the formulae for the ions present in molten lead (II) bromide. [1M]
0)State the ion that is attracted to: [1M]
(i) X • .......................................................(ii) Y • ..............................................
c)In Diagram 1.2 below, draw arrows (—>) to show the movement of ions in
(c). [2M]
Diagram 1.2
e)Write the half equations of the reaction at electrodes: [2M]
i) X •
0) Y •
Molten lead(II) bromide
(g) What would you observe at electrodes? [2M] Positive ion
i) X • Negative ion
0) Y •
2. Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a

dilute aqueous sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.

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Diagram 2 Electrode Q
a) What is meant by cation? [1M]

Electrode P
Dilute sodium chloride solution
0)What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolysis process? [1M]
0)(i) State all the ions present in the electrolyte. [2M]
(ii) In the table below, write the formulae of the ions in (c) (i) which moved to
electrodes P and Q. [2M]
d)Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrodes P and Q. [2M]
e)If a concentrated sodium chloride solution is used in the above

electrolysis, name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode Q. Explain
why.[2M]
Electrode P Electrode Q
Electrode P Electrode Q

Carbon electrode U Carbon electrode T
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3. Diagram 3 show the set-up of apparatus to electrolysis copper (II) sulphate

solution using carbon electrodes.
Gas V
Copper(II)sulphate solution 1.0 mol
a)What is meant by electrolysis? [1M]
0)State which electrode acts as the anode? [1M]
(c)Name all the anions present in the solution. [1M]
(d)(i) What would you observe at electrode T? [1M]
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the electrode T. [1M]
e) (i) Name gas V. [1M]
(ii) Describe a chemical test to identify the gas V. [2M]
0)What is the process occurring at electrode carbon T? Explain your answer.[2M]

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4. The diagram 4 below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell

containing concentrated copper (II) sulphate solution. Two test tubes filled with
copper (II) sulphate solution were placed over the electrodes J and K to
collect any gas evolved. The switch is then turned on so that electrolysis of
copper (II) sulphate solution can occur.
Carbon electrode Copper(II) sulphate solution

Carbon electrode
Diagram 4
a) Identify the cations and the anions present in the aqueous solution.
Cations • Anions •
0) Identify which electrode ( J or K) is the anode and the cathode:

Anode • Cathode •
0)(i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the anode?
ii)Give a reason for your answer in (c) (i).
0)What do you observe at the anode?
i)Give one test to confirm the gas released at K.

(v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at anode.
(d) (i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the cathode?
ii). Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i)
0). Which do you observe at the cathode?
(v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at the cathode.
(e) What do you observe about the copper (II) sulphate solution?
6.4 Evaluating electrolysis in industry

state uses of electrolysis in industries,
explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries,
write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries,
justify uses of electrolysis in industries,
describe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry.

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Electrolysis in Industries
1.The application of electrolysis in industries are

..........................................................and .............................................
2.In the extraction of aluminium from its ore, electrodes are used
and...........................is added to aluminium oxide to lower its melting point.
3.In purification of metals, the pure metal is made the and the
impure metal is made the..............................The electrolyte used is an aqueous
salt solution of the metal ions.
4.In electroplating of metals, the is made the anode and the
...................... to be .......................... is made the cathode. The electrolyte
used is an aqueous salt solution of the electroplating metal.
5.The purposes of electroplating metals are to make the electroplated object
more
and to corrosion.
6.Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the
blanks.
Extraction of Purification of Electroplating of

aluminium from copper from impure iron spoon with
bauxites mined copper silver
1.Substance used Cathode: Cathode: Cathode:
as cathode
and anode
Anode: Anode: Anode:
2.electrolyt
e used
3.Half equation Cathode: Cathode: Cathode:
representing
the process.
Anode: Anode: Anode:

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6.5 Analysing voltaic cell
Astudent is able to:

A
d
describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell,
e
explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell,
e
explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell,
c
compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various voltaic cells,
describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells.
Voltaic Cells
1.A simple voltaic cell can be constructed by immersing two

metals in an................................connected by .....................
2.In a voltaic cell, energy is converted to
energy.
3.THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals based on the

tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. Complete the table below.
Cation formed and number of

Electrochemical series of
metals electron(s)
Potassium, K • K -- > released

K± + e during the process
Aluminium, Al Al -- > Al3+ + 3e
Copper, Cu Cu -- >
* Note: Hydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical Series.

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4. The diagram below shows an example of a simple voltaic cell.

Explanation:
An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium strip and a copper strip
immersed in dilute sodium chloride solution.
Magnysil
240111 The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate
through the wire and this results in the flow of electrical current.
Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a

copper
atom and the magnesium act as the negative terminal of the cell.
Sodium chi ride, NaCI solution
The overall equation for the reaction is
given as follows. Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) -->
Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the

electrochemical series.
At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons

and the Mg2+ formed moved into the solution.
Mg(s) --> Mg2+ (aq) + 2e
At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are
accepted by the H+ ions in sodium chloride solution.
2H+ + 2e --> H2 (g)

Modul Al Kimiya
Exercise 2:
1. Diagram 1 shows a chemical cell with iron and aluminium metals acting as
electrodes which are immersed in the iron(II) sulphate solution and aluminium
nitrate solution respectively.
Diagram 1
a)State the energy change in the cell above. [1M]
Iron
0)State the negative terminal. Explain your answer. [2M]
Aluminium
Iron (II) sulphate solution Aluminium nitrate solution
0)(i) State one observation at the aluminium electrode. [1M]
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction in c (i). [1M]
0)Mark the direction of the flow of electrons in the diagram above. [1M]
0)(i) What is the function of the salt bridge? [1M]
(ii) Suggest a suitable chemical substance to be used as salt bridge. [1M]
0)Voltage value of the cell is 0.8 V. If the iron is replaced by copper, predict
the voltage value produced. Explain your answer. [2M]

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2. Diagram 2 represents a Daniell cell where strips of copper and zinc are used.
Diagram 2
a)State the metal which

Copperacts
strip as [1M]
positive terminal • ....................... and negative terminal • ............................

orous pot
Copper(II) sulphate solution
b)In Diagram, draw arrows (—>) to show the direction of the flow of electrons.
[1M]
Zinc sulphate solution
c)What is the energy change that occurs in the cell? [1M]
(d) What is the function of the porous pot? [1M]
(e) Write the half equations of the reaction take place at: [2M]
i) positive terminal
0) negative terminal
(f)After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution?
Explain why. [2M]
(g) The voltage of the cell in Diagram 8 is 1.1 volts. If the zinc strip is replaced by
magnesium ribbon and dipped in magnesium sulphate solution, predict the
voltage of the cell formed. Explain why. [2M]

Act 7:
The table below listed are five

types of voltaic cells commonly
used in our daily lives. Each voltaic
cell has its advantages and
disadvantages. Complete the
table by stating the advantages
and disadvantages of each voltaic
cell.
Voltaic cell Advantages Disadvantages
1.Lead-
acid
accumulato
2.Dry cell
3.Mercury cell
4.Alkaline cell
5.Nickel-
cadmium
cell
6.6 Synthesising electrochemical series
describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series,

construct the electrochemical series,
explain the importance of electrochemical series,
predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution,
write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions.

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The Electrochemical Series
1.THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals based on the

tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons.
2.The higher the position of a metal in the Electrochemical Series, the greater
the tendency of metal atoms to donate electrons.
3.The Electrochemical Series can be constructed based on

i)The potential difference between two metals
ii)The ability of a metal to displace another metal - Displacement reaction
(i) The potential difference between two metals
1.The voltaic cell, two different metals are used to create a potential
difference, which is shown by the reading on the voltmeter.
2.The further the two metals are in the electrochemical series, the greater
the voltage produced by the cell.
3.The metal which is higher in the electrochemical series will be the

negative terminal.
4.The electrons are released and flow through the external circuit to the
other electrode, which is the positive terminal.
(ii). The ability of a metal to displace another metal - Displacement

reaction 1. The higher metal in Electrochemical Series can displace metal
below in electrochemical series from its salt solution.
[Other word- Metal on the top, can displace the metal solution below
it in ECS]

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Example: Reaction between Magnesium and Copper(II) sulphate

Metal Metal solution
Substance
Position in
Electrochemical series
Can React?
Activity 8: Solve the question below
a.Reaction between Copper and Silver nitrate

Substance
Position in
Can React?
b.Reaction between Zinc and Magnesium sulphate

Substance
Position in
Can React?
c.Reaction between Silver and Copper(II) sulphate

Substance
Position in
Can React?

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Activity 9:
Three experiments were conducted to investigate the potential differences
between three pairs of metals in a voltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four
metals P, Q, S and T is then constructed based on the potential difference
obtained. Three pair of metals used as electrodes in different voltaic cells are:
P and Q, Q and S and S and T.
All the metals are cleaned with sandpaper before used. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sodium nitrate solution is poured into a beaker as electrolyte.
Experiment I
The electrodes P and Q are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are
connected to a voltmeter using copper wires. Electrode Q is the
positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded.
Experiment II
The electrodes Q and S are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are
connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode Q is the
Experiment III
The electrodes S and T are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are
connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode T is the
Based on Experiment I, II and III, answer the questions below.
(a) Record the voltmeter reading of each experiment in the spaces provided.
Experiment 1 Experiment II Experiment III

Voltmeter reading: .......... Voltmeter reading: ............. Voltmeter reading: ......

(b) Construct a table to record the data from the above experiments.
(c) List the apparatus and materials that you will need to carry out this
experiment.
Apparatus: ..........................................................................................................
Materials: .............................................................................................................
c)State all the

variables: Manipulated
variable Responding
variable
Controlled variable
d) State the hypothesis:
0)Based on the information obtained in Experiment I, what can you infer about
metal P and Q?

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f)Write a half equation for the reaction occurring in negative of Experiment

I, assuming the cation has a +2 charge.
0)Arrange the metals P, Q, S and T in descending order of their tendency to

donate electrons.
0)Another voltaic cell is set-up using metals T and Q as electrodes. Predict the
potential difference produced in the cell.
0) Given that metal X is placed between metal S and metal Q in

the electrochemical series, can metal X displace metal S from its salt
solution? Give an explanation for your answer
0)Given that copper is more electropositive than metal T, a displacement

reaction will occur when copper is immersed into a salt solution of metal T,
TNO3. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
0)State three important uses of the electrochemical series

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Objective Question:
1. The table shows information about three simple cells.

Pair of metals Potential difference/ V Metal at negative terminal
X and copper 0.45 X
Y and copper 1.30 Y
Z and copper 0.56 Cu
What is the potential difference of the pair of metals Y and Z?

A 0.85
B 1.01
C 1.86
D 2.31
2. The table shows the results of an experiment on chemical cell using different
pairs of metal electrodes immersed in a copper (II) sulphate solution.
Electrodes Voltmeter reading/
Positive Negative V
P Q 0.5
P S 2.7
Q R 1.0
R S 1.2
The ascending arrangement according to the tendency of releasing electrons is
A S, R, Q, P
P, Q, S , R
C P, R, Q, S
P, Q, R , S
3. Table 1 shows the potential difference of two cells. W, X and Y are metal. The
relative position the metals in electrochemical series with the most
electropositive metal first, is ....
Cell Electrodes Positive terminal Negative terminal Potential

I W and X W X difference
1.1 volt
II W and Y W Y 0.8 volt
Table 1
A W, X, Y
Y, W, X C Y,
X, W
X, W, Y
E X, Y, W

Modul Al Kimiya
4. Table 3 shows the results of an experiment from four chemical cells.

Arrangement of the metals in decreasing order of the tendency to release
electron is....
Chemical cell Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
Metal J J Q Q
Metal R Q R M
Potential difference/ V 2.8 1.7 1.1 0.6
Positive terminal R Q R M
Table 3
A J, Q, R, M
B J, Q, M, R
C R, Q, M, J
D R, M, Q, J
5. The table shows the voltmeter readings when a pair of different metal
electrodes are dipped into the copper(II) nitrate solution.
Metal electrode Voltmeter Reading/ V

Positive Negative terminal
terminal
P S 2.8
P Q 0.8
R S 1.2
Q R Y
What is the value of Y?

A 0.8
B 1.0
C 1.6
D 2.0
6.Table 3 shows the results of an experiment for three chemical cells.

Chemical cell Metal pairs Negative terminal Cell voltage/V
X P and R R 1.9
Y R and S S 0.8
Z Q and R R 0.3
Table 3
Which the following can be deduced from table 3?
I the cell voltage is 1.6 V when P and Q are used as electrodes

II the cell voltage is 1.1 V when P and S are used as electrode
III electrons flows from terminal Q to terminal S in the metal pair Q and S
IV P functions as a positive terminal when it is paired with Q, R or S in a cell

Modul Al Kimiya Electrodes
A I and IV only
B II and III only
C I, II and III only
Electrolyte
D I, II, III and IV
Exercise 3:
The diagram below shows a simple chemical cell that was set up to
investigate the arrangement of metals P, Q, R and S.
The table below shows the pair of metals used for each experiment.
Experiments Pairs of metals Negative electrodes Voltmeter readings (V)
I R and Q Q
II S and R S
III P and S P
IV S and Q
The voltmeter readings for each experiment are shown in the diagram below.
1 / 2
o N \\\\\\1111///////////
Experiment I Experiment II
Experiment III Experiment IV
a)Read and record the voltmeter readings in the table above. [3M]
b)State the variables for this experiment. [3M]
The manipulated variable

Modul Al Kimiya
The responding variable
The fixed variable
c)State the hypothesis for this experiment. [3M]
0)Predict the negative terminal in experiment IV. [3M]
d)Based on the voltmeter reading, arrange the metals of P,Q, R, and S

according to ascending order of electropositivity. [3M]
0)What is the inference that can be made for the mass of the negative
electrode and the positive electrode in each experiment after a certain time
interval? [3M]
0)Why is the voltmeter reading for experiment II bigger than experiment IV?
[3M]
0)In experiment I, if Q is copper metal, R is silver metal, and sulphuric acid is

used as the electrolyte,
a)State two observations that can be made in the experiment. [3M]
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the copper metal. [3M]

Modul Al Kimiya
(i) Classify the metals that can displace and cannot displace metal Q from the salt
solution of Q. [3M]
Metals that can displace metal Q Metals that cannot displace
from salt solution of Q. metal Q from salt solution of Q.

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Chap. 06 - Electrochemistry: Modul Al-Kimiya

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Modul Al-Kimiya

Page 139 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

1. Definition of electrolysis is ...............................................................................

A. ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES

1.Definition of an electrolyte is a substance that can conduct in

2.Ionic compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution are electrolytes

3.A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct either

4.Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain

Solid lead(II) chloride, molten aluminium oxide, lead(II) nitrate solution,

6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds

A student is able to:

Electrolysis of Molten Compounds

1.Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in or

0.Anode is the electrode which is connected to the terminal of a

1.Cathode is the electrode which is connected to the terminal

2.Carbon or platinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or

3.The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of electrolysis of molten

Activity 2: Name the main apparatus and materials in the diagram.

During electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions

Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct

Activity 4: Given below is a list of electrolytes and products discharged at both

Electrolyte Substance discharged at the electrodes

0)Potassium Iodine Potassium

0) S o d i u Chlorine gas Sodium

i)Zinc bromide, Bromine gas Zinc

(Ions that are present)

2. Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of

6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions

A student is able to:

(i). Aqueous Solutions

4. When the switch is on,

5. Based on the situation, the factor affecting electrolysis are:

Page 146 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

(ii). Electrochemical Series

(a). The affect of the position of ions in the Electrochemical Series

1. Based on the Electrochemical Series, arrange the ions in aqueous solution

Example 1: The lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr2

Page 147 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

Example 2: The lead(II) chloride solution, PbC12

Example 3: The Copper(II) Sulphate solution, Cu504

Example 4: The Silver bromide solution, AgBr

Example 5: Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride), HC1

Page 148 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

(b). The affect of the concentration of electrode (solution used)

1.Concentration means the solution contains more solute than water.

2.Example: Concentrated Copper(II) sulphate I 1.0 moldm-3 Copper(II)

Example 1: 1.0 moldm -3

Example 2: Concentrated of lead(II) chloride solution, PbC12

Example 3: 1.0 moldm -3

Conclusion for cathode:

Page 149 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

Example 4: Concentrated of hydrochloric acid, HC1

Example 5: 1.0 moldm-3 of Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4

Example 6: 1.0 moldm-3 of Sulphuric acid, H2504

(c). The affect of type of electrode

1.In the discussion before, the electrode used is carbon or platinum.

Page 150 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

Example 1: Copper(II) sulphate solution with

Page 151 I update: Jan 2011 I cikguadura.wordpress.com

(i) P : _____ [1 M] (ii) Q : [1 M]