Computer Fundamentals Lecture

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

What is Computer?

- A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

- A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human beings can.
- Computer is an electronic machine which is use for data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as Information.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS:

- Zeroth generation (1642 to 1945)

- First Generation (1945 to 1955)
- Second generation (1955 to 1965)
- Third generation (1966 to 1970)
- Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
- Fifth generation (1980 to present)

ZEROTH GENERATION (1642 TO 1945)

- Mechanical calculators was developed as computing device.

FIRST GENERATION (1945 TO 1955)

- In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was
developed by Mr. J. Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at University of Pennsylvania.
- It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
- Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot space.
- It produced large amount of heat.
- Its speed was very slow.

SECOND GENERATION (1955 TO 1965)

- In this second generation vacuum tubes was replaced by transistors.

- Speed / performance of this generation computers was improved in comparison to first
generation computers.
- Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using transistors.

THIRD GENERATION (1966 TO 1970)

- In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s (Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of
thousands electronic components on single silicon chip).
- Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
- Speed / performance was high in comparison to third generation.
 - Heat produced by computers was reduced.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 TO 1980)

- In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuits : more number of
electronic components on silicon chip)
- These are low cast, small size and high performance in comparisons to third generation computers

FIFTH GENERATION (1980 TO PRESENT)

- In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
- Size and cost of these computers is very less and performance is very high

A computer can be divided into two main categories:

1. Hardware

2. Software

 Hardware is basically anything that you can touch with your fingers. For computer hardware to
work it must follow a set of instructions that is supplied to it as software.
 Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,
•

• Computer Case
• CPU (central processing
unit...Pentium chip)
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM,
DVD,
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Speakers
• Printer
The term software refers to the set of instructions that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.

1. System Software

2. Application Software

3. Utility Software

 SYSTEM SOFTWARE/OPERATING SYSTEM

- System Software is used to control all components of computer and serves as an interface
between user and hardware.
o Control all Components of Computer
o Interface b/w user and Hardware

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- Application software is used or design for the specific purpose of the user

Examples:

 MS-WORD
 MS-POWER POINT
 MS-EXCEL
 Acdsee
 Corel Draw
 Paint
 Game
 MS-ACCESS

 UTILITY SOFTWARE
- Utility Software is used to remove any problem or solve a complex situation in computer.

Examples:

 Partition Magic
 Backup utility
 Antivirus Data
 Recovery
 Security Software
 Win Ghost
Bits n Bytes

1. Bit:
- One digit, either 0 or 1

2. Byte:
- any combination of 0 or 1.
- also called an OCTET.

Computer only understand 0 or 1

0 = off

1 = on

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

Consists of four parts where each part involves one or more specific components of the computer.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Output

4. Storage

 Input: A computer receives data via an input device such as the keyboard. Input: A computer
receives data via an input device such as the keyboard.

 Processing: A computer program performs operations on the data to transform it into

information.

 Output: A computer produces the output through an output device such as the monitor to display
the result of the processing operations.

 Storage: A computer stores the result of the processing operations in a storage device such as the
hard disk.

So
- Computer is an Electronic device which can:

1. accept data

2. process it

3. give the result after that processing

4. and also store processed data

PC four major functions are:

 Input data
 Process data
 Output information
 Store data and information

DATA VS. INFORMATION

Data is a representation of a fact or idea

 Number
 Word
 Picture
 Sound
I. Examples of data: 3547, Ahmad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Information is data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful.

II. Examples of information: Roll No. 3547, Name-Ahmad, City-Kuala Lumpur, Country-Malaysia

Data vs. Instruction

A Personal Computer

Devices in INPUT:

 Keyboard
 Webcam
 Mouse
 Mic
 Scanner
 Joystick
 Lightpen
 Optical card reader (OCR)
 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
Other examples that is not
 Optical bar code reader (OBR)
stated in our notes.
 Voice recognition devices
 Optical mark reader (OMR)

Devices of OUTPUT:

 Monitor
 Speaker
 Printer
 Headphone
 Sound card
 Screen protector
 GPS location Other examples that
 Plotter is not stated in our
 Video card notes.
 Projector
Enter data to be processed

 Keyboard
 Scanners
 Mouse
 Trackball
 Touchscreen
 Microphone
 Game controller
 Digital camera

System Unit

Cabinet that houses all components

 Motherboard
 CPU
 Memory modules

- A processor present in system unit is the part that is like a computer’s brain.
- A system unit is a personal computer component that houses other devices necessary for the
computer to function.

Display

- A display device is a personal computer component that enables users to view the text and
graphical data associated with a computer program.
Input Devices

- An input device is a personal computer component that enables users to enter data or instructions
into a computer.

External Devices

- There are several categories of external devices:

 Microphone
 Digital camera
 Scanner
 Speakers
 Printer
 Network device
 External drive

System Unit Components

- The system unit itself has several important subcomponents, such as:
 System Board
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 System Bus
 Storage devices

The System Board

- The system board is the personal computer component that acts as the backbone for the entire
computer system.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the calculations take place.
Memory

- Memory is the personal computer component that comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or non-volatile.

The System Bus

- The system bus is the main communication path between the CPU and memory.

Storage Devices

- A storage device is a system unit component, such as a hard drive, that enables users to save data
for reuse at a later time, even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.

Power Supplies

- A power supply is an internal computer component that converts AC power from an electrical
outlet to the DC power needed by system components.

Cooling Systems

- Computer systems contain several components that require cooling:

 The computer case
 The CPU
 The power supply
 Some adapter cards
 Some hard disk drives

Adapter Cards

- An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install into a slot on the computer’s system
board to expand the functionality of the computer.

Riser Cards

- A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards.
Storage Devices

- The various types of storage devices used in personal computers are:

 Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
 Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
 Optical Drives
 Tape Drives
 Solid State Storage devices

Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

- FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads data from, and writes data to, removable
disks made of flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating and enclosed in a stiff,
protective, plastic case.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

- HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses fixed media, which means that the disk is
built into the drive and the drives are not removed from the computer unless you are performing
an upgrade or a repair.

Optical Disks

- An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores data optically, rather than
magnetically.

Types of Optical Disks and Drives

- Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:

 CD-ROM
 CD-R
 CD-RW
 DVD-ROM
 DVD-R
 DVD+R
 DVD+R DL
 DVD-RW
 DVD+RW
 DVD-RAM

Tape Drives

- A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that stores data magnetically on a removable
tape that is enclosed in a tape cartridge.

Solid State Storage

 - Solid state storage is a personal computer storage device that stores data in special types of
memory instead of on disks or tape.

Personal Computer Connection Methods

The various PC connection methods are:

 Ports
 Personal Computer Connections
 Serial Connections
 Parallel Connections
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
 IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
 Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
 Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

Ports

- A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal computer that enables devices to be

connected to the computer.

Personal Computer Connection

- A personal computer connection is a means by which a personal computer component is attached

to other components to provide computing capabilities.

Serial Connections

- A serial connection is a personal computer connection that transfers data one bit at a time over a
single wire.

Parallel Connections

- A parallel connection is a personal computer connection that transfers data eight bits at a time
over eight wires and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.

USB Connections

- A USB connection is a personal computer connection that enables you to connect multiple
peripherals to a single port with high performance and minimal device configuration.
 Type B connector connects to USB device
 Type A connector connects to USB port on the computer or on a hub

IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections

- A FireWire connection is a personal computer connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE 1394 standard.

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections

 - A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection that connects internal and external
components to the system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.

Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections

- A PATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a parallel data channel from
a disk controller to the disk drives.

Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

- A SATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a serial data channel between the
drive controller and the disk drives.

1.5 Categories of Computer

Personal Computer
 A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output and storage operations on
its own.
 Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and workstation.

Notebook Computer
- Portable, small enough to fit on your lap.
-Also called a laptop computer.
-Usually more expensive than a desktop computer with equal capabilities.

Tablet PC
- A computer that is shaped like a slate or notebook.
- Normally fitted with a touch screen for users to enter input through a stylus.

Handheld Computer
- A small computer that can easily be fit in one hand and operated by the other hand.

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

-A small, portable computer built for specific purposes such as for keeping phone directories and
calendars.

Mid-Range Server
 More powerful and larger that a workstation and can support up to 4,000 users at one time.
 Formerly known as minicomputer.

Mainframe Computer
 Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of connected users

Supercomputer
 The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer.
 Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations.

Review Notes: First Quiz

1. 3 elements of computer system: HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND PEOPLEWARE

2. Software used to control all components of computer and serves as an interface between user and
hardware: SYSTEM SOFTWARE
3. Personal computer storage device that uses fixed media which means that the disk is built into the
drive: HARD DISK DIRVE
4. Earliest computing device invented by Chines people: ABACUS
5. Personal computer component that comprises the electronic storage areas in the computer:
MEMORY
6. A riser card is a printed circuit board that you install into a slot on the computer’s system board to
expand the functionality of the computer: FALSE
7. Part of the information processing cycle that receives or accept data: INPUT
8. Third generation computer component was made of: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
9. Hardware refers to the set of instructions that tells the computer what to do: FALSE
10. Defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently:
COMPUTER LITERACY
11. The memory is sometimes called microprocessor which is known as the real brain of the computer
and is where most of the calculations take place: FALSE
12. Hardware connection interface on a personal computer that enables devices to be connected to
the computer: PORT
13. Known as the representation of fact or idea such as number, word, picture or sound: DATA
14. An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores data optically rather than
magnetically: TRUE
15. Refers to the processed data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful way:
INFORMATION
16. Father of Modern computer: CHARLES BABBAGE
17. Refers to the physical component or the tangible part of the computer system: HARDWARE
18. Refers to the personal computer components that houses other devices necessary for the
computer to function: SYSTEM UNIT
19. Internal computer component that converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC power
needed by the system components: POWER SUPPLY
20. Software used to remove any problem or solve a complex situation in computer: UTILITY
21. Four steps in information processing cycle: INPUT, PROCESSING, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE
22. Second generation computers are made up of vacuum tube and the speed and performance is very
slow: FALSE
23. Steps in information processing cycle that performs operation on the data to transform it into
information: PROCESSING
24. Steps in data processing cycle that display information through monitor and print information
through printer: OUTPUT
25. Refers to the machines that performs tasks, such as calculation or electronic communication under
the control of a set of instructions: COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Zeroth Generation – 1642 to 1945

First Generation – 1945 to 1955
Second Generation – 1955 to 1965
Third Generation – 1966 to 1970
Fourth Generation – 1971 to 1980
Fifth Generation – 1980 up to present

 500 B.C
o Abacus
 1614
o John Napier – discovers logarithm using his bones
 1625
o William Oughtred – The Slide Rule
o -Adding and Subtracting
 1642
o Blaise Pascal – Pascal Calculator (Multiplying)
o – Another name: PASCALINE
 1671
o Gottfried Leibniz – Leibnitz’s Calculator (Stepped Reckoner)
 1822
o Charles Babbage – modern computer
o – First Mechanical Computer
 1832 – 1833
o Augusta Ada Byron – First Lady Programmer (upod ni sya ni Charles Babbage)
 1834
o Babbage’s (Analytical & Differential Engine)
 1890
o Herma Hollerith – punch cards
o – this machine was used to record data of US CENSUS
 1924
o IBM was formed
o – INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
 1937
o Alan Turing – FATHER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
o – British Mathematician who develop the Turing Machine’s called Colossus
 o – Colossus is a machine that process equation to break German codes
 1943
o Howard Aiken – Harvard Professor
o Howard Aiken and IBM develops Mark 1
o Mark 1 – An electromecahnical computer. Developed to calculate ballistics charts for the US
Navy.
o Mark 1 (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator)
o Mark 1 – half as long as a football field and contained 500 miles of wire
o Mark 1 – used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts
o Mark 1 – was obsolete by the time it was complete
 1945
o John Von Neuman – developed an electronic computer at the IAS that uses a stored
program concept
 1946
o John P. Eckert Jr. & John W. Mauchly – designs the ENIAC (Vacuum Tubes)
o Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
o The size of a cellphone built with Vacuum Tubes.
o The size of a pager built with Vacuum Tubes.
o The size of a home computer built with Vacuum Tubes.
 1947
o John Bardeen , Walter Brattain, William Shockley and Bell Telephone Laboratories –
invention of the Transistor
 1951
o Grace Murray Hopper – invented the high level language
 1954
o UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
o The first commercially successful electronic computer
 1958
o Jack Kilby – invented integrated circuits. (Texas Instruments)
 1959 – 1961
o COBOL, ALGOL, LISP, and APL Programming Languages
 1964
o Jon Kenemy – of Dartmouth leads the development of the BASIC programming languages
 1964 – 1973
o PL/1, LOGO, PILOT, FORTH, PASCAL, C, Prolog Programming Languages
 1965
o Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
o Introduced the first minicomputer
o The mini computer – PDP-8
 1970
o Development of UNIX, LSI chips
 1971
 o Dr. Tedd Hoff – the architect of first microprocessor was made the Intel 4004
 1972
o Atari was founded
 1974
o First personal computer – Altair that develop by MITS Inc.
 1975
o Bill Gates and Paul Allen – implemented the BASIC
o They form Microsoft
 1976
o Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak – founder of Apple Computer Inc. to Market Apple II
 1979 – 1980
o ADA, Modula – 2 Programming Languages
 1984
o MS – DOS was released by Microsoft
o Hewlett-Packard – announces the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.
 1985
o Microsoft Windows Launched
 1989
o Tim Berners-Lee – invented the World Wide Web (www)
 1994
o Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen – found Netscape and launch Netscape Navigator 1.0 (a
browser of world wide web [www])
o Linus Torvalds – created the Linux kernel
 1995
o Microsoft Windows 95 Sun Microsystem launches Java
 1997
o Microsoft Releases Internet Explorer 4
o IBM’s Deep Blue – the first computer to beat a reigning World Chess Champion
o Gary Kasprov – in a six chess game match
o Intel Plentium II released
 1998
o Microsoft Windows ‘98
 1999
o Apple Computer introduces iMac
o Intel Plentium III released
 2000
o Official launched of Microsoft Windows 2000
o AMD releases the Athlon 1 GHz
 2001
o Apple releases MacOS X
o Microsoft releases Windows XP
o Release of the ‘X’ Box – Microsoft’s gaming console
 2002
o Intel released Pentium IV
o Microsoft launches its NET strategy
o Digital video cameras, DVD writers, easy-to-use video editing software, and
improvements in storage capabilities allow the average computer to create Hollywood-
like videos with introductions, conclusions, scenes, rearranged, music and voice over.
 2003
o Wireless computers and devices (Ex. Keyboards, mouse, home networks, and public
internet access points) become common place.
o Latest operating systems include support for both the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
 2004
o Flat-panel LCD monitors overtake bulky CRT monitors
o USB Flash Drives become a cost effective way to transport data and information from one
computer to another
o Apple computer introduces the sleek iMac G5, the new computer’s display device contains
the system unit
o Facebook – online social network available for college students is founded. Registration to
all people. 110 million users with more than billion photos, 20 million of which are
uploaded daily
 2005
o The Mozilla Foundation, the creators of the free open source Firefox browser, predicts
that by the end of 2005 it will have 10% of the browser market primarily at the expense of
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) security-plagued browser.
o Microsoft unveil Window XP Media Center Edition, 2005 - this operating system allows
user to success the routine capabilities of a Windows XP-based PC while focusing delivering
media content such as music digital photography, music and television
o Microsoft introduces Visual Studio 2005 – the product includes Visual Basic, Visual C#,
Visual J#< Visual C++, and SQL Server. It release for hobbyist students and non-professionals
o Smartphone – overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device of choice
o YouTube – an online community for video sharing. Includes contents such as home videos,
movie previews, and clips from television shows.
 November 2006 – Google acquires YouTube
o OQO handled computer – is fully-functional Windows XP computer with desktop
capabilities.
 4.9 inches long
 3.4 inches wide
 0.9 inches thick
 Weighing 14 ounces
 Fills the void between bulk and awkwardness of a notebook computer and the
limited capability of a smart phone of PDA
 2006
o Windows VISTA – released
o Intel introduces its Core 2 Duo processor family.
  Boasting record-breaking performance while using less power
 Consist of 5 desktop computer processors
 5 mobiles computer processor
 Desktop includes 291 million transistors, yet uses 40% less power than the Pentium
processor
 2009
o Windows 7 – released
o Intel releases the Core i5 and Core i7 line of processor.
 Offers increased performance for some of the more demanding tasks
 Intel enhances its Core processors family by realizing multi-core processors,
designed to increase the number of instructions that can be processed at a given
time.
 2010
o Apple introduce iPad
o Instagram is launched
o Intel purchases McAfee
o Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 9
o Google+ is made available for invite only
 2012
o Pinterest – is made available to everyone
o Apple iPhone 5 goes on sale
o Apple introduces iOS7
o The deal between Facebook and Instagram for one billion dollars finalized
o Microsoft Windows 8 and Microsoft Surface is released
o Microsoft releases Windows 8.1
 2014
o Satya Nadella – takes over as Microsoft CEO
o Sony – announces it will sell PC business to Japanese investment firm
o Apple iPhone goes on sale

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Objectives:
At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
 understand fundamental computer concepts
 realize the importance of computer literacy
 know the advantages of electronic data processing systems
 be aware of the limitations and failures of computers
 be knowledgeable of the different classifications of computers
 differentiate the elements of the computer system
  classify computers according to their use

A World of Computers
What is computer literacy ?
Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses
Computers are everywhere

Uses of Computers
 How we do business – Computerized Operations
 How we communicate – The Internet/ Digital Telecommunication.
 The way we work – Local Area Network
 What we buy – New products designed with the help of a Supercomputer
 How we are entertained – Digital Movies/Sounds
 The way we travel
 What we can do by ourselves – Personal computer software
 Our ability to move around – Cellular Telephones
 Our ability to predict the World Around Us – Learning about Global Warming
 How we learn – Multimedia CD –ROMS
 How we play – Virtual Reality Games

Computer Applications in Society

 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Healthcare
 Science
 Publishing
 Industry
 Four Basic
Functions of
Computer Systems

What is the information processing cycle?

 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage
 Communication

Milestone in Computer History

Mark 1
An electromechanical computer developed in 1944 by Howard Aiken
Developed to calculate ballistics charts for the US Navy
Was about half as long as a football field and contained 500 miles of wire
Used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts Was obsolete by the time it was complete

Famous Quotes about Computers

 “I think there is a world
market for maybe five computers.” –
Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM,
1943
 “Computers in the
future may weigh no more than 1.5
tons.” – Popular Mechanics, 1949
 “There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind will want a computer in their home.” – Ken Olson,
President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977.
 "So we went to Atari and said, 'Hey, we've got this amazing thing, even built with some of your parts, and what
do you think about funding us? Or we'll give it to you. We just want to do it. Pay our salary, we'll come work for
you' and they said, 'No.' So then we went to Hewlett -Packard, and they said, 'Hey we don't need you. You
haven't got through college yet.'" - Apple Computer Inc. founder Steve Jobs on attempts to get Atari and HP
interested in his and Steve Wozniak's personal computer.

The Microprocessor
A computer chip that contains on it the entire CPU
Mass produced at a very low price
Computers become smaller and cheaper
Intel 4004 – the first computer on a chip, more powerful than the original ENIAC.

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

What is an input device?
 Hardware used to enter
data and instructions.
What is an output device?
 Hardware that conveys
information to one or more people.
What is the system unit?
 Case containing electronic components used to process data.
What is storage?
 Holds data, instructions, and information for future use.
 Storage medium is physical material used for storage.
 Also called secondary storage.

What is an communication device?

 Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions and information.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS
What are the two most popular series of personal computers?
 PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system
 Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
 PERSONAL COMPUTERS
 MIDRANGE SERVERS
 MAINFRAMES
  SUPERCOMPUTERS
 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones and smart watches?
 A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities.
 A smart watch is an Internet-enabled watch that automatically adjusts to time zone changes and stores personal
information.

EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.

ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

 Speed
 Accuracy/ Reliability
 Automatic Operation
 Storage
 Communications

DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

 Violation of Privacy
 Health Risks
 Impact on Labor Force
 Impact on Environment

HARDWARE
 These are equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components
that can be physically handled. Each of the four basic function of a computer system is performed by a specific
hardware component.

WHAT IS INPUT?
 Data or instructions entered into memory of computer.
 Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions.

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF INPUT?

Data - Unprocessed text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
Instructions - Programs / Commands / User responses

POINTING DEVICES
 Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
Mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Optical mouse

 What are a touchpad and a pointing stick?

Touchpad is small, flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to pressure and motion.
Pointing stick is pointing device shaped like pencil eraser positioned between keys on keyboard.

 Stylus and Digital pen

 Looks like a ballpoint pen, but uses pressure to write text and draw lines Used with graphics tablets, flat
electronic boards

 Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base.

 Wheel is steering-wheel-type input device. Pedal simulates car brakes and accelerator.

INPUT DEVICES
 Mouse
 Trackball

VOICE INPUT
 How does voice recognition work?
 Step 1. A user dictates text into a microphone.
 Step 2. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) translates sound waves into digital measurements
computer can process. Measurements include pitch, volume, silences, and phonemes. Phonemes are
sound units such as aw and guh.
 Step 3. Software compares spoken measurements with those in its database to find a match or list of
possible matches.
 Step 4. To narrow a list down, software presents user with a list of choices or uses a natural language
component to predict most likely match. User may correct any selection made by software.

VIDEO INPUT
 Video conferencing
 Two or more geographically separated people who use network or Internet to transmit audio and video
data

OPTICAL SCANNERS
 Flatbed
 Sheetfed
 Handheld
 Drum

SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

Optical Reader - Device that uses light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into
digital data

 Optical character recognition (OCR) reads characters in OCR font

 Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn pencil marks, such as small circles

SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

 Bar Code Reader - uses laser beams to read bar codes.
 MICR Reader – on receipts
 RFID Reader – on shirts
 Magnetic Stripe Reader – atm cards scanner
 Biometric Devices
 Fingerprint Scanner
 Hand Geometry Scanner
  Face Recognition
 Iris Recognition

BIOMETRICS HAS 2 PARTS:

1) PSYCHOLOGICAL
 Face
 Fingerprint
 Hand
 Iris
 DNA
2) BEHAVIORAL
 Keystroke
 Signature
 Voice

WHAT IS OUTPUT?
 Data that has been processed into a useful form,
 Output device is any hardware component that can convey information to user.

DISPLAY DEVICES
Ex: LCD Monitors, Plasma Monitors, HD TV, Flat-Panel Displays, Cathode Ray Tube Monitors

 What is an LCD monitor?

 Uses liquid crystal display
 Have a small footprint
 Mobile devices that contain LCD displays include Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone.
 What is an LED monitor/display?
 A flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display.
 Have a small footprint
 Mobile devices that contain LED displays include Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone.

Flat-Panel Displays
 What about using multiple LCD monitors?
 Some users position two or more monitors side by side or stacked
 Allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously
 What is resolution?
 Sharpness and clarity of image
 Higher resolution makes image sharper, displays more text on screen, makes some elements smaller
 How do you use an LCD monitor with a video card?
 Plug monitor into Digital Video Interface (DVI) port on computer
 What is a plasma monitor?
 Displays image by applying voltage to layer of gas
 Larger screen size and higher display quality than LCD, but are more expensive

CRT Monitors
 What is a CRT monitor?
  Contains cathode-ray tube (CRT)
 Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
 Each dot consists of a red, blue, and green phosphor
 Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches
 Viewable size is diagonal measurement of actual viewing area

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Data Projector
 Rear Projection Screens
 Smart Boards
 Speakers & Headset
 FAX MACHINE
 MULTI FUNCTION PERIPHERAL

 Printers
 Output device that produces text and graphics on paper
 Result is hard copy, or printout
 Two orientations: portrait and landscape
1) IMPACT PRINTERS - What is a dot-matrix printer?
 Impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire pins strike ribbon
 Impact printer forms characters by striking mechanism against inked ribbon that contacts paper
2) What is a line printer?
 High-speed impact printer that prints entire line at a time
 Speed measured in lines per minute (lpm)
 Band printer prints fully formed characters using a hammer mechanism
 Shuttle-matrix printer is high-speed printer that works like dot-matrix printer
3) What is a non-impact printer?
 Forms characters and graphics without striking paper
 Ink-jet printer sprays tiny drops of liquid ink onto paper
 Prints in black-andwhite or color on a variety of paper types
4) What is the resolution of a printer?
 Next Sharpness and clarity
 Measured by number of dots per inch (dpi) printer can output
5) What is a photo printer?

 Color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures

Step 1. Take photograph with digital camera and store it on media card in the camera.
Step 2. Insert media card into card reader on photo printer.
Step 3. Use menu to select desired image to print, view it on LCD screen, edit if necessary, select size of the print, and
then print image.
Step 4. Remove printed photo from the printer.

6) What is a laser printer?

 High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
 Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution, ranging from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi
 Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster
 7) What is a thermal printer?
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper
 Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper
 Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper

8) What is a mobile printer? What is a mobile printer?

 Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC,
or PDA while traveling

9) What is a label printer?

 Small printer that prints on adhesive-type material
 Most also print bar codes
 Postage printer has built-in digital scale and prints postage stamps

10)What is a plotter?
 Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings
 Large-format printer creates photo-realistic-quality color prints

How does an ink-jet printer work?

Step 1. A small resistor heats the ink, causing the ink to boil and form a vapor bubble.
Step 2. The vapor bubble forces the ink through the nozzle
Step 3. Ink drops on
Step 4. As the vapor bubble collapses, fresh ink is drawn into the firing chamber.

POST-TEST 1
1. Invented the world wide web - Tim Berners-Lee
2. Year that Microsoft introduces Visual Studio 2005 - 2005
3. First computing device invented by Chinese people - Abacus
4. Known as the first microprocessor - Intel 4004
5. First modern scientist to develop and build a calculator - Blaise Pascal
6. Year that USB flash drives become a cost-effective way to transport data and information from one
computer to another - 2004
7. He invented the slide rule in 1625 - William Oughtred
8. First large scale electronic general purpose digital computer developed by Dr. John Mauchly and
Presper Echkert. - ENIAC 1
9. Object-oriented programming language that allows users to write one program for a variety of
computer platforms - Java
 10. He invented the integrated circuits in 1958 which lays the foundation for high speed computers and
large capacity memory - Jack Kilby
11. Year that smart phone overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device - 2005
12. It is the online social network originally available only to college students in the year 2004 -
Facebook
13. Father of computer science who developed the Colossus - Alan Turing
14. High-Level business application language developed by Dr. Grace Hopper - COBOL
15. First LaserJet printer for personal computers was developed by - Hewlett-Packart
16. Build the first apple computer - Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak
17. He is known as the father of the modern computer - Charles Babbage
18. A popular search engine and portal founded by two Standford Ph. D students as a way to keep track
of their personal interests on the internet. - Google
19. First lady programmer worked with Babbage - Augusta Ada Byron
20. Machine that performs tasks under the control of a set of instructions – Computer

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING

Chapter 1 – Acronyms

ASCII -American Standard Code for Information BASIC - Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic
Interchange Instruction Code
ACM- Association of Computing Machinery CAN- Campus Area Network
AI- Artificial Intelligence COBOL- Common Business-Oriented Language
ALGOL- Algorithmic Language CPU- Central Processing Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices DEC- Digital Equipment Corporation
APL- A Programming Language DOS - Disk Operating System
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information EBCDIC- Extended Binary-Coded Decimal
Interchange Interchange Code
ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode
EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic LISP- List Processing
Computer LOGO- Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented
ENIAC- Electronic Numeric Integrator and LSI- Large-Scale Integration
Calculator MacOS – Macintosh Operating System
FPD – Flat Panel Display MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
FORTRAN – Formula Translator MITS - Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
GAN- Global Area Network Systems
HDMI- High-definition Multimedia Interface MS-DOS –Microsoft Disk Operating System
HP – Hewlett Packard OS- Operating System
IBM- International Business Machines PAN- Personal Area Network
ICT- Information and Communication Technology PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
IBM – International Business Machine PILOT- Programmed Inquiry Learning or Teaching
IDI- ICT Development Index RPA- Robotic Process Automation
IAS - Institute for Advanced Study UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
IE- Internet Explorer UNIX- Uniplexed Information and Computing
IoT- Internet of Things System
IT- Information Technology USB- Universal Serial Bus
ITU- International Telecommunication Union WAN- Wide Area Network
LAN- Local area network Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display WWW – World Wide Web
LED -Light-Emitting Diode

Chapter II
Electronic Data Processing System

 Electronic Data Processing (EDP) – can refer to the use of automated methods
 To process commercial data
 Computers exist in a wide range of sizes and power.
 The smallest are embedded within the circuitry of appliances, such as televisions and
wristwatches
 These computers are typically reprogrammed for a specific task, such as tuning to a particular
television frequency, delivering doses of medicine, or keeping accurate time.
 They generally are “hard-wired” – that is, their programs are represented as circuits that
cannot be reprogrammed.

Components of computers
 1. Input devices – any hardware components that allows you to enter data and
instructions into computer.
2. Output devices – any hardware components that conveys information to one or more
people.
3. System unit – usually referred to as the Central Processing Unit. The system unit is
the case that contains the electronic components of computers that are process data.
4. Storage devices – storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. A
computer keeps them on storage media.
5. Communication devices – a hardware components that enables a computer to
sends, transmit and receive data, instructions and information to and from one or more
computers.
Categories of computers

Two types of personal computers

1. Desktop computers
2. Notebook computers

Four popular types of mobile devices

1. Handheld computers – its capable of communicating with other handheld computers
wirelessly and includes a digital pen or a stylus for input
2. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) – it provides organizer functions.
3. Smartphone – it is an internet-enabled telephone
4. Tablet PC – using a digital pen, it allows to write or draw on the screen and would
issue instructions
5. Smart watch – an internet enabled watch

Categories of computers
1. Mind range server – more powerful and larger than a workstation computer. It
typically supports several hundreds and sometimes up to few thousand connected
computers at the same time.
2. Mainframes – a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds of
thousands connected user simultaneously. Every major corporations uses mainframes
for business activities like billing of million of customers, prepare payroll for thousands
of employees, and manage thousands of items in inventory.
3. Supercomputers – the fastest, more powerful computer – and the most expensive.
Capable of processing more than 100 trillion instructions in a single second. Weighs
more than 100 tons, these computers can store more than 20,000 times the data and
information of an average desktop computer.
4. Embedded computers – a special-purpose computer that functions as a component
in a large product.

Advantages of using computers

1. Accuracy – with the computer program narrowly defined, computers are extremely
reliable or even considered 100% accurate
 2. Speed – by now it is a human nature to be resentful if service is not fast. But it is
“computer” nature that provides that fast service
3. Automatic operation – a computer can carry out a sequence of many data processing
operation without human intervention
4. Decision making capability – a computer can perform certain decision instructions
automatically
5. Compact storage – computer systems are able to store tremendous amounts of data,
with can be retrieved quickly and efficiently
6. Communications – most computers today can communicate with other computers,
often wirelessly

Disadvantages of computer
1. Violation of privacy -there are instances that confidential and personal records stored
in a computer is not properly protected
2. Impact on labor force – with hundred of thousand of a new computers’ jobs offer,
skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers
3. Health risk – prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of
the hands, wrist, elbows, eyes, neck and back
4. Impact on environment – computers manufacturing processes and computer waste
are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.

Computer limitations
1. Dependent on programs and/or instructions
2. Cannot derive meanings from objects
3. Cannot generate information by itself
4. Cannot correct wrong instructions

Computer failures
1. Input errors
2. Errors in instructing a computer
3. The communications gap
4. Improper controls
5. Lack of standards
6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support

Elements of computer
1. Hardware – these are equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer
hardware consists of the components that can be physically handed. The functions of
these components are typically divided into four main categories: input, processing,
output and storage.
2. Software – these are set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data such as
word-processing program or a video game, also computer instructions that cause the
hardware-the machines- to do work
3. Peopleware – represents the personnel involved in the function of the compute.
Computer professionals are referred to as those persons involved in system
 analysis, maintenance and production, programming and the like. Computer users that
utilize an existing computer using a program are termed as end-users.

Review Notes: Quiz 2

 Hardware components that convey to one or more people – OUTPUT DEVICES

 Choose the four correct advantages of using computer by checking it: IMPACT ON
LABOR FORCE, IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH RISK AND VIOLATION OF
PRIVACY
 Large expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously – MAINFRAME
 Following are the computer limitations check the three correct answers: CANNOT
CORRECT WRONG INSTRUCTIONS, DEPENDENT ON PROGRAMS AND/OR
INSTRUCTIONS, AND CANNOT DERIVE MEANINGS FROM OBJECTS
 Handheld computer is an internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA
capabilities – FALSE
  Common computer failures: INPUT ERRORS, IMPROPER CONTROLS AND LACK OF
STANDARDS
 Table PC is device uses digital pen to write or draw on the screen and would issue
instructions to the PC by simply tapping the screen – TRUE
 Represents the personnel involved in the function of the computer – PEOPLEWARE
 Payroll system and billing system are two most common examples of electronic data
processing – TRUE
 Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions
and information to and from one or more computers – COMMUNICATION DEVICE
 Hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer –
INPUT DEVICES
 Devices that hold data, instructions, and information for future use – STORAGE
DEVICES
 Special purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product –
EMBEDDED COMPUTER
 Internet-enabled watch that automatically adjusts to time zone changes and store
personal messages – SMART WATCH
 Embedded computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage
activities by itself – FALSE
 Advantages of using computers: DECISION MAKING CAPABILITY, AUTOMATIC
OPERATION, ACCURACY, AND COMPACT STORAGE
 Automatic…to the use of automated methods to process commercial data with the use
of electronic device known as computer – FALSE
 Fastest and the most powerful computer and the most expensive capable of processing
more than trillion instructions in a single second – SUPERCOMPUTERS
 Malware is a set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data and also governs
how hardware is utilized – FALSE
 Computer to which a user’s computer connects to access the internet and more
powerful and larger than a workstation computer – MIDRANGE SERVERS

Post test 2

4 advantages of using computers

 Speed 
 Accuracy
 Automatic Operation
 Communications
3 computer failures
 Input errors
 Errors in instructing a computer
 The communication gaps
Disadvantages of using computers
 Violation of privacy
 Health risk

Consumer electronic device with embedded computer

 Calculator
 Digital Camera
 Home security system

Personal computer
 Desktop computers
 Notebook computers

 The physical component of EDP systems - hardware

 Which of the following is a hardware? - Mouse
 The cause/s of computer anxiety: age, communication gap and improper controls
 Which of the following is the fastest? - supercomputers 
 Which of the following is not an advantage of a computer? - sensitive
 In electronic data processing, a computer is considered to be _____ accuate - 100%
 Which is not a computer classification? – maxicomputer
 A PDA is a _______: - Microcomputer
 The computer to which a user’s computer connects to access the Internet: - server

CHPTER III
INPUT DEVICES

Computer keyboard
- it is a keypad device with buttons or keys that a user presses to enter data
characters and commands into a computer. Keyboards emerged from the
combination of typewriter and computer-terminal technology.

Christopher Sholes
- inventor of keyboard
Pointing devices – is an input device allows a user to control a pointer on the screen.
1. Mouse – a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably. It is
the most widely used pointing device on desktop computer
a. Douglas Engelbart – invented the mouse
i. Types of mouse:
1. Mechanical mouse – has a rubber ball on its underside
2. Optical mouse – uses device that emits and sense light to detect the mouse’s
movement
2. Trackball – an upside-down mechanical mouse where you roll the ball directly
with your hand
3. Touchpad – a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure
and motion
4. Pointing Stick – a pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
that is positioned between keys on a keyboard
5. Light Pen – a handheld input device that can detect the presence of light
6. Touch Screen and Touch Sensitive Pads – a touch-sensitive display device.
Users can interact with these devices by touching areas of the screen
7. Pen Input – mobile users often enter data and instructions with a pen-type
device
a. Two types of pen input
i. Stylus – small metal or plastic device that uses pressure sensitive
instead of ink
ii. Digital Pen – slightly larger than a stylus, some are pressure-
sensitive; others have built-in digital cameras
8. Digitizer – an image whether a drawing or a photo can be scanned by digitizer
which converts the image into digital data that the computer can accept and
represent on the screen

Voice Input – as an alternative to using a keyboard to enter data and instructions,

some users talk to their computer and watch the spoken words appear on the screen
as they walk
1. Voice Input – the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone.
a. Speech Recognition – is a computers capability to accept spoken word
through a microphone and converts it into binary code (0s and 1s) that can
be understood by the computer
2. Audio Input – is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as
speech, music, and sound effects. User enter sounds into a computer via devices
such as microphones, tape players, CD/DVD players, or radios each of which is
plugs in a port on the sound card

Video Input – the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a
computer’s storage medium such as hard disk or DVD
 1. Digital Video Camera – captures and records video digital signals. Most DV
cameras can capture still frames as well as motion
2. PC Video Camera – a type of digital video camera that enables a home or small
business users to capture video and still images, send emails messages with
video attachments, add live images to instant messages, broadcast live images
over internet, and make video telephone calls.
a. Web Cam – any video camera that displays its output on a web page
b. Video Conferencing – is a meeting between two or more geographically
separated people who use a network or the internet to transmit audio video
data

Scanner and Reading Devices – some input devices save users time by eliminating
manual data entry. With these devices, users do not type, speak, or write into the
computer
1. Source Data Automation – the use of special equipment to collect data at the
source, as a by product of the activity that generates the data and sends it
directly to the computers
a. Optical Scanners – convert text, drawing or picture into a computer
i. Flatbed Scanner – typically scans one sheet at a time
ii. Sheet-Fed Scanner – motorized rollers feed the sheet across the
scanning head
iii. Handheld Scanner – an inexpensive, handy and portable options for
scanning
iv. Drum Scanner – a very expensive type of scanners used to scan
large size photograph, slide negatives and single page document

Optical Readers – is a device that uses light source to read characters, mark, and
codes and the converts them into digital data that computer can process
1. Optical Mark Recognition – a technology that reads hand-drawn marks such
as small circles or rectangles.
a. OMR devices – are sometimes called mark sensing device,
because as it senses marks on piece of paper like test
questionnaires or blackened areas
2. Optical Character Recognition – it uses a light source to read special
characters and converts them to electrical signals to be sent to the central
processing unit. The characters-letters, numbers, and special characters can be
read by both humans and machines. They are found on sales tags on store
merchandise.
a. OCR – A – a standard typeface for optical characters. It was
established by the American National Standard Institute.
b. Wand Reader – is a popular input device for reading OCR -A

Optical Scanners
 1. RFID Reader – Radio frequency Identification is a technology that uses radio
signals to communicate with a tag containing a memory chip and an antenna
placed in or attached to an object, animal or person. Mounted in a stationery
object such as doorway reads information on the tag via radio waves
2. Magnetic Stripe Card Reader – often called magstripe reader, reads the
magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards, bank cards, and another similar
cards
3. Magnetic – Ink Character Recognition – involves a machine to read characters
made up magnetized particles. The most common example of magnetic
characters is the array of numbers found across the bottom of a personal check.
These characters are embedded on the check by using a MICR INSCRIBER
4. Bar code Reader – also called bar code scanner. Each product on the store
shelf has its own unique number, which is part of the UNIVERSAL PRODUCT
CODE (UPC)
a. Code Number – is represented on the product label by a pattern or vertical
marks called BAR CODE. These zebra stripes can be sensed and read by
bar code reader; a PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE that reads the code by
means of reflected light

Digital Cameras – allows user to take pictures and store the photographed image
digitally. Typically allow users review, and sometimes edit, images while they are in the
camera. Connect to or communicate wirelessly with a printer, computer or television,
allowing users to print or view images directly from the camera
1. Types of Digital Cameras
a. Compact Camera
b. Rugged Compact Camera
c. 360 Degree Camera
d. Modular Camera
e. Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Camera
f. Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLT) Camera
g. Bridge Camera
h. Digital Rangefinder Camera
i. Line Scan Camera

Biometric Input

Biometrics – is the technology of authenticating a person identify by verifying a

person’s characteristics, EX. Fingerprints, hand geometry, facial features, voice,
signatures, and eye pattern

Biometric Devices – vary from different recognition systems used today. Widely used
of biometric scanner is FINGERPRINT SCANNER
 1. Face Recognition System – captures a live face image and compares it
with a stored image top determine if the person is a legitimate user
2. Hand Geometry System – measures the shape and size of person’s hand
3. Voice Verification System – compares a person’s live speech with their
stored voice pattern
4. Signature Verification System – recognize the shape of your handwritten
signature, as well as measures the pressure exerted and the motion used
to write the signature
5. Iris Recognition System – a camera is used to read pattern in the iris of
the eye. This type of recognition system are quite expensive and are used
by government security organizations, the military, and financial institutions
that deal with highly sensitive data.

CHAPTER 4
OUTPUT DEVICES

Output is data that has been processed into a useful form.

• A computer generates several types of output depending on the hardware and software being used
and the requirements of the user.
• A user encounters four basic categories of output: text, graphics, audio, and video.
• Output hardware consists of external devices that transfer information from the computer’s CPU to
the computer user.
• A video display or screen, converts information generated by the computer into visual
Information.

DISPLAY DEVICES (FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS)

- LCD MONITORS AND SCREENS

 also called a flat panel monitors that have gained popularity by reducing the footprint the
monitor takes up
 display visual information on a flatter and smaller screen than a CRT-based video monitor and
consumes less electricity.
 a liquid crystal display uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device.

- PLASMA MONITORS
 The “hang on the wall” monitors that vary in size from 34” to 61”.
 These monitors are 3” to 5” deep and most are set up to take regular video as well as
computer sources.
 It uses gas plasma technology , which sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates.
 Plasma monitor offer larger screen sizes and higher display quality than
LCD monitors but are more expensive.

- TELEVISION AND HDTV’S

• Home users sometimes use their television as a display device.
• Connecting a computer to an analog signal that the television can display.
• HDTV (High-definition television) is the most advance form of digital television, working with digital
broadcast signals, transmitting digital sound, supporting wide screens, provides a high resolution of
1920x1080 pixels.

DISPLAY DEVICES , CRT (CATHODE RAY TUBE) MONITORS

The standard television like monitor most computers have used for the past decade consists of an
electron tube, evacuated glass container, having at one end a cathode, or negative electrode, and a
device called an electron gun that projects a beam of electrons against a luminescent screen at the
opposite end of the tube.
Raster scanning, a process of sweeping electron beams across the back of the screen. Pixel is a
computer display screen used for graphics is divided into dots which can be illuminated individually
on the screen. Resolution of the screen-its clarity is directly related to the number of pixels on the
screen: The more pixels, the higher the resolution.

Color Screen Standards

• CGA(color graphics adapter) – 320x200 pixels
• EGA(enhanced graphics adapter) – 640x350 pixels
• VGA(video graphics adapter) – 640x480 pixels
• SVGA(super video graphics adapter) – 800x600 pixels or 1024x768 pixels

DISPLAY DEVICES (DATA PROJECTORS)

A device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and project them on a
computer screen and project them on a largest screen so an audience can see the image clearly.
Used for displaying computer images (data) as well as video from a VCR, DVD Player, Computer or a
Video Camera. There 2 types of smaller, lower cost projectors, the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and
the DLP (Digital Light Processing) Projectors.

DISPLAY DEVICES (REAR PROJECTION SCREENS)

Used in higher lighting conditions since the projector is behind the screen usually in a small room or
large closet along with any other associated equipment.

DISPLAY DEVICES (SMART BOARDS)

Are known as Interactive white boards. Smart board get hooked up to a computer and the computer
saves information written on the board. It allows for users to write and annotate on top of any
application even on the web.

PRINTER

Printer – is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium
such as paper or transparency film. Printed information called hard copy, exists
physically and is more permanent form of output than represented on a display device
(softcopy).

IMPACT PRINTER - Uses some sort of physical contact with the paper to produce an
image, by physically striking the paper, ribbon, hammer or tiny wire pins together
NON IMPACT PRINTER - Places an images on a page without physically touching
page, which prints by means of photographic, heat laser, or ink spray. Printer
resolution is measure by the number of dots per inch (dpi) a printer can print.

LINE PRINTER - A high speed impact printer that prints an entire line at a time.

INKJET PRINTER- A type of non-impact printer that forms character and graphics by
spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.

NON IMPACT PRINTER

PHOTO PRINTER - A color printer that produces photo-lab quality pictures.

LASER PRINTER - A high-speed, high-quality non impact printer that prints text and
graphics in high resolutions, usually 1200
dpi for black and white and up to 2400 dpi for color printer.

THERMAL PRINTER - Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against

heat sensitive paper.

MOBILE PRINTERS - Small, lightweight, battery powered printer that allows a mobile
user to print from a notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, or smart phone while
traveling.

LABEL AND POSTAGE PRINTER - A small printer that prints on an adhesive-type

materials that can be placed on envelopes, packages, floppy disks,
CD’s, DVD’s, file folders, photographs and toys.

PLOTTERS AND LARGE FORMAT PRINTER - Sophisticated printers used to produce

high quality drawings such as blue-prints, maps, and circuit diagrams. Using ink-jet
printer technology, but on a much larger scale, a large-format printer creates a photo-
realistic-quality color prints.

SPEAKERS AND HEADSETS

An audio device is a components of a computer that produces music, speech, or other

sounds, such as beeps. Two commonly used audio devices are speakers and
headsets

HEADSETS - Device that functions as both headphones & microphones

OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES:

FAX MACHINE AND FAX MODEM - A fax machine is a device that codes and
encodes document so they can be transmitted over telephone lines. The term fax
refers to a document that you send or receive via a fax machine. Many computers
include fax capability by using a fax modem. Fax modem is a modem that allows you to
send (and sometimes receive) electronic documents as faxes.

MULTIFUNCTION PERIPHERAL - A single device that look like a copy machine but
provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax
machine.

CHAPTER 5

• The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used
to process data.
• System units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
• The case of the system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is made of metal or
plastic and protects the internal electronic components from damage.
• The storage unit holds data, instructions and information for future use.
• Every computer uses storage to holds data, instructions, and information for future
use.
• Every computer uses storage to hold system software and application software.
• A storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the physical material on which a
computer keeps data, instructions and information.

THE MOTHERBOARD - Sometimes called the system board is the main circuit board
of the system unit. Many electronic components attach to the motherboard; others are
built into it.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is a

microscopic circuitry that serves as the main information processor in a computer. A
CPU is generally a single microprocessor made from a wafer of semi-conducting
material, usually silicon, with millions of electrical components on its surface. A silicon
chip is smaller than thumbtack.

PARTS OF THE CPU

CONTROL UNIT - Controls, supervises and directs the operation of the computer. The
CPU’s control unit coordinates and times the CPU’s functions, and it uses the program
counter to locate and retrieve the next instruction from memory. Like an orchestra
leader, the control unit does not execute the instructions itself; rather it directs other
parts of the system to do so.
ARITHMETIC / LOGIC UNIT (ALU) - Has special circuitry for performing processing
operation which performs operations calculations and comparison. The ALU performs
specific operations such as addition, multiplication , and conditional tests on the data
entered in the computer for processing

REGISTERS - A small, high-speed storage locations that temporarily hold data and
instruction. Registers are part of the processor, but not part of the memory or
permanent storage device. Register functions include storing the location from where
an instruction was fetched, storing an instruction while the control unit decodes it,
storing data while the ALU computes it, and storing the results of a calculation.

SYSTEM CLOCK - The processor relies on this quartz crystal circuit that controls the
timing of all computer operations. The system clock generates regular electronic pulses
or ticks that set the operating pace of components of the system unit. The pace of the
system clock is called the clock speed. Current personal computers have clocks speed
in gigahertz range(hertz is one cycle per second). The system clock is one of the
factors that influence a computer’s speed. The faster the clock speed, the more
instruction the computer can execute.

LEADING PROCESSOR CHIPS MANUFACTURER:

• Intel – Xeon MP, Itanium, Pentium D, Pentium 4 w/HT, Pentium 4,
Pentium III, Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium Pro, 80486, 80386, 80286, Core Dou,
Pentium M
• AMD- Opteron, Athlon MP, Sempron, Athlon 64, Athlon, Duron, AMD K6III, AMD K6-
2, AMD K6
• Motorola / IBM – PowerPC G5, G4, G3, G2, G1, 68040, 68030, 68020
• Transmeta – Efficeon, Crusoe

PRIMARY MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT

Storage capacity determines the amount of information that can be held within the
computer memory at a particular time. Memory consists of electronic components on
one or more chips on the motherboard that store instructions waiting to be executed by
the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processed data.
TYPES OF MEMORY :

Volatile memory – When the computer’s power is turned

off, volatile memory loses its contents.

Example. RAM

Nonvolatile memory – Does not lose its content when

power is removed from the computer.
Ex. ROM, flash memory, CMOS.

Read Only Memory. Semiconductor-based memory that contains instructions or data

that can be read but not modified. ROM is non- volatile

– its contents do not disappear when the power is turned off. Ex. ROM
chips for printer contain data for font.

Random Access Memory. The computer’s temporary storage compartment;

generally understood to refer to volatile memory, which can be written as well
as read. It holds the instructions and data for whatever programs we happen
to be using. Measured as an amount of data or in bytes – nowadays are
usually in Megabytes, the more RAM your computer has, the more powerful
the programs you can run. RAM is usually volatile – that is, the data is lost
once the power is shut off.

Cache. A type of memory that helps speed the processes of the computer because it
stores frequently used instructions and data. Most computers today have two types of
memory cache, L1 cache and L2 cache.

Flash Memory. A type of non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and
rewritten. Used in most computers because it holds their start-up instructions by
allowing the computer to easily update its contents.

CMOS (Complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor). CMOS technology uses

battery power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. It
can keep calendar, date, and time even when the computer is off.

STORAGE TERMS:

BIT – smallest unit of information

BYTE – a collection of bits
WORD – collection of bytes
1 Byte = 8 bits of binary nos.

SECONDARY OR AUXILARY STORAGE / MEMORY UNIT

Alternative storage unit to augment the storage capabilities of the computer. Secondary
storage is necessary because memory, or primary memory, can be used only
temporarily, that is, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn
your computer off. However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the
information you have derived from processing, and that is why secondary storage, or
auxiliary storage, is needed. Often referred to as external storage units. Examples are
the following:
Magnetic Disk. Uses magnetic particles to store items such as data, instructions, and
information on the disk’s surface.
Floppy disks.
ZIP disks
Hard disk

Optical Disks. Type of storage media that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made
of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written by a laser. Optical discs used in personal
computer are 4.75 inches in diameter. Mini discs have a
diameter of 3 inches or less.

Magnetic/Cassette Tape. Magnetic coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large

amounts of data and information at a low cost. A tape cartridge is a small, rectangular,
plastic housing for tape.

PC Cards. A thin, credit card-sized device that adds memory, storage, sound,
fax/modem, network, and other capabilities to mobile computers

Flash Memory Cards. A removable flash memory device that allows user to transfer
data and information conveniently from mobile devices like PDAs, smart phones, digital
cameras and digital music players to desktop computers.

USB Flash Drives. Sometimes called a pen drive, is a flash memory device that plugs
in a USB port on a computer or portable device.

Microfilm and Microfiche. Store microscopic images of documents on roll or sheet

film. Microfilm is a 100 to 215 foot roll of film. Microfiche is a small sheet of film, usually
about 4 inches by 6 inches. A computer output microfilm recorder is the device that
records the images on the film.

Solid State Drive (SSD) is a storage device that typically uses flash memory to store
data, instructions, and information. With available form factors of 3.5 inches,2.5 inches,
and 1.8 inches, SSDs are used in all types of
computers including servers.