Coordinates: 33.9207°N 118.

3278°W

SpaceX
Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is
an American aerospace manufacturer and space Space Exploration Technologies
transportation services company incorporated in Corp.
[9]
Delaware and headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It
was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of
reducing space transportation costs to enable the Logo
colonization of Mars.[10][11][12] SpaceX has developed
several launch vehicles and rocket engines, as well as the
Dragon cargo spacecraft and the Starlink satellite
constellation (providing internet access), and has flown
humans and cargo to the International Space Station on the
SpaceX Dragon 2.

SpaceX's achievements include the first privately funded

liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit (Falcon 1 in
2008),[13] the first private company to successfully launch,
orbit, and recover a spacecraft (Dragon in 2010), the first
Headquarters in December 2017; plumes from
private company to send a spacecraft to the International
a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible
Space Station (Dragon in 2012),[14] the first vertical take-off
and vertical propulsive landing for an orbital rocket (Falcon overhead
9 in 2015), the first reuse of an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in Trade name SpaceX
2017), the first to launch a private spacecraft into orbit Private
Type
around the Sun (Falcon Heavy's payload of a Tesla Roadster
in 2018), and the first private company to send astronauts Industry Aerospace
to orbit and to the International Space Station (SpaceX Founded 6 May 2002[1]
Crew Dragon Demo-2 and SpaceX Crew-1 missions in
Founder Elon Musk
2020).[15] As of 1  February  2021, SpaceX has flown 21
[16][17] cargo resupply missions to the International Space Headquarters Hawthorne, California, U.S.
Station (ISS) under a partnership with NASA,[18] as well as 33.9207°N 118.3278°W
an uncrewed demonstration flight of the human-rated Key people Elon Musk
Dragon 2 spacecraft (Crew Dragon Demo-1) on 2 March (CEO and CTO, 2002–present)[2]
2019, and two manned flights.[15] Gwynne Shotwell
(President and COO)
In December 2015, a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive
vertical landing. This was the first such achievement by a Products Several launch vehicles
rocket for orbital spaceflight.[19] In April 2016, with the Several rocket engines
launch of SpaceX CRS-8, SpaceX successfully vertically Dragon capsules
landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing
Starship (in development)
platform.[20] In May 2016, in another first, SpaceX again
landed the first stage, but during a significantly more Starlink
energetic geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) mission.[21] In ASDS landing platforms
March 2017, SpaceX became the first to successfully re- Services Orbital rocket launch
launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket.[22] In
Revenue US$2 billion (2019)
Owner Elon Musk Trust
January 2020, with the third launch of the Starlink project, (54% equity; 78% voting
SpaceX became the largest commercial satellite control)[3]
constellation operator in the world.[23][24] Number of 9,500 (Feb 2021)
employees
In September 2016, Musk unveiled the Interplanetary
Website www.spacex.com (https://ww
Transport System — subsequently renamed Starship — a
w.spacex.com)
privately funded launch system to develop spaceflight
technology for use in crewed interplanetary spaceflight. In Footnotes / references
[4][5][6][7][8]
2017, Musk unveiled an updated configuration of the system
which is intended to handle interplanetary missions plus
become the primary SpaceX orbital vehicle after the early 2020s, as SpaceX has announced it intends to
eventually replace its existing Falcon 9 launch vehicles and Dragon space capsule fleet with Starship,
even in the Earth-orbit satellite delivery market.[25][26][27]:24:50–27:05 Starship is planned to be fully
reusable and will be the largest rocket ever on its debut, scheduled for the early 2020s.[28][29]

Contents
History
Goals
Achievements
Accidents
Ownership, funding, and valuation
Hardware
Launch vehicles
Rocket engines
Dragon spacecraft
Reusable launch system
Autonomous spaceport drone ship
Floating launch platforms
Starship
Other projects
Facilities
Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities
Development and test facilities
Launch facilities
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Kennedy Space Center
Brownsville
Satellite prototyping facility
Launch contracts
NASA
COTS
Commercial cargo
Commercial crew
 Progress
National defense
Space Adventures
Kazakhstan
Armenian protests against Türksat 5A satellite launch
Launch market competition and pricing pressure
Board of directors
See also
References
External links

History
In 2001, Elon Musk conceptualized Mars Oasis, a project to
land a miniature experimental greenhouse and grow plants
on Mars. He announced that the project would be "the
furthest that life's ever traveled" in an attempt to regain
public interest in space exploration and increase the budget of
NASA.[30][31][32][33] Musk tried to purchase cheap rockets
from Russia but returned empty-handed after failing to find
rockets for an affordable price.[34][35]

On the flight home, Musk realized that he could start a

company that could build the affordable rockets he Employees with the Dragon capsule at
needed.[35] According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor SpaceX HQ in Hawthorne, California,
February 2015
Steve Jurvetson,[36] Musk calculated that the raw materials
for building a rocket were only 3% of the sales price of a
rocket at the time. By applying vertical integration,[34]
producing around 85% of launch hardware in-house,[37][38] and the modular approach of modern
software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a
70% gross margin.[39]

In early 2002, Musk started to look for staff for his new space company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk
approached rocket engineer Tom Mueller (later SpaceX's CTO of propulsion), and invited him to become
his business partner. Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.[40] SpaceX was first
headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California. The company grew rapidly, from 160 employees
in November 2005 to 8,000 in May 2020, when COO Gwynne Shotwell said she did not expect the
company to grow much more to bring Starlink online.[8] In 2016, Musk gave a speech at the
International Astronautical Congress, where he explained that the U.S. government regulates rocket
technology as an "advanced weapon technology", making it difficult to hire non-Americans.[41]

As of March 2018, SpaceX had over 100 launches on its manifest representing about US$12 billion in
contract revenue.[42] The contracts included both commercial and government (NASA/DOD)
customers.[43] In late 2013, space industry media quoted Musk's comments on SpaceX "forcing...
increased competitiveness in the launch industry", its major competitors in the commercial comsat
launch market being Arianespace, United Launch Alliance (ULA), and International Launch Services
(ILS).[44] At the same time, Musk also said that the increased competition would "be a good thing for the
future of space". Currently, SpaceX is the leading global
commercial launch provider measured by manifested
launches.[45]

On 30 May 2020, SpaceX successfully launched two NASA

astronauts (Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken) into orbit on a
Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo-2,
making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts
to the International Space Station and marking the first
crewed launch from American soil in 9 years.[46][47] The
mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch
Complex 39A (LC-39A) of the Kennedy Space Center in
Florida.[48] Crew Dragon Demo-2 successfully docked with
the International Space Station on 31 May 2020.[49] Due to
the COVID-19 pandemic happening at the same time, proper
quarantine procedures (many of which were already in use by
NASA decades before the 2020 pandemic) were taken to
prevent the astronauts from bringing COVID-19 aboard the
ISS.[50][51]

Goals
Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM
Musk has stated that one of his goals is to decrease the cost OG2-M1, July 2014
and improve the reliability of access to space, ultimately by a
factor of ten.[52] CEO Elon Musk said: "I believe US$500 per
pound (US$1100/kg) or less is very achievable".[53] Musk has
also stated that he wishes to make space travel available for
"almost anyone".[54]

A major goal of SpaceX has been to develop a rapidly reusable

launch system. As of March  2013, the publicly announced
aspects of this technology development effort include an
active test campaign of the low-altitude, low-velocity
Grasshopper flight test vehicle,[55][56][57] and a high-altitude,
high-speed Falcon 9 post-mission booster return test
campaign. In 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first
orbital rocket stage on 21 December 2015.

In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, The Boring

Company,[58] and began work to construct a short test tunnel
on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and
manufacturing facility, utilizing a small number of SpaceX
employees,[59] which was completed in May 2018,[60][61] and
opened to the public in December 2018.[62] During 2018, The
Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate Falcon 9 rocket's first stage on the landing
entity with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to pad after the second successful vertical
early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon landing of an orbital rocket stage, OG2
Musk.[62] Mission, December 2015.
At the International Astronautical Congress (IAC) of 2016,
Musk announced his plans to build large spaceships to reach
Mars.[63] Using the Starship, Musk planned to send at least
two uncrewed cargo ships to Mars in 2022. The first missions
would be used to seek out sources of water and build a
propellant plant. Musk also planned to fly four additional
ships to Mars in 2024 including the first people. From there,
additional missions would work to establish a Mars
colony.[11][64] These goals, however, are facing delays.[65]

Musk's advocacy for the long-term settlement of Mars goes Falcon 9 first stage on an autonomous
far beyond what SpaceX projects to build;[66][67][68] spaceport drone ship (ASDS) barge after the
successful colonization of Mars would ultimately involve first successful landing at sea, SpaceX CRS-
many more economic actors — whether individuals, 8 mission.
companies, or governments — to facilitate the growth of the
human presence on Mars over many decades.[69][70][71]

Achievements

Major achievements of SpaceX are in the reuse of orbital-

class launch vehicles and cost reduction in the space launch
industry. Most notable of these being the continued landings
and relaunches of the first stage of Falcon 9. As of December
2020, SpaceX has used two separate first-stage boosters,
B1049 and B1051, seven times each.[72] SpaceX is defined as a
private space company and thus its achievements can also be
counted as firsts by a private company.

Achievements of SpaceX in chronological order include:[73]

Falcon Heavy Rocket on Launch Pad 39A in

Cape Canaveral, Florida.
 List of achievements by SpaceX
Date Achievement Flight
28
September First privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit. Falcon 1 flight 4
2008
14 July RazakSAT on Falcon
First privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit.
2009 1 flight 5
9 SpaceX Dragon on
December First private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft. SpaceX COTS Demo
2010 Flight 1
25 May
First private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS). Dragon C2+
2012
22
December First landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on land. Falcon 9 flight 20
2015
8 April
First landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on an ocean platform. Falcon 9 flight 23
2016
30 March B1021 on Falcon 9
First relaunch and landing of a used orbital first stage.[74]
2017 flight 32
30 March
First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing.[75] Falcon 9 flight 32
2017
Dragon C106 on
3 June
2017 First re-flight of a commercial cargo spacecraft.[76] SpaceX CRS-11
mission.
Elon Musk's Tesla
6 February
First private spacecraft launched into heliocentric orbit. Roadster on Falcon
2018
Heavy test flight
Crew Dragon Demo-
2 March
First private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to space. 1, on Falcon 9 flight
2019
69
Crew Dragon Demo-
3 March First private company to autonomously dock a spacecraft to the International Space
1, on Falcon 9 flight
2019 Station (ISS).
69
First use of a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine (Raptor) in a free flying
25 July
vehicle.[77] The benefit is a much longer life than conventional engines; it is Starhopper
2019
expected to able to be re-used 1000 times.[78]
11
First reuse of payload fairing. The fairing was from the ArabSat-6A mission in April Starlink 1 Falcon 9
November
2019. launch
2019
30 May
First private company to send humans into orbit.[79] Crew Dragon Demo-2
2020
31 May
First private company to send humans to the International Space Station (ISS).[80] Crew Dragon Demo-2
2020
24 Jan Transporter-1 on
Most spacecraft launched into space on a single mission, with 143 satellites.[a][81]
2021 Falcon 9

a. Excluding the passive objects launched as part of Project West Ford

Accidents
In March 2013, a Dragon spacecraft in orbit developed issues with its thrusters that limited its control
capabilities. SpaceX engineers were able to remotely clear the blockages within a short period, and the
spacecraft was able to successfully complete its mission to and from the International Space Station.

In late June 2015, CRS-7 launched a Cargo Dragon atop a Falcon 9 to resupply the International Space
Station. All telemetry readings were nominal until 2 minutes and 19 seconds into the flight when a loss of
helium pressure was detected and a cloud of vapor appeared outside the second stage. A few seconds
after this, the second stage exploded. The first stage continued to fly for a few seconds before
disintegrating due to aerodynamic forces. The capsule was thrown off and survived the explosion,
transmitting data until it was destroyed on impact.[82] Later it was revealed that the capsule could have
landed intact if it had software to deploy its parachutes in case of a launch mishap.[83] The problem was
discovered to be a failed 2-foot-long steel strut purchased from a supplier [84] to hold a helium pressure
vessel that broke free due to the force of acceleration.[85] This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure
helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure. The Dragon software issue
was also fixed in addition to an analysis of the entire program in order to ensure proper abort
mechanisms are in place for future rockets and their payload.[86]

In early September 2016, a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch
static fire test.[87][88] The payload, the Amos-6 communications satellite valued at US$200 million, was
destroyed.[89] Musk described the event as the "most difficult and complex failure" in SpaceX's history;
SpaceX reviewed nearly 3,000 channels of telemetry and video data covering a period of 35–55
milliseconds for the postmortem.[90] Musk reported that the explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen
that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium
vessels.[91] Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a
four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January
2017.[92]

On 28 June 2019, SpaceX announced that it had lost contact with three of the 60 satellites making up the
Starlink mega constellation. The dysfunctional satellites' orbits are expected to slowly decay until they
disintegrate in the atmosphere.[93] However, the rate of failure for satellites in mega-constellations
consisting of thousands of satellites has raised concerns that these constellations could litter the Earth's
lower orbit, with serious detrimental consequences for future space flights.[94]

Ownership, funding, and valuation

In August 2008, SpaceX accepted a US$20 million investment from Founders Fund.[95] In early 2012,
approximately two-thirds of the company stock was owned by its founder [96] and his 70 million shares
were then estimated to be worth US$875 million on private markets,[97] which roughly valued SpaceX at
US$1.3 billion as of February 2012.[98] After the COTS 2+ flight in May 2012, the company private equity
valuation nearly doubled to US$2.4 billion or US$20/share.[99][100]

By May 2012, — ten years after founding—SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately US$1
billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately US$200 million
with Musk investing approximately US$100 million and other investors (Founders Fund, Draper Fisher
Jurvetson, etc.) having put in about US$100 million.[101] The remainder had come from progress
payments on long-term launch contracts and development contracts, as working capital, not equity.

In January 2015, SpaceX raised US$1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity, in exchange for 8.33%
of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately US$12 billion. Google and Fidelity
joined prior investors Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Founders Fund, Valor Equity Partners and Capricorn
Investment Group.[102][103] In July 2017, the Company raised US$350 million for a valuation of US$21
billion.[104]

Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of
"setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details
to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially
lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost
for both the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets was estimated at approximately US$390 million. In 2011,
NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon
9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more.[105]

By March 2018, SpaceX had contracts for 100 launch missions, and each of those contracts provides
down payments at contract signing, plus many are paying progress payments as launch vehicle
components are built in advance of mission launch, driven in part by US accounting rules for recognizing
long-term revenue.[43]

SpaceX raised a total of US$1.33 billion of capital across

three funding rounds in 2019.[107]

In April 2019, the Wall Street Journal reported the

company was raising US$500 million in funding.[108] In
May 2019, SpaceNews reported SpaceX "raised US$1.022
billion" the day after SpaceX launched 60 satellites towards
their 12,000 satellite plan named Starlink broadband
constellation.[109][110] By 31 May 2019, the valuation of
SpaceX had risen to US$33.3 billion.[111] In June 2019,
SpaceX began a raise of US$300 million, most of it from
the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, which then had some Successful SpaceX launches by year[106]
US$191 billion in assets under management.[112]

As of February 2020, SpaceX was raising an additional amount of about US$250 million through equity
stock offerings. In May 2020, its valuation reached US$36 billion.[113] On 19 August 2020, after having
had finished a US$1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately
held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to US$46 billion.[114][115][116]

In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional US$850 million in an equity round at approximately
$420 per share, raising the company valuation to about US$74 billion.[116]

Hardware

Launch vehicles

Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit.[117] It
functioned as an early test-bed for developing concepts and components for the larger Falcon 9.[117]
Falcon 1 attempted five flights between 2006 and 2009. With Falcon 1, when Musk announced his plans
for it before a subcommittee in the Senate in 2004, he discussed that Falcon 1 would be the "worlds only
semi-reusable orbital rocket" apart from the Space Shuttle.[118] On 28 September 2008, on its fourth
attempt, the Falcon 1 successfully reached orbit, becoming the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket
to do so.[119]
Falcon 9 is an NSSL-certified Medium-lift launch vehicle capable of
delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265  lb) to orbit, competing
with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets, as well as other launch
providers around the world. It has nine Merlin engines in its first
stage.[120] The Falcon 9 v1.0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its
first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, COTS Demo Flight 2,
launched on 22 May 2012, and was the first commercial spacecraft to
reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS).[121] The
vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1.1 in 2013, Falcon 9 Full Thrust The landing of a Falcon 9 Block 5
in 2015, and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018. As of first stage at Cape Canaveral in July
20  January  2021, the Falcon 9 and Heavy family has flown 106 of 2019 – VTVL technologies are
108 successful missions with one failure, one partial success, and one utilized in many of SpaceX's launch
vehicle destroyed during a routine test several days prior to a vehicles.
scheduled launch.

Falcon Heavy is an (NSSL) National Security Space Launch-certified Heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of
delivering up to 63,800  kg (140,700  lb) to Low Earth orbit (LEO) or 26,700  kg (58,900  lb) to
Geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a
total of 27 Merlin 1D engines.[122][123]

The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal
Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit[124] At the time of its first launch, SpaceX described their Falcon
Heavy as "the world's most powerful rocket in operation".[125]

Rocket engines

Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed

three families of rocket engines — Merlin and the retired Kestrel for
launch vehicle propulsion, and the Draco control thrusters. SpaceX
is currently developing one new rocket engine: the Raptor. SpaceX is
currently the world's most prolific producer of liquid fuel rocket
engines.[126] Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by
SpaceX for use on their launch vehicles. Merlin engines use liquid
oxygen (LOX) and RP-1 as propellants in a gas-generator power
The Merlin 1D engine, SpaceX's
cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and
most numerous engine, undergoing
reuse. The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the pintle type that was
testing at SpaceX's Rocket
first used in the Apollo Program for the lunar module landing Development and Test Facility in
engine. Propellants are fed via a single shaft, dual impeller turbo- McGregor, Texas.
pump. Kestrel is a LOX/RP-1 pressure-fed rocket engine and was
used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine. It is built
around the same pintle architecture as SpaceX's Merlin engine but does not have a turbo-pump, and is
fed only by tank pressure. Its nozzle is ablatively cooled in the chamber and throat, is also radiatively
cooled, and is fabricated from a high strength niobium alloy. Both names for the Merlin and Kestrel
engines are derived from species of North American falcons: the American kestrel and the merlin.[127]

Draco engines are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines that utilize monomethyl hydrazine fuel
and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer. Each Draco thruster generates 400  N (90  lbf) of thrust.[128] They are
used as reaction control system (RCS) thrusters on the Dragon spacecraft.[129]
SuperDraco engines are a much more powerful version of the Draco thrusters, which were initially meant
to be used as landing and launch escape system engines on Dragon 2. The concept of using retro-rockets
for landing was scrapped in 2017 when it was decided to perform a traditional parachute descent and
splashdown at sea.[130] Raptor is a new family of methane-fueled full-flow staged combustion cycle
engines to be used in its future Starship launch system.[131] Development versions were test-fired in late
2016.[132] On 3 April 2019, SpaceX conducted a successful static fire test in Texas on its Starhopper
vehicle, which ignited the engine while the vehicle remained tethered to the ground.[133] On 25 July
2019, SpaceX conducted a successful test hop of 20 meters of its Starhopper.[134] On 28 August 2019,
Starhopper conducted a successful test hop of 150 meters.[135]

Dragon spacecraft

In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated

commercial space program through the end of the decade.[136] The
Dragon is a conventional blunt-cone ballistic capsule that is capable
of carrying cargo or up to seven astronauts into orbit and
beyond.[137] In 2006, NASA announced that the company was one of
two selected to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration
contracts to the ISS under the COTS program.[138] SpaceX
demonstrated cargo resupply and eventually crew transportation
services using the Dragon.[121] The first flight of a Dragon structural The SpaceX's Crew Dragon
test article took place in June 2010, from Launch Complex 40 (SLC- spacecraft, designed to deliver crew
40) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) during the maiden to and from the International Space
flight of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle; the mock-up Dragon lacked Station as part of the Commercial
avionics, heat shield, and other key elements normally required of a Crew Program.
fully operational spacecraft but contained all the necessary
characteristics to validate the flight performance of the launch
vehicle.[139] An operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo
Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its
mission objectives.[140] In 2012, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the
International Space Station,[121] and has since been conducting regular resupply services to the ISS.[141]

In April 2011, NASA issued a US$75 million contract, as part of its second-round commercial crew
development (CCDev) program, for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in
preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.[142] In August 2012, NASA
awarded SpaceX a firm, fixed-price Space Act Agreement (SAA) with the objective of producing a
detailed design of the entire crew transportation system. This contract includes numerous key technical
and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions
following system certification.[143] The fully autonomous Crew Dragon spacecraft is expected to be one of
the safest crewed spacecraft systems. Reusable in nature, the Crew Dragon will offer savings to
NASA.[143] SpaceX conducted a test of an empty Crew Dragon to ISS in early 2019, and later in the year,
they plan to launch a crewed Dragon which will send U.S. astronauts to the ISS for the first time since the
retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011.[144][145] In February 2017, SpaceX announced that two would-be
space tourists had put down "significant deposits" for a mission which would see the two tourists fly on
board a Dragon capsule around the Moon and back again.

In addition to SpaceX's privately funded plans for an eventual Mars mission, NASA Ames Research
Center had developed a concept called Red Dragon: a low-cost Mars mission that would use Falcon
Heavy as the launch vehicle and trans-Martian injection vehicle, and the Dragon capsule to enter the
Martian atmosphere. The concept was originally envisioned for launch in 2018 as a NASA Discovery
mission, then alternatively for 2022.[146] The objectives of the mission would be to return the samples
from Mars to Earth at a fraction of the cost of the NASA own return-sample mission now projected at
US$6 billion.[146][147] In September 2017, Elon Musk released first prototype images of their spacesuits
to be used in future missions. The suit is in the testing phase and it is designed to cope with 2  atm
(200 kPa; 29 psi) pressure in vacuum.[148][149] The Crew Dragon spacecraft was first sent to space on 2
March 2019.

On 27 March 2020, SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL resupply spacecraft to carry pressurized and
unpressurized cargo, experiments and other supplies to NASA's planned Gateway under a Gateway
Logistics Services (GLS) contract.[150] The equipment delivered by Dragon XL missions could include
sample collection materials, spacesuits and other items astronauts may need on the Gateway and on the
surface of the Moon, according to NASA. It will launch on SpaceX Falcon Heavy rockets from pad 39A at
the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The Dragon XL will stay at the Gateway for six to 12 months at a
time, when research payloads inside and outside the cargo vessel could be operated remotely, even when
crews are not present.[151] Its payload capacity is expected to be more than 5 t (5,000 kg; 11,000 lb) to
lunar orbit.[152]

On 7 December 2020, SpaceX launched new cargo Dragon to Space Station for 100th successful Falcon 9
flight. This is the first launch for this redesigned cargo Dragon, and also the first mission for SpaceX's
new series of CRS missions under a renewed contract with NASA. It is carrying 6,400 lb (2,900 kg) of
both supplies for the Space Station and its crew, as well as experimental supplies and equipments for the
research being done on the Station. This version of Dragon can carry 20% more than the last cargo
spacecraft from SpaceX, and it also has twice the number of powered lockers for climate controlled
transportation of experimental material.[153]

Reusable launch system

SpaceX's reusable launcher program was publicly announced in 2011

and the design phase was completed in February 2012. The system
returns the first stage of a Falcon 9 rocket to a predetermined
landing site using only its own propulsion systems.[154]

SpaceX's active test program began in late 2012 with testing low-
altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology. The prototypes
of Falcon 9 performed vertical takeoffs and landings.
An autonomous spaceport drone
High-velocity, high-altitude aspects of the booster atmospheric ship in position prior to Falcon 9
return technology began testing in late 2013 and have continued Flight 17 carrying CRS-6.
through 2018, with a 98% success rate to date. As a result of Elon
Musk's goal of crafting more cost-effective launch vehicles, SpaceX
conceived a method to reuse the first stage of their primary rocket, the Falcon 9,[155] by attempting
propulsive vertical landings on solid surfaces. Once the company determined that soft landings were
feasible by touching down over the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, they began landing attempts on a solid
platform. SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015,[156]
and in April 2016, the first stage booster first successfully landed on the autonomous spaceport drone
ship (ASDS) Of Course I Still Love You.[157][158]

SpaceX continues to carry out first stage landings on every orbital launch that fuel margins allow. By
October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a
10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.[159] On 30 March
2017, SpaceX launched a "flight-proven" Falcon 9 for the SES-10 satellite. This was the first time a re-
launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.[74][160] The first stage was recovered and
landed on the ASDS Of Course I Still Love You in the Atlantic Ocean, also making it the first landing of a
reused orbital class rocket. Elon Musk called the achievement an "incredible milestone in the history of
space".[161][162]

Autonomous spaceport drone ship

SpaceX leased and modified several barges to sit out at sea as a target for the returning first stage,
converting them to autonomous spaceport drone ships (ASDS). These ships are used as landing
platforms for the Falcon 9 launch vehicle when propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site
(RTLS) flight.

The autonomous spaceport drone ships are named after giant starships from the Culture series stories by
science fiction author Iain M. Banks.[163]

Floating launch platforms

SpaceX's floating launch platforms are modified oil rigs now under construction to use in the 2020s to
provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system,
consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage.

SpaceX has purchased two deepwater oil rigs, for Starship launches, and both platforms are undergoing
refit for their new role.

Starship

SpaceX is developing a super-heavy lift launch system, Starship.

Starship is a fully reusable second stage and space vehicle intended
to replace all of the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by
the early 2020s; plus ground infrastructure for rapid launch and
relaunch and zero-gravity propellant transfer technology in low
Earth orbit (LEO).

SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter ITS concept in 2016

which was solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary
uses. In 2017, SpaceX articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter BFR to
replace all of SpaceX launch service provider capabilities — Earth-
orbit, lunar-orbit, interplanetary missions, and potentially, even
intercontinental passenger transport on Earth — but do so on a fully
reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower cost structure.[164] A
large portion of the components on Starship are made of 301
stainless steel, with some being manufactured from 304L stainless
steel.[165] Private passenger Yusaku Maezawa has contracted to fly
around the Moon in Starship in 2023.[166][167][168]

Musk's long-term vision for the company is the development of SpaceX Starship SN8 prototype
technology and resources suitable for human colonization on Mars. during a flight test, December 2020.
He has expressed his interest in someday traveling to the planet,
stating "I'd like to die on Mars, just not on impact".[169] A rocket
every two years or so could provide a base for the people arriving in 2025 after a launch in 2024.[170][171]
According to Steve Jurvetson, Musk believes that by 2035 at the
latest, there will be thousands of rockets flying a million people to
Mars, in order to enable a self-sustaining human colony.[172]

Other projects

In January 2015, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk announced the

development of a new satellite constellation, called Starlink, to
First test firing of a scale Raptor
provide global broadband internet service. In June 2015, the
development engine in September
company asked the federal government for permission to begin
2016 in McGregor, Texas.
testing for a project that aims to build a constellation of 4,425
satellites capable of beaming the Internet to the entire globe,
including remote regions that currently do not have Internet
access.[173][174] The Internet service would use a constellation of 4,425 cross-linked communications
satellites in 1,100  km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, the goal of the business is to increase
profitability and cash flow, to allow SpaceX to build its Mars colony.[175] Development began in 2015,
initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017. Initial
operation of the constellation could begin as early as 2020. As of March 2017, SpaceX filed with the U.S.
regulatory authorities plans to field a constellation of an additional 7,518 "V-band satellites in non-
geosynchronous orbits to provide communications services" in an electromagnetic spectrum that had not
previously been "heavily employed for commercial communications services". Called the "V-band low-
Earth-orbit (VLEO) constellation", it would consist of "7,518 satellites to follow the [earlier] proposed
4,425 satellites that would function in Ka- and Ku-band".[176]

In February 2019, SpaceX formed a sibling company, SpaceX Services, Inc., to license the
manufacture and deployment of up to 1,000,000 fixed satellite Earth stations that will communicate
with its Starlink system.[177] In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a
Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.[178] As of 25 November 2020, SpaceX has launched 955 Starlink
satellites. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) awarded SpaceX with nearly US$900 million
worth of federal subsidies to support rural broadband customers through the company's Starlink satellite
internet network. SpaceX won subsidies to bring service to customers in 35 U.S. states.[179]

In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop competition, and would build a
1.6 km (0.99 mi) long subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.[180][181]
The first competitive event was held at the track in January 2017, the second in August 2017 and the
third in December 2018.[182][183][184]

In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers SpaceX invited during 2020 all employees to
participate in the creation of a COVID-19 antibody-testing program. As such 4300 employees
volunteered to provide blood-samples resulting in a peer-reviewed scientific paper crediting eight
SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 anti-bodies may provide
lasting protection against the virus.[185][186]

Facilities
SpaceX is headquartered in Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant.
The company operates a research and major operation in Redmond, Washington, owns a test site in
Texas and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional
offices in Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[43]
Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment
facilities

SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of

Hawthorne, California. The large three-story facility, originally built
by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages,[187] houses
SpaceX's office space, mission control, and, as of 2018, all vehicle
manufacturing. In March 2018, SpaceX indicated that it would
manufacture its next-generation, 9  m (30  ft)-diameter launch
vehicle, the Starship at a new facility on the Los Angeles waterfront
in the San Pedro area. The company had leased an 18 acres
(73,000  m2) site near Berth 240 in the Los Angeles, however in
January 2019 the lease was canceled and the construction of
Starship moved to a new site in South Texas.[188][189][190]

The area has one of the largest concentrations of aerospace

headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including
Boeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses,
The headquarters of the company,
Aerospace Corp., Raytheon, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Air
located in Hawthorne, California.
Force Space Command's Space and Missile Systems Center at Los
Angeles Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Northrop
Grumman, and AECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace
engineers and recent college engineering graduates.[187]

SpaceX utilizes a high degree of vertical integration in the

production of its rockets and rocket engines.[34] SpaceX builds its
rocket engines, rocket stages, spacecraft, principal avionics and all
software in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for
the aerospace industry. Nevertheless, SpaceX still has over 3,000
suppliers with some 1,100 of those delivering to SpaceX nearly
weekly.[191] Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket cores under
construction at the SpaceX
In June 2017, SpaceX announced they would construct a facility on Hawthorne facility, November 2014.
0.88 ha (2.17 acres) in Port Canaveral, Florida for refurbishment and
storage of previously-flown Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy booster
cores.[192]

Development and test facilities

SpaceX operates its first Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas. All SpaceX rocket
engines are tested on rocket test stands, and low-altitude VTVL flight testing of the Falcon 9 Grasshopper
v1.0 and F9R Dev1 test vehicles in 2013–2014 were carried out at McGregor. 2019 low-altitude VTVL
testing of the much larger 9  m (30  ft)-diameter "Starhopper" is planned to occur at the SpaceX South
Texas launch site near Brownsville, Texas, which is currently under construction.[193][194][195] On 23
January 2019, strong winds at the Texas test launch site blew over the nose cone over the first test article
rocket, causing delays that will take weeks to repair according to SpaceX representatives.[196] In the
event, SpaceX decided to forego building another nose cone for the first test article, because at the low
velocities planned for that rocket, it was unnecessary.
The company purchased the McGregor facilities from Beal
Aerospace, where it refitted the largest test stand for Falcon 9 engine
testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility
since purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing
several pieces of adjacent farmland. In 2011, the company
announced plans to upgrade the facility for launch testing a VTVL
rocket,[55] and then constructed a half-acre concrete launch facility
in 2012 to support the Grasshopper test flight program.[56] As of
October  2012, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are
operated "18 hours a day, six days a week"[197] and is building more
test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a SpaceX McGregor engine test
large manifest in the next several years. bunker, September 2012

In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery

after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse
in future missions.

Launch facilities

SpaceX currently operates three orbital launch sites, at Cape

Canaveral Space Force Station, Vandenberg Air Force Base, and
Kennedy Space Center, and is under construction on a fourth in
Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for
each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch
business to fill each pad.[198] The Vandenberg launch site enables
highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables
orbits of medium inclination, up to 51.6°.[199] Before it was retired,
SpaceX west coast launch facility at
all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic
Vandenberg Air Force Base, during
Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island.
the launch of CASSIOPE,
September 2013.
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station

Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) is used for Falcon 9 launches to low Earth and
geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's
booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed Landing
Zone 1, has been designated for use for Falcon 9 first-stage booster landings.

Vandenberg Air Force Base

Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E) is used for payloads

to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and
Falcon Heavy,[200] but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The
neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4, where
SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters,
the first in October 2018.[201]
Falcon 9 Flight 20 landing on
Landing Zone 1 in December 2015
Kennedy Space Center
On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Launch Pad 39A.[202] The pad was subsequently
modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX has launched 13 Falcon 9 missions
from Launch Pad 39A, the latest of which was launched on 15 November 2020.[203] SpaceX launched its
first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020.[204]

Brownsville

In August 2014, SpaceX announced they would be building a commercial-only launch facility at
Brownsville, Texas.[205][206] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) released a draft Environmental
Impact Statement for the proposed Texas facility in April 2013, and "found that 'no impacts would occur'
that would force the Federal Aviation Administration to deny SpaceX a permit for rocket
operations",[207] and issued the permit in July 2014.[208] SpaceX started construction on the new launch
facility in 2014 with production ramping up in the latter half of 2015,[209] with the first suborbital
launches from the facility in 2019.[193][194][210] Real estate packages at the location have been named by
SpaceX with names based on the theme "Mars Crossing".[211][212]

Satellite prototyping facility

In January 2015, SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global
satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) office building located in
Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 sq ft
(3,774.2 m2) and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites.[213] In July 2016,
SpaceX acquired an additional 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County)
to focus on satellite communications.[214][215]

Launch contracts
SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station
(ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for U.S. military launches of
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on the
manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over US$12 billion under contract.[43]

SpaceX along with Virgin Galactic were among the first to have a contract with Spaceport America in
New Mexico, the first and only full-scale public commercial spaceport in the United States. Among the
tests conducted at the spaceport was the Grasshopper, they continue to have a smaller contract with the
spaceport for potential future use, alongside their own private SpaceX South Texas Launch Site to the
southwest.[216]

NASA

COTS

In 2006, NASA announced that SpaceX had won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
(COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS), with a
possible contract option for crew transport.[217][218] Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide
"seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX
US$396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX self-invested
more than US$500 million to develop the Falcon 9 launch
vehicle.[219] These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have
saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket
development ~4–10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA
alone.[105]

In December 2010, the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1

mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully
launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.[220] Dragon was successfully
deployed into orbit, circled the Earth twice, and then made a
controlled re-entry burn for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. With The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to
Dragon's safe recovery, SpaceX became the first private company to the International Space Station
launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft; prior to this mission, only (ISS) by Canadarm2.
government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft.

SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 launched in May 2012, in which Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS,
marking the first time that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat.[221][222]

Commercial cargo

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for
delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts
were signed in 2008 and awarded US$1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering
deliveries to 2016.[223] SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October
2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before re-entering the atmosphere
and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.[224] CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the
ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply
flights from SpaceX, for a total of 15 cargo transport.[225][226] After further extensions late in 2015,
SpaceX is currently scheduled to fly a total of 20 resupply missions.[227] A second phase of contracts
(known as CRS-2) were solicited and proposed in 2014. They were awarded in January 2016, for cargo
transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024.

SpaceX will be using Dragon XL spacecraft on Falcon Heavy rockets to send supplies to NASA's Gateway
space station.[228]

Commercial crew

The Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program intends to

develop commercially operated spacecraft that are capable of
delivering astronauts to the ISS. SpaceX did not win a Space Act
Agreement in the first round (CCDev 1), but during the second round
(CCDev 2), NASA awarded SpaceX with a contract worth US$75
million to further develop their launch escape system, test a crew
accommodations mock-up, and to further progress their
Falcon/Dragon crew transportation design.[229][230][231] The CCDev
program later became Commercial Crew Integrated Capability
Crew Dragon undergoing testing
(CCiCap), and in August 2012, NASA announced that SpaceX had
prior to flight
been awarded US$440 million to continue development and testing
of its Dragon 2 spacecraft.[232][233]
In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that will be funded to develop
systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. SpaceX won US$2.6 billion to complete and certify
Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts include at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut
aboard. Once Crew Dragon achieves NASA certification, the contract requires SpaceX to conduct at least
two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.[234] In early 2017, SpaceX was awarded
four additional crewed missions to the ISS from NASA to shuttle astronauts back and forth.[235] In early
2019, SpaceX successfully conducted a test flight of Crew Dragon, which it docked (instead of Dragon 1's
method of berthing using Canadarm2) and then splashdowned in the Atlantic Ocean.

Progress

On 16 September 2014, NASA selected SpaceX's Falcon 9 launch vehicle and Dragon spacecraft to fly
American astronauts to the International Space Station under the Commercial Crew Program.[236]

On 6 May 2015, just after 09:00 Eastern Time, SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew
Dragon spacecraft, a vehicle designed to carry astronauts to and from space. The successful Pad Abort
Test was the first flight test of SpaceX's revolutionary launch abort system, and the data captured here
will be critical in preparing Crew Dragon for its first human missions.[237]

On 3 August 2018, NASA announced the first four astronauts who will launch aboard Crew Dragon to the
International Space Station. Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley will be the first two NASA astronauts to fly
in the Dragon spacecraft.[238]

On 2 March 2019, the Crew Dragon Demo-1 launched without crew on board. This mission was intended
to demonstrate SpaceX's capabilities to safely and reliably fly astronauts to and from the International
Space Station.[239]

On 3 March 2019, Crew Dragon docked with the ISS at 03:02 PST, becoming the first American
spacecraft to autonomously dock with the orbiting laboratory.[240]

On 8 March 2019, Crew Dragon splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean at 05:45 PST, completing the
spacecraft's first mission to the International Space Station.[241]

On 19 January 2020, Crew Dragon test capsule was launched on a suborbital trajectory to conduct an
Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test in the troposphere at transonic velocities, at max Q, where the vehicle
experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Crew Dragon splashed down at 15:38 UTC just off the
Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean.[203]

On 30 May 2020, the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was launched to the International Space Station
with American astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. This was the first time a crewed vehicle had
launched from the U.S. since 2011. This was also the first commercial crewed ISS delivery.[242]

On 16 November 2020, the SpaceX Crew-1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space
Station with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA
astronaut Soichi Noguchi,[243] all members of the Expedition 64 crew.[244]

National defense
In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ)
contract, allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to US$100 million worth of launches from
the company.[245] In April 2008, NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services
contract to SpaceX for up to US$1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded. The contract
covers launch services ordered by June 2010, for launches through December 2012.[246] Musk stated in
the same 2008 announcement that SpaceX has sold 14 contracts for flights on the various Falcon
vehicles.[246] In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States
Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded
SpaceX two EELV-class missions: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and Space Test Program 2
(STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a
Falcon Heavy on 25 June 2019.[247]

In May 2015, the United States Air Force announced that the Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified for National
Security Space Launch (NSSL), which allows SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any
payloads classified under national security.[248] This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United
Launch Alliance (ULA) over the U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads.[249]

In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch, an US$82.7 million
contract to SpaceX to launch the 2nd GPS 3 satellite launched on 22 August 2019; this estimated cost
was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.[250][251][252] Prior to
this, United Launch Alliance was the only provider certified to launch national security
payloads.[253][254] ULA did not submit a bid for the May 2018 launch.[255][256]

In 2016, the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) said it had purchased launches from SpaceX -
the first (for NROL-76) took place on 1 May 2017.[257]

In March 2017, SpaceX won (versus ULA) with a bid of US$96.5 million for the 3rd GPS 3 launch
(launched on 20 June 2020).[258]

In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional US$290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch
three next-generation (#4-6) GPS satellites, known as GPS III. The first of these launches is expected to
take place in March 2020.[259]

In February 2019, SpaceX secured a US$297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch three
national security missions, including AFSPC-44, NROL-87, and NROL-85, all slated to launch no earlier
than FY 2021.[260]

On 7 August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts
for the following 5–7 years; SpaceX won a contract for US$316 million for one launch while ULA
received a contract for US$337 million to perform two launches. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of
the U.S. militaries satellite launch requirements over the 5–7 years while ULA will handle 60%, each
company is required to act as backup launch provider for the other.[261]

Space Adventures

In February 2020, Space Adventures announced plans to fly private citizens into orbit on Crew
Dragon.[262] The Crew Dragon vehicle would launch from LC-39A with up to four tourists on board, and
spend up to five days in a low Earth orbit with an apogee of over 1,000 km (620 mi).[263]

Kazakhstan
SpaceX won a contract to launch two Kazakhstani satellites aboard the Falcon 9 launch rocket on a
rideshare with other satellites. The launch took place at Vandenberg Air Force Base on 3 December 2018,
with KazSaySat and KazistiSat, included in a payload totaling 64 miniature and small
satellites.[264][265][266] According to the Kazakh Defence and Aerospace Ministry, the launch from
SpaceX cost the country US$1.3 million.[267]

Armenian protests against Türksat 5A satellite launch

The Armenian community of Los Angeles County, California staged protests at SpaceX headquarters in
Hawthorne on 29 October 2020 [268] and 30 October 2020,[269] demanding the cancellation of Türksat
5A satellite launch on a Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida launched on 8 January 2021. This
was preceded by a mass email campaign to SpaceX staff and members of the media by concerned
Armenians around the world, asking the company to cancel the launch contract with the Turkish
government.[270] The Armenians claimed that the satellite could be used by the Turkish government for
military purposes, in view of Turkey's current provision of unmanned aerial vehicles to Azerbaijan in its
armed conflict with Armenia involving the Nagorno-Karabakh region.[271]

Launch market competition and pricing pressure

SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communication satellites flying to geostationary (GTO) orbit,
have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices.[34] Prior to 2013, the
openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying Ariane 5) and
International Launch Services (flying Proton).[272] With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch
to low Earth orbit, "Falcon 9 rockets [were] already the cheapest in the industry. Reusable Falcon 9s
could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn
would drop the cost of access to space still further through economies of scale".[273] SpaceX has publicly
indicated that if they are successful with developing the reusable technology, launch prices in the US$5
to 7 million range for the reusable Falcon 9 are possible.[274]

In 2014, SpaceX had won nine contracts out of 20 that were openly competed worldwide in 2014 at
commercial launch service providers.[275] Space media reported that SpaceX had "already begun to take
market share" from Arianespace.[276] Arianespace has requested that European governments provide
additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX.[277][278] European satellite operators are
pushing the European Space Agency (ESA) to reduce Ariane 5 and the future Ariane 6 rocket launch
prices as a result of competition from SpaceX. According to one Arianespace managing director in 2015,
it was clear that "a very significant challenge [was] coming from SpaceX ... Therefore things have to
change ... and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalized and
streamlined".[279] Jean Botti, director of innovation for Airbus (which makes the Ariane 5) warned that
"those who don't take Elon Musk seriously will have a lot to worry about".[280] In 2014, no commercial
launches were booked to fly on the Russian Proton rocket.[275]

Also in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military
payloads. For nearly a decade the large U.S. launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA) had faced no
competition for military launches.[281] Without this competition, launch costs by the U.S. provider rose
to over US$400 million.[282] The ULA monopoly ended when SpaceX began to compete for national
security launches. At a side-by-side comparison, SpaceX's launch costs for commercial missions are
considerably lower at US$62 million.[283]
In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of
business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.[284] To that end, ULA announced a major
restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half.[285][286]

In 2017, SpaceX had 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts, the estimate for
2018 is about 65% as of July 2018.[287]

On 11 January 2019, SpaceX issued a statement announcing it would lay off 10% of its workforce, in
order to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects.[288]

In the first quarter of 2020, SpaceX launched over 61,000 kg (134,000 lb) of payload mass to orbit while
all Chinese, European, and Russian launchers placed approximately 21,000  kg (46,000  lb), 16,000  kg
(35,000 lb) and 13,000  kg (29,000  lb) in orbit, respectively, with all other launch providers launching
approximately 15,000 kg (33,000 lb).[289]

NASA announced its first crewed launch in over a decade using SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule would
take place 27 May 2020, from Kennedy Space Center, at Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A), taking
astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley to the International Space Station.[290] The launch was
postponed due to bad weather.[291] The vehicle launched successfully on 30 May 2020, and successfully
docked with the International Space Station on 31 May 2020, at 10:16 Eastern Daylight Time
(EDT).[292][293]

On 26 May 2020, the NASA's administrator, Jim Bridenstine, stated that: "Because of the investments
that NASA has made into SpaceX we now have, the United States of America now has about 70 percent
of the commercial launch market, ... That is a big change from 2012 when we had exactly zero
percent".[294]

Board of directors
SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021 [295]
Joined
Name Titles
Board
2002 Elon Founder, Chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; co-founder, CEO and Product Architect of Tesla;
[296] Musk former Chairman of Tesla, Inc.; former Chairman of SolarCity [296]
2002 Kimbal
[297] Board member, Tesla [298]
Musk

2009 Gwynne
[299] President and COO of SpaceX [300]
Shotwell

2009 Luke
[299] Co-founder, PayPal [301]
Nosek

2009 Steve
[299] Co-founder, Future Ventures fund [302]
Jurvetson

2010 Antonio
[303] CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners [304]
Gracias

2015 Donald
[305] President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google [306]
Harrison

See also
 Blue Origin
A book on this topic is
Human mission to Mars available:
List of crewed spacecraft Book:SpaceX
NewSpace
Space colonization
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure

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