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Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite-Volume Method: David Apsley

1) The initial concentration of the toxic gas in the room was 1389 parts per million (ppm) by mass. 2) It would take approximately 48 minutes for the concentration in the room to decrease to the safe level of 1 ppm, as the toxic gas was vented out of the room through an opening at a rate that followed an exponential decay model. 3) The time was calculated by modeling the change in mass of toxic gas in the room over time as the difference between the rates of gas entering and leaving the room.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
223 views29 pages

Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite-Volume Method: David Apsley

1) The initial concentration of the toxic gas in the room was 1389 parts per million (ppm) by mass. 2) It would take approximately 48 minutes for the concentration in the room to decrease to the safe level of 1 ppm, as the toxic gas was vented out of the room through an opening at a rate that followed an exponential decay model. 3) The time was calculated by modeling the change in mass of toxic gas in the room over time as the difference between the rates of gas entering and leaving the room.

Uploaded by

Hassan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computational Fluid Dynamics:

The Finite-Volume Method


David Apsley
1. Introduction
What is …
Computational Fluid Dynamics?

The use of computers and


numerical methods to solve
problems involving fluid flow
Aerodynamics
Wind Loading
Turbine Technology
Vortex Shedding
Dispersion of Pollution
Ventilation
Particle-Laden Plumes (Sea Outfalls)
free surface

r a, Ua
(ex302)
ra=1040 kg/m3 h
D r 0, U0

Ws
z0

solid bed

(ex322)
ra=1020 kg/m3

(ex336)
ra=1020 kg/m3
Ua=0.026 m/s
Sediment Scour

River bend Bridge pier


Discretisation

continuous discrete
curve approximation

Field variables:

2 d𝑓 Δ𝑓 𝑓2 − 𝑓1
Equations: ≈ =
d𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
f
1
x
x
Basic Principles of CFD

1. Discretise space:
replace field variables (r, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑝, …) by values at a finite number of nodes

2. Discretise equations:
continuum equations → algebraic equations

3. Solve:
large system of simultaneous equations
Stages of a CFD Analysis

• Pre-processing:
‒ formulate problem (geometry, equations, boundary conditions)
‒ construct computational mesh

• Solving:
‒ discretise
‒ solve

• Post-processing:
‒ analyse
‒ visualise (graphs and plots)
Fluid-Flow Equations

• Mass: change of mass = 0


• Momentum: change of momentum = force × time
• Energy: change of energy = work + heat
• (Other constituents)

In fluid mechanics, these are normally expressed in rate form


Form of Equations

• Integral (control-volume)

• Differential
Integral (Control-Volume) Approach
Consider the budget of any transported physical quantity in any control volume

CHANGE = IN − OUT + CREATED

CHANGE OUT − IN CREATED


+ =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

TIME DERIVATIVE NET FLUX SOURCE


+ =
𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑉

TIME DERIVATIVE ADVECTION + DIFFUSION SOURCE


+ =
𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑉

→ Finite-volume method for CFD


Differential Equations For Fluid Flow

• Derived by considering the rate of change at a point; i.e. using


infinitesimal control volumes

• Discretisation gives a finite-difference method for CFD

• Several types:
‒ fixed-point (“Eulerian”): conservative
‒ moving with the flow (“Lagrangian”): non-conservative
‒ derived variables; e.g. potential flow
Main Methods for CFD
i,j+1
• Finite-difference:
‒ discretise differential equations i-1,j i,j i+1,j

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑢𝑖+1,𝑗 − 𝑢𝑖−1,𝑗 𝑣𝑖,𝑗+1 − 𝑣𝑖,𝑗−1


0= + ≈ + i,j-1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2Δ𝑥 2Δ𝑦

• Finite-volume:
‒ discretise control-volume equations vn
0 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ρ𝑢𝐴 𝑒 − ρ𝑢𝐴 𝑤 + ρ𝑣𝐴 𝑛 − ρ𝑣𝐴 𝑠 uw ue
vs

• Finite-element:
‒ represent solution as a weighted sum of basis functions

𝑢(x) = ෍𝑢α 𝑆α (x)


Advantages of the Finite-Volume Method in CFD

• Rigorously enforces conservation

• Flexible in terms of:


‒ geometry
‒ fluid phenomena

• Directly relatable to physical quantities


 b
Examples
Example Q1

Water (density 1000 kg m–3) flows at 2 m s–1 through a


circular pipe of diameter 10 cm. What is the mass flux 𝐶
across the surfaces 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 ?

o
45
10 cm

2 m/s
S1 S2
Water (density 1000 kg m–3) flows at 2 m s–1 through a circular pipe of diameter 10 cm. What is
the mass flux 𝐶 across the surfaces 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 ? o
45

10 cm
2 m/s
S1 S2

𝑆1 : mass flux (𝐶) = ρ𝑢𝐴


π × 0. 12
= 1000 × 2 ×
4
= 15.7 kg s −1

𝑆2 : the same! 𝐶 = ρ(𝑢 cos θ)𝐴


𝐶 = ρ𝑢(𝐴 cos θ)

In general: 𝐶 = ρu • A
Example Q2

A water jet strikes normal to a fixed plate as shown.


Compute the force 𝐹 required to hold the plate fixed.

D = 10 cm

F
u = 8 m/s
A water jet strikes normal to a fixed plate as shown. Compute the force 𝐹 required to hold the
plate fixed.

D = 10 cm

F
u = 8 m/s

force on fluid = momentum flux out − momentum flux in

momentum flux = mass flux × velocity

−𝐹 = 0 − (ρ𝑈𝐴)𝑈

𝐹 = ρ𝑈 2 𝐴
2
π × 0. 1
= 1000 × 82 ×
4

= 503 N
Example Q3

An explosion releases 2 kg of a toxic gas into a room of dimensions


30 m  8 m  5 m. Assuming the room air to be well-mixed and to
be vented at a speed of 0.5 m s–1 through an aperture of area 6 m2,
calculate:

(a) the initial concentration of gas in ppm by mass;

(b) the time taken to reach a safe concentration of 1 ppm.

(Take the density of air as 1.2 kg m–3.)


An explosion releases 2 kg of a toxic gas into a room of dimensions 30 m  8 m  5 m. Assuming
the room air to be well-mixed and to be vented at a speed of 0.5 m s–1 through an aperture of
area 6 m2, calculate:
(a) the initial concentration of gas in ppm by mass;

Volume V
𝑉 = 30 × 8 × 5 = 1200 m3
Concentration  area A

mass of fluid × concentration = mass of toxin

(ρ𝑉)ϕ0 = 2 kg

2
ϕ0 = = 1.389 × 10−3
1.2 × 1200
1389 ppm
An explosion releases 2 kg of a toxic gas into a room of dimensions 30 m  8 m  5 m. Assuming
the room air to be well-mixed and to be vented at a speed of 0.5 m s–1 through an aperture of
area 6 m2, calculate:
(b) the time taken to reach a safe concentration of 1 ppm.

ϕ0 = 1389 ppm
Volume V

𝑉 = 1200 m3
Concentration  area A
𝐴 = 6 m2
U
𝑈 = 0.5 m s −1

Change in amount of toxin = amount in − amount out


Rate of change of amount of toxin = rate of entering − rate of leaving

d ϕ0
(ρ𝑉ϕ) = 0 − (ρ𝑢𝐴)ϕ eλ𝑡 =
d𝑡 ϕ
dϕ 𝑢𝐴 1 ϕ0 1
=− ϕ, ϕ = ϕ0 at 𝑡 = 0 𝑡 = ln = ln 1389 = 2895 s
d𝑡 𝑉 λ ϕ 0.0025

dϕ ≈ 48 min
𝑢𝐴
= −λϕ λ= = 0.0025 s −1
d𝑡 𝑉
ϕ = ϕ0 e−λ𝑡

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