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D y=0 y=0 D Y=12. (Solution By Inspection) D y=12R b γ R b D y=e γ D γ m m=2,2 γ C e C e

This document provides 22 examples of solving different types of linear differential equations using various methods like undetermined coefficients, variation of parameters, reduction of order, and solution by inspection. The examples cover finding particular solutions, complementary functions, and general solutions to equations with real constant coefficients and non-homogeneous terms involving exponential, trigonometric, logarithmic and polynomial functions of the independent variable. Step-by-step workings are shown for each example to illustrate the application of the fundamental solution techniques for linear differential equations.

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Emman Regondola
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93 views14 pages

D y=0 y=0 D Y=12. (Solution By Inspection) D y=12R b γ R b D y=e γ D γ m m=2,2 γ C e C e

This document provides 22 examples of solving different types of linear differential equations using various methods like undetermined coefficients, variation of parameters, reduction of order, and solution by inspection. The examples cover finding particular solutions, complementary functions, and general solutions to equations with real constant coefficients and non-homogeneous terms involving exponential, trigonometric, logarithmic and polynomial functions of the independent variable. Step-by-step workings are shown for each example to illustrate the application of the fundamental solution techniques for linear differential equations.

Uploaded by

Emman Regondola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXERCISES:

1. Obtain in factored form a linear differential equation with real, constant coefficients that
satisfy the equation y=2e x cos 3 x . (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)

For 2 e x cos 3 x , m=1 ± 3i →(D−1)2 + 9 then,

Ans: ¿
¿ ( D 2−2 D+10 ) y=0
[ ( D−1 ) +3 i ] [( D−1 )−3 i ) y =0

2. Find a particular solution in the equation ( D 2 + 4 ) y=12. (SOLUTION BY INSPECTION)

( D2 + 4 ) y=12 R0 =12
b n=4 then,
R 12
γ p= 0 = Ans: γ p=3
bn 4

3. Solve the equation ( D 2−4 D+ 4 ) y=e x (REDUCTION OF ORDER)

for complementary function( γ c )


( D2−4 D+ 4 ) γ c =0
m2−4 m+ 4=0
¿
m=2,2

γ c =C 1 e 2 x +C 2 e 2 x
by reduction order
Let,
y=v e2 x y=2 v e 2 x + v' e 2 x
y=2 ( 2 v e 2 x +v ' e2 x ) + ( 2 v ' e 2 x +v ' ' e2 x )
y=v ' ' e 2 x + 4 v ' e 2 x +4 v 4 e2 x

Substitute,
v' ' e2 x + 4 v ' e 2 x + 4 v 4 e 2 x −4 ( 2 v e 2 x + v ' e2 x ) + 4 v e 2 x =e x
v' ' e2 x =e x
Multiply by e−2 x
v' ' =e− x
' −x
Integrate, ∫ v =∫ e dx
v' =−e−x + A
' −x
Integrate, ∫ v =∫ (−e ¿ + A )dx+ B ¿

v=e− x + Ax+ B

But y=v e2 x → v= y e−2 x

Then, y e−2 x =e− x + Ax +B

Multiply by e 2 x ,

y=e x + Ax e2 x + B e 2 x

Let c 1=B c 2= A

Then,
Ans: y=c1 e 2 x +c 2 x e2 x + e x

4. ( D4 + 4 ¿ y=6 cos 2 x (SOLUTION BY INSPECTION)

by Inspection,
( D 4 + 4 ¿ cos 2 x=( 16+ 4 ) cos 2 x
=20 cos 2 x
Then,
cos 2 x
γ p=
20

5. y ' ' −3 y ' −4 y =30 e 4 x (SOLUTION BY INSPECTION)

γ p=Bx e 4 x
d γp 4x 4x
=B e + 4 Bx e
dx
d2 γ p 4x 4x 4x 4x 4x
2
=4 B e + 4 B e +16 Bx e =8 B e + 16 Bx e
dx

Substitute ,
( 8 B e 4 x +16 Bx e 4 x ) −3 ( B e 4 x + 4 Bx e 4 x )−4 Bx e 4 x =30 e 4 x
5 B e4 x =30 e 4 x
B=6
Then γ p=6 x e 4 x
Finally, y=c1 e 4 x + c2 e−x +6 x e 4 x Ans: y=(c ¿¿ 1+6 x)e 4 x +c 2 e−x ¿

6. Obtain in factored form a linear differential equation with real, constant coefficients that
1 4x
satisfy the equation y=−2 x + e (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)
2
2
For -2x, m =0,0→ D
1 4x
e , m=4 → ( D−4 )
2
Then D 2 ( D−4 ) y=0

7. Show that if b ≠ a then ( D 2 +a 2) y =sin bx has the particular solution y=¿ using method of
undetermined coefficients.

for ( A D2 +BD +C ¿ y If B=0 ,


γ p=c2 cos bx +c 1 sin bx
γ p=c1 sin bx

dγ p
=c1 b cos bx
dx
d2 y p 2
2
=c 1 b sin bx
dx
Substitute, −c 1 b2 sin bx+ a2 c 1 sin bx=sin bx
c 1 ( −b2 +a 2) sin bx=sin bx
1
c 1= 2 2 Then, γ p=¿ 1 sin bx¿
a −b a −b2 2

8. Find a particular solution in the equation ( D 2 +3 D−4 ) y =18 e2 x by inspection.

( D2 +3 D−4 ) e 2 x = [ 4+3 ( 2 ) −4 ] e 2 x =6 e2 x
then,
18
γ p= e2 x =4
6

9. Solve y ″ −2 y ' −3 y=e 2 t +3 t 2+ 4 t−5+5 cos ( 2 t ) (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)


−1 2 t
y ″ −2 y ' −3 y=e 2 t →Y 1 ( t ) = e
3
−7 4
y ″ −2 y ' −3 y=5 cos ( 2 t ) →Y 3 ( t )= cos (2 t)− sin 2 t
13 13
−1 2 t 2 7 4
Y (t)= e −t +1− cos ( 2 t ) − sin 2t
3 13 13

1 7 4
The general solutionis C 1 e−t +C 2 e3 t − e 2 t−t 2 +1− cos ( 2 t )− sin 2 t
3 13 13

10. Solve the equation y ' ' + y =tan x ,0< x< π /2. (VARIATION OF PARAMETERS)
11. Solve γ ' ' + y =sin x (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)

12. Determine the form of the trial solution for the differential equation
y ' ' −4 y' +13 y=e2 x cos 3 x . (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)
13. Solve y ' ' −4 y=x e x +cos 2 x . (UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT)
14.

Solve
the

differential equation y ' ' −2 y ' =t+e t (VARIATION OF PARAMETERS)


15.
Solve the
differential
equation
using
variation of
parameter:

'' ' et
y −2 y + y=
t

d2 y
16. Solve the equation x
2
( )
d x2
−2 y =ln x (VARIATION OF PARAMETERS)
17. Solve the equation x 2 y ' ' −5 x y ' +9 y=0 . (REDUCTION OF ORDER)
18. ( D3−3 D+2 ¿ y=−7 (SOLUTION BY INSPECTION)

R0 =−7 bn=2

Then

R0 −7
γ p= =
bn 2

19. Use the Variation of Parameters to solve


20. Solve the differential equation y′ + y″ = w.

Since the dependent variable y is missing, let y′ = w and y″ = w′. These substitutions
transform the given second‐order equation into the first‐order equation

   

which is in standard form. Applying the method for solving such equations, the
integrating factor is first determined,

   

and then used to multiply both sides of the equation, yielding

Therefore,

Now, to give the solution y of the original second‐order equation, integrate: 

This gives

21. Find a solution of the differential equation  (REDUCTION OF ORDER)


The roots of of the characteristic polynomial are ± 2. So let’s look for a particular solution
of the form y=e2 t u. Exponential Shift gives us

Writing u' =v , we have v' + 4 v =e−4 t /(1+e−4 t ) . The integrating factor


The solution to this first-order linear equation is:

We just need a particular solution, so take C=0. Integrating(it’s not an easy integral)

Again, we can ignore the constant C’, and our particular solution is

22.   Solve the non-homogeneous equation (REDUCTION OF ORDER)

'' 1 ' 1−x


For x > 0, given that y 1=e x is one solution of the homogeneous equation y − y + y=0
x x
Taking y=e x u ,we have:
Thus the equation for   is 

The integrating factor is 

so the general solution is 

Integrating, we get 

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