Cassie Gardner

Collins

AP Euro

4 September 2013

Study Guide Chapter 11

Review Questions

Section 1) Society and Religion

1) Some of the reasons that people were so attracted to Protestantism were that during this
time of early Reformation, there was a power struggle between self-run towns and the
pressure from emerging nation-states bent on centralization—townspeople saw religious
revolt (took for in Protestantism) as an ally in their struggle to remain politically free and
independent. Those who felt bullied by local or distant authorities, as well as peasants
who felt their hard-earned traditional liberties being confiscated by the secular landlords,
also supported Protestantism. Protestant sermon proclaimed a promise of political
liberation and even a degree of social betterment, something all of the laypeople of this
time were looking for.
2) Some of the reasons for lay criticism on the Catholic Church were that many felt the
medieval church had ceased to provide a viable foundation for religious piety; resulting
in laypeople feeling a sense of spiritual crisis. As laypeople devoured the new mass
amounts of knowledge available to them like never before, they began to shape their own
cultural life in their communities which contributed to the growing lay criticism of the
church because laypeople felt the church was oppressing this new individual developed
of unique cultural life in different communities.

Section 2) Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525

3) Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the founder of Lutheranism, the first of the Reformation
movements.
a) He was from Saxony in central Germany.
b) He was the son of a successful Thüringen miner, and originally planned to be a
lawyer (to appease his parents), he experienced a religious conversion and became an
Augustinian monk. In 1508 he became a teacher of theology at the University of
Wittenberg in Saxony.
c) He struggled with old philosophy of Christians, believing it forced them to only focus
on their merits and demerits, making them unable to act selflessly, and leaving them
struggling to maintain inner peace of mind. He believed that the phrase

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 “righteousness of God” was wrong because it demanded of him a perfection neither
he nor any other human being could attain
d) His goals were to protest indulgenced and the theology that legitimated them.
e) In Martin Luther’s lifetime, he translated the New Testament into German, wrote a
collection of 3 famous pamphlets explaining his means, he posted his 95 theses on the
door of the church in Wittenburg—bringing attention to the problems he had with the
church which would later be corrected, an also was obviously instrumental in the
Protestant movement which was a step in the right direction from freeing people from
the oppressive control of Catholicism.
4) John Tetzel was a famous indulgence preacher.
a) He excelled at stirring ordinary people to action and promoting indulgences; he was a
seasoned professional and was called upon to preach indulgence in Albrecht’s
territories.
b) He is best known for the following phrase: “Don’t you hear the voices of your dead
parents and other realized crying out, ‘Have mercy on us, for we suffer great
punishment and pain. From this you could release us with a few alms….We have
created you, fed you, cared for you, and left you our temporal goods. Why do you
treat us so cruelly and leave us to suffer in the flames, when it takes only so little to
save us?’”
5) At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was ordered to recant, but refused to do so saying
that it his recant would go against Scripture, reason, and his own conscience. Here he was
declared excommunicated by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
6) Charles V was the emperor who excommunicated Martin Luther. He was crowned Holy
Roman Emperor in 1519 and was unable to effectively control his empire, eventually
forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
7) The peasant revolt of 1524-1525 came about when the peasants rose against their
landlords in 1524.
a) The result of the peasant revolt was in the princes and landlords favor and the
peasants were mercilessly crushed, killing an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 peasants in
the process.
b) Martin Luther responded to the peasant’s revolt by encouraging to princes to crush
the revolt, condemning the peasants as “un-Christian.” This is not the reaction from
Lutherans the peasants expected and were counting on.

Section 3) Reformation Elsewhere

8) Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation and was inspired by
Erasmus
a) Ulrich Zwingli was from Switzerland.

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 b) He believed the Swiss mercenary service threatened political sovereignty and the
moral fiber of the Swiss Confederacy, that indulgences should be opposed, and that
the Eucharist was not a literal interpretation.
9) Anabaptists asserted radical individualism and believed that adults should be baptized,
not babies when they are too young to consent to baptism.
10) John Calvin was a reformation theologian who revolutionized the Christian Church.
a) John Calvin was from France.
b) John Calvin believed in the doctrine of predestination.
c) John Calvin established and inspired a foundation for religious change, starting in his
model city for Calvinism, Geneva. He established the Protestant religion of
Calvinism.
11) In 1904, Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
a) He gave Protestantism the credit of promoting the development of capitalism in
Europe. He believed that Calvinism encouraged capitalistic values such as sobriety,
frugality, and hard work, and discouraged economically unproductive things such as
conspicuous consumption. Weber noted that those Calvinists who succeeded in
business saw and considered this as a sign from God that they were among God’s
elect, following the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination.

Section 4) Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

12) Charles V made several attempts to unify Europe religiously, through The Diet of
Augsburg, which ordered all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism, and crushing defensive
Lutheran alliances such as the Schmalkaldic League.
a) Charles did not succeed. This was marked by the Peace of Augsburg, where he
ultimately gave up on his lifelong dream of European religious unity.
13) The Peace of Augsburg made Christendom division permanent by recognizing the ruler
of a land had the right to determine its own religion (Cuius region, eius religio).
a) The Peace of Augsburg’s limitations were that it did not recognize Calvinism and
Anabaptism as legal forms of Christianity. Only Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Section 5) The English Reformation to 1553

14) William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English.

a) This English translation of the Bible was important because it was taken to be a direct
(and popular) challenge to the hegemony of both the Roman Catholic Church, and the
English Laws maintaining church rulings. It began to circulate easily in England with
the use of the printing press.
15) Pope Leo X gave Henry VIII the nickname of “Defender of the Faith” because he
defended the seven sacraments of Catholic faith against Luther.
16) Henry VIII wanted to break away from the Catholic Church so that he could be the
supreme ruler in English spiritual affairs, as he already was in English temporal affairs.

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 This would give him the ability to divorce his wife and pursue his adorned Anne Boleyn,
as well as give him another opportunity to produce a male heir.
17) Thomas Cranmer was one of Henry VIII’s closest advisors, as well as a Lutheran
sympathizer. In 1594, he wrote the Book of Common Prayer, as well as a revised version,
which was a 42 article confession of Protestant faith and moderate Protestant doctrine.
These books were imposed in the original and second Act of Uniformity.
18) The Act of Supremacy declared Henry VIII “the only supreme head of the Church of
England.”
19) The Act of Succession made Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII’s children legitimate heirs to
the throne.
20) Henry VIII’s six wives were Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of
Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. Henry VIII’s children were Edward VI,
Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
21) The Six Articles of 1539 (known to Protestants as “whip with six strings”), struck at
Protestant views and tried to secrete them through reaffirming Catholic dogma.
a) They served to reaffirm transubstantiation, denying the Eucharistic cup to the laity,
declaring celibate vows inviolable, providing for private Masses, and ordering the
continuation of oral confession. They also confirmed that the religious reform would
have to wait, as it was not going to happen under the strong reign of Henry VIII.
22) The Second Act of Uniformity of 1552 imposed a revised Book of Common Prayer, also
written by Thomas Cranmer, on all English Churches. This Act of Uniformity was
revised to follow clearly more Protestant version of the Book of Common Prayer. These
42-articles which confessed Protestant faith, as well as were seen as a moderate
Protestant doctrine, taught justification by faith alone, the supremacy of the Scripture,
denied transubstantiation, and recognized only Holy Communion (Eucharist) and
baptism.
a) It was enacted under Edward VI’s reign.
b) It was revoked under Mary I’s reign once Edward VI died because she was reverting
England to her father’s ways of Catholic doctrine.

Section 6) Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

23) Ignatius Loyola was founder of the Jesuits and a self-proclaimed “soldier of Christ.” He
underwent an intense religious and spiritual conversion and with the permission of Pope
Paul III, he founded the Jesuits, to aggressively spread Catholic faith during the Counter-
Reformation.
a) He formed the Jesuits or the Society of Jesus.
b) He believed that a person could shape his/her own behavior through disciplined study
and regular practice.
c) Ignatius Loyola was successful in restoring the vigorous and aggressive Catholic
Church during the sixteenth century, which was largely a product of the Jesuits, but

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 ultimately was not successful in ending the spread of Protestants within Europe,
however.
24) The Council of Trent, which was a council formed strictly under the Pope’s (Pope Paul
III) control, reaffirmed church doctrine. It was the Pope’s response to the Reformation.

Section 7) The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe

25) During this time period, education reform occurred significantly through the opposition
to Scholasticism and the implementation of many of the educational reforms of
humanism in new Protestant schools and universities. Thanks to the Reformation’s
influence on education, studia humanitatis, found a permanent home. The role of women
drastically changed in this time period as well. Protestants placed high values on marriage
and family and stressed the sacredness of home—this attitude allowed Protestants to
begin to recognize women and see them as having equal authority within the household
as husbands did. Protestants encouraged education of girly to literacy in the vernacular.
These were all steps towards the emancipation of women.

Section 8) Family Life in Early Modern Europe

26) Some of the basic tenants of family life during this time suggest that traditional Western
European families had features seeming cold and distant. Marriages with extreme
disparity in age were just as common as wet nursing during this time, and children were
often sent off to apprenticeships, etc. Relationship ties between husband and wife, as well
as parents and children, were very tenuous.

Section 9) Literary Imagination in Transition

27) Miguel de Cervantes is considered to be Spain’s greatest writer of this time. His work
reflected upon the strengths and weaknesses of traditional religious idealism. He
eventually became a priest.
a) He wrote Don Quixote.
b) He was from Spain.
c) His writing was special because it appealed just as much to philosophers and
theologians as it did Spanish literature students. His work was satire on the surface
but held a much deeper meaning which reflected upon Spain’s current opposition in
its reality versus its idealism.
28) William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright who was a radical in neither
politics nor religion and was a political conservative by modern standards.
a) He wrote:
1) Richard III a history
2) Hamlet a tragedy
3) Othello a tragedy
4) King Lear a tragedy

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 5) Macbeth a tragedy
6) Romeo and Juliet a tragedy
7) And much more…
b) He was from England
c) Shakespeare’s writings are special because they struck widespread human themes
which were often deeply rooted in modern-day religious traditions.

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