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Fungsi Error Beta Gamma

1. The document discusses several mathematical functions used in calculus including the error function (erf(x)), the gamma function (Γ(x)), and the beta function. 2. The error function is defined by an integral and has properties such as being equal to 0 when x=0 and approaching 1 as x approaches infinity. 3. The gamma function is defined for positive real numbers (except zero) as an integral that involves an exponential function. It is used to extend the concept of factorials to real and complex numbers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
79 views7 pages

Fungsi Error Beta Gamma

1. The document discusses several mathematical functions used in calculus including the error function (erf(x)), the gamma function (Γ(x)), and the beta function. 2. The error function is defined by an integral and has properties such as being equal to 0 when x=0 and approaching 1 as x approaches infinity. 3. The gamma function is defined for positive real numbers (except zero) as an integral that involves an exponential function. It is used to extend the concept of factorials to real and complex numbers.

Uploaded by

ana maharani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Function and Definite Integrals

1- The Error function.


2- The Gamma function.
3- The Beta function.
4- The factorial function.

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 1


The Error Function (erf (x))

This function which occurs in the theory of probability, distribution of residence


times, conduction of heat and diffusion of matter is defined by the integral:

erf = .

ℎ ℎ ! ,

# $% = 0 $ = . x=0 z=x

' dummy variable 1 ' $ 1 ℎ ! $1 '1


! ' 1 2$ $ ℎ' . 3ℎ ! ' 1 ' '%' 1 ℎ '%' $#

' 4 '$ ℎ !' 4 ℎ $ ! ' 1 . 3ℎ # $ ' ' $


#$ $! ' $ ℎ #∞ = 1 .
7 7
#∞ = , $ #∞ = .
√ √

7
$ $! ℎ #∞ = 1 , 8 9= , $! .
7 7 7 7
9= , 9 = = :
.

7 7
9 = ;:
= ∬= ;:
.
>?

2ℎ ℎ 4'$ $# ' 4 '$ @ : ' ℎ 2ℎ$ $# ℎ $ ' '! A

$# ℎ − .

C$2 #$ %' 4 9 $ $ $$ ' &E ' 4 ℎ A '$

= cos E , = sin E , ℎ ℎ % $# ℎ $1

1 E , + 1 .
Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 2
P
NO KO7
9 = ∬= K
E = NO
E KO
K
.
LM

⁄ U ⁄
9 = −1/2 K
]7 E = E= .
V

√ 7
$ 9 = ⇒ 9= = .
V

7 √
∴ #∞ = = . =1.
√ √

Properties of the Error function

1- Y'## ' ' 4 $ # '$ A '$ 4'! '


Z
erf = . ' 4 ℎ' $' 4 erf ,1 4'!
Z √
2- Integration of erf x
erf = . erf − +

U
= . erf + + , 2ℎ ' ℎ $ $# ' 4 '$ .

erf ,' $% '% 1 ℎ %1$ i erf x 2' ℎ
U
=− $ ℎ ' erf 0 = 0 .

\ $ℎ # '$ 2ℎ' ℎ ' $% '% 1 ' ℎ
$% % $ # '$ # , ℎ' ' #' 1 ℎ A '$
7
# = 1 − erf = .

The gamma function b c


7
3ℎ' ' #' 1 ℎ ' 4 , ] = U ^

= + 1, ℎ ' 4 1 4'! ,
7 7
] +1 = ^
=− ^ 7
] + U ^

] +1 = ] , >0
2ℎ = , 1 ' 4 $ ' '! ' 4 ≥ 1 , 2 ℎ ! ,
] +1 = ] = − 1 ] − 1 = − − −−= ! ] 1 ,
7
' ] 1 = ^
= 1 , 4'!

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 3


] +1 = !
'# = 1 ⇒ ] 2 = 1] 1 = 1!
'# = 2 ⇒ ] 3 = 2] 2 = 2 × 1] 1 = 2!
'# = 3 ⇒ ] 4 = 3] 3 = 3 × 2] 2 = 3 × 2 × 1] 1 = 3!
i j l!
g : = = 30
i k × !
g : ] 2.5 = ] 1.5 + 1 = 1.5] 1.5 = 1.5] 1 + .5 = 1.5 × 0.5] 0.5
p
U 7
' 2ℎ' ℎ ] n o = ^
, $! 1 ' 4 =
p
U 7
' 4 ' 4 ,]n o = ^
,∵ = ⇒ =2
p
U
& ^
= r
& = U/
= U
=
r
$2 1 ' #$ ℎ$ ' % ' ' 4 $ 4
U 7 √
]n o = 2 r
=2. = √s ,
7 √
' 2 ℎ $! r
= !'$
U U √
$ ] 1.5 = ] n o =
k U k√
] 2.5 = 1.5 × 0.5] 0.5 = × × √s =
V
t l l l l l
g : ] n o = ] n + 1o = ] n o = ] n + 1o = × ]
k k k k k k k k k
u
ji j l i
$ $ ! v
= × × v
li l k ki
v v
6 5 2
= . . =2
5 3 3
3ℎ '$ ] + 1 = ] ' $ # ' #' ' 4 ℎ
]−# '$ #$ 4 '! ! $# .
'# 2 −2 ' ' 4 ℎ' '$
i ;U
] =
p p
k i i V
] n− o = v = v p = √s
n o k

C$ ℎ ] 1 $% ' #' ' =0


C$ : \ 4 '! ' 4 ! $# 1 $% ' #' ' , ' '
'% $ $ % ℎ ' ℎ ℎ ! $# ] #$ 4 '! !
$# $ 4'! 1 ℎ ' 4 #$ % 1 1 ℎ '$

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 4


i ;U
] =

#$ 1 $# ℎ ] − # '$ x ℎ 8 g% ,
3 1 $# # '$ ". Y$! z 1 ' '$ , 1945.
2 $2 ℎ$2 ℎ$2 ' ' 4 % 1 ! ' % $#
ℎ ]−# '$ .
7
g :$ ! ℎ ' 4 9= l.
,2 = ,
7 U 7 U
$1 ' 9 = .U ^
= k.U U ^
= ] 3.1
.U .U U.U U
= ] 2.1 = ] 1.1 = 2.1 1.1 ] 0.1
' # $% 1 ] 0.1 = 9.5135, 2 #' 9 = 1.10 $ $
2$ '% .
7 j
g : $! ^

: U
|$ ⁿ: 2 = ⇒ = , = ,
7 j 7 : j : U U ~ 7 U
^
= = j :
= ] 7
U t
6!
= = 92160
128
$% 1 $# ] # '$
: 1 , 1.01 , 1.05, − − −
] : 1 , 0.99433, 0.9735 , − − −
•.W(1) evaluate:
k ~ l ~ i k i .l
1− ]n o , 2 − ] n o , 3 − ] n− o , ] n− o , 4 −
i l.l
7 k 7 l.l 7 ‚ ^v
5− ^
, 6− k^
, 7−
H.W(2) Evaluate each of the following integrals:
7 7 7 7
v v v
1 ƒ , 2 ƒ √ , 3 ƒ +1 , 4 ƒ√

7 „
5 , •' : = †‡ …
…>

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 5


The Beta Function (B)

3ℎ 1 −# '$ ˆ %, ' #' 1 ℎ ' 4 :


U
ˆ %, = ‰ U
1− Š U
, #$ %>0 & >0
U
' ' ' %% ' ' % ,ˆ ,% = Š U
1−
‰ U

' ,1 ' 4 1− = , =−
' 1$! ' 4 2' 4'! ℎ #$ % $#1 −# '$ ˆ ,%

ˆ ,% = − U
‰ U
1− Š U
= ˆ %, .
\ '! #$ % $# ℎ 1 −# '$ , $1 ' 1 ' 4
= ' E, = 2 sin E cos E E , 1 − = $ E ,
1 ' ' % ' A. $# ˆ %, $4
P
ˆ %, = sin E ‰ U
cos E Š U
. 2 sin E cos E E ,
2ℎ ℎ '%' $# ' 4 '$ ℎ 4 # $% 0 → 1, $ 0 → ,1
' 4 = 1 ,& = 0, ' A. = ' E, $ #' E=0→
P
$ ˆ %, =2 ' ‰ U
E $ Š U
E E.
# $% 2ℎ' ℎ 2 % '! '$ #$ % ' 4 ˆ %,
‰ U ! Š U !
ˆ %, = ˆ 1,1 ,
‰;Š U !
U U
2ℎ ˆ 1,1 = 1, ˆn , o = s .
U U
ℎ$2 $ $! ℎ ˆ 1,1 = 1 & ˆ n , o = s , ' 1 ' 4
$ $# ℎ 1$! 2$ '$ ' ! ' #$ $ $ $! ' .
ℎ '$ 1 2 Œ %% ˆ # '$ ' ∶
i ‰ i Š
ˆ %, =
i ‰;Š
U Z
g : 3$ ! 9= •
, V
= , ℎ =4 k
Ž U

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 6


U k
1 1 1 V
∴ = , ∴9= ƒ
4 k 4 Ž 1−
p p
U U U U U U U i U⁄V i U⁄
9= • 1− = ˆn , o =
V V V Vi k⁄V
√ i U⁄ V
∴9= .
V i k⁄ V
P
g : 3$ ! 9= √sin E E, ' E=
2 sin E cos E E =
p
Zr
∴ √sin E = • , E=
•‘‡ N ’“• N
' cos E = √1 − ' E = √1 −
P p

U U r • U k U
9= √sin E E = = ˆ ,
√U r V
i•k–V—i U–
=
i l⁄V
l U U U
' ]n o = ]n o ] n o = √s
V V V
P
i k⁄V
√sin E E = 2√s i U⁄V
≅ 1.198 .

The Factorial Function


3ℎ' ' #' 1 ℎ ' 4 ,
7
!= ^ Š
= ] +1
$ != −1 − 2 − − − − −× 3 × 2 × 1 × 0!
2ℎ 0! = 1, $ $! ℎ :
7
0! = ^
= − ^ |7 = 1
#$ % 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 × 0! = 3 × 2!
4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 0! = 4 × 3!
7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 0! = 7 × 6! = 7 × 6 × 5!
= 7 × 6 × 5 × 4!

Chapter four (Function and Defined Integrals) Page 7

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