U.S.T.H.B / C.E.I.

L Master 1(S1)
Computer science Department Unit 2
Creative Software
1 Computer graphics
A  Discuss these questions
1 How would you define computer graphics?
2 Which types of professional might use the computer graphics in their job? How do
they use them?
B  Read the text and answer the following questions.
Computer graphics Common vector formats include EPS, AI, CGM,
WMF and PICT (Mac).
The term computer graphics includes almost
Most modern computer graphics packages let you
everything on computers that is not text or sound.
draw an image using a mixture of raster or vector
Computer graphics can be a series of images which
graphics, as you wish, because sometimes one
most often called video or a single image. Computer
approach works better than another—and
graphics can be created as either raster or vector
sometimes you need to mix both types of graphics
images. Raster graphics are bitmaps. A bitmap is a
in a single image. With a graphics package such as
grid of individual pixels that collectively compose an
the GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), you
image. Each square or pixel is coded in a specific line
can draw curves on screen by tracing out and then
or shade. Raster graphics are best used for non-line
filling in "paths" before converting them into pixels
art images specifically digitized photographs, scanned
("rasterizing" them) to incorporate them into
artwork or detailed graphics.
something like a bitmap image.

However, because raster graphics are pixel based, Almost all computer users use some form of
they suffer from image degradation. Just like graphics. Home users and professional artists use
photographic images that get blurry and imprecise image-editing programs to manipulate images. For
when blown up, a raster image gets jagged and example, you can add filters (special effects) to
rough. Why? Ultimately, when you look closer your favourite photos, or you can composite
enough, you can begin to see the individual pixels images. Compositing is combining parts of different
that comprise the image. Hence, your raster-based images to create a single image.
logo, magnified to 1000% becomes bitmapped before
you know it, although raster graphics can be scaled Real life isn't like a computer game or a virtual
down, smaller versions often appear less crisp than reality simulation. The very best CGI (computer-
the original. Common raster formats include TIFF, generated imagery) animations are easy to tell
IPEG, GIF, PCX and BMP files. apart from ones made on film or video with real
actors. Why is that? When we look at objects in the
Unlike pixel-based raster images, vector graphics are world around us, they don't appear to be drawn
based on mathematical formulas that define from either pixels or vectors. In the blink of an eye,
geometric primitives, such as polygons, lines, curves, our brains gather much more information from the
circles and rectangles. Because vector graphics are real-world than artists can include in even the most
composed of true geometric primitives, they are best realistic computer-graphic images. To make a
used to represent more structured images, like line art computerized image look anything like as realistic
graphics with flat uniform colours. Inherently, vector as a photograph (let alone a real-world scene), we
graphics are more malleable than raster images- thus, need to include far more than simply millions of
they are much more versatile, flexible and easy to colored-in pixels. Really sophisticated computer
use. The most obvious advantage of vector graphics graphics programs use a whole series of
over raster graphics is that vector images are techniques to make hand-drawn (and often
perfectly scalable. There is no upper or lower limit for completely imaginary) two-dimensional images
sizing images.
B Look at the help box and decide if the –ing Help box
forms in these sentences are gerunds, present
participles or adjectives .Write g, pp, or adj. The -ing form
1 PCs generate graphics by performing We use the –ing form in these ways:
mathematical calculations on data. ………………. 1 Rendering includes lighting and
2 Colour picker lets you pick a colour from an area of an shading.
image, instead of choosing the colour from the colour 2 We are designing a new car on
palette. …………………… computer.
3 Zoom is like a magnifying glass which changes your 3 They use special applets to create
view of drawing. …………………. amazing fractals.
4 She is designing a logo for the company. ………  In 1, rendering is a gerund (see below),
5 If you need to make a presentation, I suggest using acting as the subject. Lighting and
Power Point. …………. shading are also gerunds, acting as the
6 The Internet is a network linking other networks objects.
…………... A gerund refers to an activity or
C Rewrite the following passage using the –ing form. process.
Some changes are necessary.  In 2, designing is a present participle
Researchers use automatic translation software .This is used in continuous tenses (in
(e.g. Google Translate, Babelfish, and Systran) which can the above example, the present
considerably ease their work when they need to translate continuous) and reduced relative
documents. Such software saves them money, for clauses.
example the fee they might have otherwise had to pay …a representation showing the
to a professional translator. It also increases the amount outlines of all edges. (=which shows the
of time they have to spend in the laboratory rather than at outlines…)
the PC.  In 3, amazing is an adjective.
……………………………………………………………..…
……………………………………………………………..... We use gerunds in the following ways.:
……………………………………………………………….
look at least as realistic as photographs. a representation showing the outlines of all
. The…………………………………………………………….…
simplest way of achieving this is to rely on edges in• a transparent
As the subject of a verb
drawing.
the same tricks that artists have always used— Compositing is combining parts of
such things as perspective (how objects recede They then specify and fill the surfaces to give the
different images…
Dinto Read the passage
the distance towardbelow, then point"
a "vanishing underline
on theappearance of a 3-D solid object with volume.
This is  Asas
known thesolid
complement
modeling. of Next,
the subject
they add
thegerunds
horizon)and decide whether they function as
and hidden-surface Compositing is combining
paint, colour and filters to achieve the desired parts of
the subject, the nearby
elimination (where subject complement,
things partly obscure the object
different images…
'look and feel': this is called texturing the object.
ones
of athat areor
verb, further away). of a preposition .
the object  As the object of a verb
Finally, they render the object to make it look
Graphic artistscreate
You cannot and designers
a pictureuse drawing
simply I enjoy editing pictures.
by specifying real. Rendering includes lighting and shading as
programs to create freehand drawings
primitives. Instead, you must specify the andprimitives and  After
well as effects a preposition
that simulate shadows and
illustrations for books
their attributes, then or for the Web.
transform them by specifying where reflections. Designers start a project by making a
Businesspeople
and how you want use them
presentation
placed on graphics to so they
the screen wireframe.
make information more interesting visually – moving or Computer art,
 Some or digital
verbs areart,followed
is used byin adverts
the gerund,
create your picture. Transformation means
graphs and manipulating
diagrams canthe be object
more effective and
ways rotating TV programmes.
not by the Artists and
infinitive scientists
(e.g. avoid, use
finish,
otherwise by translating,
ofandcommunicating with clients than lists of figures. special graphic applets to create amazing
give up, hate, imagine, involve, keep,
scaling the object. Translation is moving an object
Electrical fractals. Fractals
mind, are geometrical
suggest, enjoy,patterns
deny, that
along anengineers use graphics
axis to somewhere elsetoindesign circuits
the viewing area.
inRotation
order to is present are repeated at small scales
postpone, resist. to generate
turningdata
the in a more
object understandable
around an axis. Scaling is
form. irregular shapes, some ofexpressions:
 After certain which describe it’s no use,
making the object larger or smaller in any of the
objects fromcan’t
nature. Government agencies
stand, get used to, there’s use.
no
horizontal, vertical or depth directions (corresponding to
Mechanical engineers use CAD (Computer Aided GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to
the x, y and z axes).The term rendering describes the point in, it’s not worth, can’t help, be
Design) software to develop, model and test car understand used
geographic data and then plan the
techniques used to make your object look real. to.
designs before the actual parts are made. This can use of land or predict natural disasters.
Rendering includes hidden surface removal, shading, He can’t get used to using this
save a lot of time and money. CAD is also used
1- What are the differences
light sources and reflections. between raster graphics and program.
vector graphics?
in the aerospace, architecture and industrial Cartographers use GIS to make detailed maps.
sectors to design everything from aeroplanes and Animators use computer animation software to
buildings to consumer products. Designers start a create animated cartoons or add effects in
project by making a wireframe, movies and video games.
 1 What are the differences between raster graphics and vector graphics?
2 Which word in the text means having an uneven edge?
3 Which is the best synonym for enlarged’ in the text?
4 Why is it easy to recognize CGI animations from real ones?
5 What are the benefits of using graphics in the car industry?
6 What is the antonym of soft ?

2 Listening: Becoming a computer animator

Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.
1 How is computer animation defined?
2 What do computer animators need to be?
3 Which skills does computer animation require?
4 How can internship be useful for computer animation students?
5 What should computer animators show to potential employers?

3 Language work: the - ing forms

A Underline all the –ing forms in the text of Computer graphics, and then
decide
which type they are.
4 Listening
  Listen to the following recording about “Understanding Virtual reality
and Augmented reality” to complete the following passage.

These days, we spend a lot of time looking at screens. Computers, smartphones and
televisions are a big part of our lives. They are how we get 1……………………………………..,
use social media, watch movies and more. Virtual reality and Augmented reality are two
technologies changing the way we use screens, creating new and
2…………………………………….. experiences.
Virtual reality also known as VR uses a headset with a 3……………………………….. that
displays a virtual environment for you to explore. These headsets use a technology called
4……………………. which allows you to look 5……………………………………… by simply
moving your head.
Augmented reality or AR is a bit different. Instead of 6………………………………….. a virtual
world it takes digital images and 7………………………………………….. in the real world
around you. This is done through the use of either a 8……………………………… or
smartphone. So with VR you could 9……………………………….. dinosaurs but with AR you
see those dinosaurs 10……………………….
…………………….. around you.
Both of these technologies are growing 11……………………………….. and being implemented
in a variety of different ways. Surgeons are using VR to practice
12………………………………… before operating. Businesses are using them to give
consumers 13…………………………… of products and locations. There are even apps that
can use your smartphone’s camera 14…………………………….. a foreign language in real
time.
As they continue to grow, VR and AR have 15……………………………. greatly change almost
every industry, you will want 16……………………………….. to see how they might soon affect
your job and potentially your everyday life.

5 This is how Augmented Reality will reshape our future

 Read the following text and then say if the statements are True, False or
Not
Given.
A
If you are still unclear about what AR is, then all you have to do is go back and remember the
time Pokémon Go took over the internet by storm. The game revolves around players catching
digital monsters. Similarly, apps such as Snapchat, Facebook and Instagram offer users with
filters which overlay animated images onto users' faces.
You will now be wondering how this technology can reshape or transform our future.
Augmented Reality could bring about a lot of changes and development to various industries.
Let's find out what they are.
B
We all dream of living in the perfectly designed house that boasts of our style and statement.
With the augmented reality, that dream might just come true. AR uses interactive computer-
generated images, which allows the buyers to envision the finished property while it is still
under construction. The benefit of this technology in the real estate industry is that it can
transform all 2D models such as blueprints and photos into 3D models for buyers to easily
interact with.
Builders and real estate agents will find it convenient to display the properties with such an
immersive experience. And not just that, interested buyers can also modify the colour,
furniture, room sizes and more based on what they would want the completed design to look
like. Envisioning your completed property with AR even before it is built is an advantageous
marketing tool for selling a property.
C
Online shopping is slowly taking over the traditional way of shopping. However, it is uncertainty
that stops buyers from buying things online. AR making its way in the shopping industry could
most definitely move potential buyers towards online shopping. With the growth of augmented
reality at the store, customers can view products in a highly realistic manner in their preferred
environment.
It will also become easier for marketers to share product catalogues with up-to-date
information. Additionally, shopping experiences can be enhanced with AR glasses being
available at every retail store or supermarket. These glasses will display all the pricing, design,
and product specs to the buyers while shopping. Augmented Reality could definitely change
the way people shop.
D
The travel industry is another sector that augmented reality could revolutionize. Although
virtual reality has a bigger role to play in the travel industry, augmented reality could still be
seen as huge change. AR-based applications on smartphones will help tourists and travellers
check and find local tourist attractions nearby and translate boards and signs instantly into
their native language.
Moreover, exploring and visiting local attractions, theme parks and zoos with augmented
reality will help travellers have the most extraordinary trip. The technology will display 3D
models of landmarks and take travellers back in time showing them the evolution brought with
time. AR for the travel industry is not just about the fun factor, but also adds an educational
element for the travellers.
E
While people are getting used to being transported into the world of 3D that does not really
exist with Virtual Reality headsets, AR is already being used in the pharma and healthcare
industry, to save lots of lives. However, that is not all. Augmented reality can be of major
assistance to healthcare organizations in helping them perfect their existing processes. AR will
provide surgeons with an in-depth knowledge of the risks involved with minimally invasive
surgeries and help them perform effectively.
Surgeries earlier required different types of monitors which would display the patient's vital
statistics through an endoscopic camera. Leaving all these hassles behind, doctors can wear
AR smart glasses which will display all the pertinent information while they are performing the
surgery and helping them stay focused on the task at hand.
F
Augmented reality in the educational sector could be a huge game-changer towards how
children learn. The technology will provide students with immersive content that will help them
understand the concepts. With the help of engaging 3D models, students can grasp complex
information in an easier manner providing them with a wider understanding of topics.
In our dynamic day and age, museums and historical sites have incorporated AR features to
their exhibits to stay at par with technology. This is a great way for people to explore and gain
additional informative knowledge. AR is all about exploration, which eventually leads students
towards learning and understanding. This is a win-win for both technology and the educational
industry.
G
There is no doubt that Augmented Reality will reshape more than just these five industries. As
devices adapt to the new technology, the growth of Augmented Reality is exponentially huge.
With so many positive advantages, AR could fundamentally change what it is to be human.

1 Using AR, buyers can conceive what a home design will look before it is completed. …….
2 What looks good in blueprints is not usually well translated into practice. …….
3 When purchasing online, the inability to see a product at first-hand can leave consumers
with
doubts. ……..
4 Both VR and AR allows buyers to potentially find more information simply by pointing their
smartphone at a product. ……..
5 AR technology is fully dedicated to entertainment. …….
6 VR has a big role in helping tourists find attractions nearby.
7 VR headsets enable surgeons to focus on the operational field instead of looking at
monitors. ……
8 Students will learn easily with 3-D models representations, especially for the difficult topics.
……..

B Find in the text words or phrases having similar meanings to the following.
1 Involving deep absorption in something. ……………………………………..
2 Situations causing difficulty or trouble. ……………………………………...
3 A thing that significantly affects the outcome of something. ……………………
 4 At face value. ………………………….

3 Language work: The infinitive (3)

A Underline and explain the use of the infinitives in the text Computer Languages .

HELP BOX
1 The infinitive with to is used in the following ways:
 To express purpose
E.g: We use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer.
(=in order to communicate…) Not:…for to communicate

 After adjectives
E.g : BASIC was widely used in the past because it was easy to learn.
E.g: Machine code is too difficult to write. (=not easy enough to write)

 After certain verbs E.g: afford, demand, plan, agree, expect, promise, appear, hope,
refuse, arrange, learn, try, decide, manage, attempt, fail, mean, aim, choose, ask.
E.g : A lot of companies are now trying to develop voice applications for web
access.

 After the object of certain verbs E.g: advise, encourage, allow, expect, tell, ask, invite,
want, enable, order, warn, remind, teach, help, recommend, persuade.
E.g: HTML allows us to describe how information will be displayed on web
pages.
2 The bare infinitive (without to) is used in the following ways:

 After modal verbs E.g. can, could, may, might, will, would, must, should.

E.g: Unfortunately, computers can’t understand spoken English.

E.g: High-level languages must be translated into machine code.

 After the object with the verbs make and let.

E.g: Programs make computers perform specific tasks.

Note: In the passive form, the to- infinitive is used.

E.g: She was made to apologize.

3 There are several verbs that can be followed by either the –ing or the infinitive, with a
change in meaning. This include: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer,
start, remember, need, forget and stop.

B What follows? Infinitive or the -ing form? Add the suitable verbs to
complete these sentences.

1 A debugger is a tool which helps programmers ………………errors or bugs

in a program.
2 Can you imagine……………..without robots and computers?

3 I simply can’t afford………….….. a laser printer.

4 Can you make this old PC…………..…..?

5 I can’t get used to……………..…. a voice recognition system.

 6 Let me ………………….. you how this program works.

7 The program documentation enables the user……..…. the program correctly.

C Complete the following article with verbs from the box using the correct form. (-ing
or infinitive)
make use surf worry perform download buy store check use ask take

I bought a new MacBook Pro last month. The Intel Core 2 Duo is a real bonus, allowing
the computer (1) ……………………tasks faster than earlier MacBook models; the
160GB hard drive is large enough (2) ……………………all of my music, photo and
videos, and I didn’t even need (3) …………………... an external hard disk. Another
great feature is the built-in iSight camera, I can (4)……………………it for webchats, (5)
…………………….video podcasts and enables you (6)……………………….photos.
Software updates are easy too: If you are online – for (7)……………………..the web or
(8)………………emails – and an update becomes available, a box appears (9)
……………………..if you want (10)…………………..the update. You just click OK, and
it’s done. I don’t even have to (11)…………………….about security either.

Every time I transmit data from my computer on the Internet, Apple’s Safari web browser
protects my personal information, such as bank details and credit card numbers by (12)
……………..a firewall.

D Look at these pairs of examples and decide where there is an important

change in
meaning.

1 a I remember shutting down the computer before I left the office.

b Please remember to shut down the computer before leaving the office.
2 a They stopped to look at the flowchart.
b They stopped looking at the flowchart.
3 a I like studying C language.
b I like to study C language in the evening.
4 a He needs to repair the hard disk.
b This hard disk needs repairing.

4 Writing a summary(4)
A summary is a shortened version of a text containing only the key information. The aim is to
present readers with a short, clear account of the ideas in the text. Summary writing is an
important skill in both academic and business contexts. Follow the steps in order to write a
successful summary.
1 Preparing to write
Select the key information
 Read the text carefully, looking up words you don’t know. Ask yourself what the text is
about. Think about the purpose of your summary and what your readers need to know.
 Underline the key information (the main idea). Omit details such as examples,
quotations, information in brackets, repetitions, figures of speech and most figures and
statistics.
  Make notes on the key information.
 Make sentences from the notes and links them with connectors (and, but, so, however,
because, etc.)
2 Writing the summary
Write a first draft of your summary using the information you have selected.
 Organize the ideas in your notes into a logical order.
 Condense the information where possible.
 Express the ideas in your own words. This will usually be shorter than the original. Rewrite
phrases in the text, but keep any key terms from the subject area.
 Do not give your own opinion on the topic.
3 Working on the draft
Ask yourself these questions:
1. Is it right length?
If there is a word limit, try to stay as close to it as possible. If your summary is too long,
you can usually reduce it further by:
 Cutting out unnecessary phrases,
e.g. Macs were designed with one clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the
computer
 Cutting adjectives or modifying adverbs
e.g. The way users accessed computer systems was very complex.
Macs were designed with one clear aim…..
 Transform relative clauses into –ing/ed participle clauses.

e.g. Double clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs,

documents or…
Double clicking a folder opens a window containing programs, documents
or…

 Replacing phrases with shorter versions: a lot of / not a lot of many / few
If it is still too long, go back and reduce your key information.
1 Does it contain all the important points in the text?
2 Does it read well?
4 Are the grammar and spelling correct?
4 Write the final version of your summary.

Summarize the text on “ This is how Augmented Reality will reshape our future” in
less than140 words. Use devices to abbreviate sentences and focus on important
information.