AURETB002

NAME MANPREET SINGH

STUDENT ID 4408
AURETB002 UNIT 7

QUES1 List any 4 Work and health safety requirement to be followed

while analysing and evaluating faults in dynamic control management
systems.
Ans (a) Always wear appropriate PPE as per Requirment.
( b)Always use right tools to evaluate the faults in vehicle
( c) Ensure all the pressurised components has to be depressurised
before working on the them.
( d) Follow manufacturers procedure of repairs and diagnosis while
working on the vehicles.

Ques2 What is the procedure to identify hazards in a workplace?Identify

2 hazards and control measures assosciated with Wearing jewellery
while working around high current wiring systems.

Ans To identify hazards make sure to find open wiring anykind mark
them .Check all the tools and if found any faulty tools mark it repair or
replace and if there is any spill pr warning signs near themand if there is
any sharp bend in the vehicle always be aware of them
Hazards:
(a) Do not work wearing the electrically conductive jewellery.
(b) Do not make sparks in the work area as this leads to the gassing
reaction and fires.
Ques3) • Give one reason why each of the following principles are used
in planning and implementing the analysis and evaluation of light vehivle
dynamic control management system faults
Ans 3 Using a logical procedure :- It help to diagnose a vehicle’s
problem quickly and efficiently what kid of problem should be in dynamic
control system .It is not the practise it is just form of information
• Following safety considerations for workers:- It help in the prevention of
possible injuries like pain, disablement, burns and etc.
• Following safety considerations on vehicle and equipment :- It helps in
prevention if major damage to the vehicle or equipment while handling
and operation.

Q4)What are the steps involved in planning and implementing analysis

and evaluation of light vehicle dynamic control management systems
faults:
Ans 4 There are different steps involved in planning and implementing
analysis and evaluation of light vehicle dynamic control management
systems faults like ABS traction ,ESP and steering angle sensor .
To start with we have to check for all of these work properly and had no
faults First Step we need to gather all the information then perform the
visual inspection and start making notes following below under the steps
The logical diagnosis involves in obtaining the information from the
customer, service history, through the diagnostic charts based on the
symptoms

1.Connect the scan tool and retrieve DTC if any, freeze frame data and
live data for the diagnostic reference.
2.visually inspect based in the information collected based on the
customer and the scan tool data retrieved.
3. follow the diagnostic symptom chart isolate the fault and undergo
necessary inspections and tests required.
4. compare the symptoms, clues and visible problems with the
manufacturer’s diagnostic information.
5. take the necessary actions of repairs after the cause is determined.
once the cause is rectified re check the system based on the preliminary
checks.
6. always use the appropriate tools and equipment to undergo the
required repairs efficiently.
7. use the manufacturer recommended materials as per the repair order
and job to be done.
8. adhere the recommended procedures from the manufacturers
diagnostic chart and service information.
adhere the environmental policy and regulations during the diagnosis.
Q5) ·Scenario
ABS, VSC, EPS DTC pops up intermittently.Mechanic retrives the DTC-
C1221 related to wheel speed sensor
How would you design and plan the diagnostic procedure for the above
fault in dynamic management system
Ans 5 Description C1221:-The C1221 left front wheel speedsensor input
signal is zero. As the wheel Spins ,the wheel speed sensor produces on
Ac signal , the Electronic brake control module uses the frequency of the
AC signal to calculate the wheel speed sensor.The EBCM will set the
OBDII code when the sensor is factory Specification
.Verify that the problem exists: Acquire knowledge from the customer
about the issue and inspect the history DTCs, DTC modes, and freeze
frame data. Analyze the information gathered with the service
information.

· Do some preliminary checks: Analyze the symptoms and conditions

provided by the customer with the symptom chart and maintain a check
sheet to identify the circuit or electrical system component which is
faulty.

· Conduct a visual inspection: Proper check should be done to know the

possible cause of issue.

· Diagnose the concerned systems: Tests should be performed

thoroughly to analyze the components degree of performance and this
can be done by using scan tool.

· Inspect the wheel speed sensor: The installation of the wheel speed
sensor should be checked properly and the mounting bolt. Once this is
done, oscilloscope test should be performed to check the wave pattern
and if found similar to the specifications, another test should be done.

· Check speed sensor: Initially, the speed sensor connector should be

disconnected. Now the resistance between the 1 & 2 terminals should be
checked, and it should be between 0.6 – 2.5 kΩ. If the readings are
good, then measure the resistance between same terminals of speed
sensor connector and body ground, and this should be 1 MΩ or higher.
The sensor connector should be checked for its condition at the wiring
harness side and if it is ok the tone wheel should now be checked.

· Locate and repair the problem: The issue when identified properly,
procedures should be recommended for performing the repair.

· Verify the repair: Preliminary checks should be performed thoroughly

and analyzed for any recurring problem prior to delivering to customer.

Q6) Explain the procedure involved in diagnosing electronic fault related

to master cylinder solenoid when DTC C1256 Accumulator lowpressure
pops up in dynamic control magnagement systems
Diagnostic procedure for the faulty master cylinder solenoid:

verifying the complaint: verify the given complaint based on the

symptoms, visual inspection on the master cylinder for any loose
contacts of the solenoid connection and, inspect for any leakages in the
system, which leads to the decrease of the pressure in the system.

analyse the fault: from the input information of the customer concern,
service history of the vehicle, and the explanation from the DTC chart of
the relevant DTC: C1256, isolate the symptoms from all the faults and
confirm the faulty component in the system.

Evaluate the fault: from the DTC retrieved DTC-C1256 which indicates
there is no pressure in the master cylinder, for this one has to inspect the
hydraulic circuit as there is loss In the system. the accumulator sensor is
connected to the skid control ECU in the master cylinder solenoid.

Diagnostic process: as per the diagnostic charts the fluid pressure inside
the accumulator is dropped below the specification. the following are the
major areas for the pressure loss:
- pressure loss in the hydraulic circuit
- faulty brake booster
- faulty master cylinder solenoid.
to find out the malfunction in the master cylinder solenoid:
- connect the scan tool to the DLC and clear the DTC.
- turn the ignition off and operate the brake pedal as recommended and
turn on the ignition and wait for some time.
- cross check if the same DTC are generated, of any DTC are generated
then end the diagnosis.
- if he DTC pops then undergo further diagnosis on the hydraulic circuit.
- the inspection of the hydraulic circuit includes inspecting for the
leakages. if there are no leakages read the data of the master cylinder
pressure sensor in scan tool.
- inspect the ABS actuator operation using the scan tool data, if the
output values of the accumulator are not OK then replace the hydraulic
brake booster and clear the DTC and re check if the DTC are raised
again then replace the master cylinder solenoid.
- check the DTC again and END the process.

Q7) Gateway Network Control Module:

Function: The main purpose of this management system is to provide
pathway for sharing some information in different vehicles. DLC acts as
a gateway module for new vehicles and recognize problems with
vehicle’s control systems. The gateway module for various buses is
BCM.

Operation: This module is mostly used in buses where the message is

transferred from one bus to another without any changes and shares the
information according to the bus protocol. The data here is exchanged
securely and easily.

Limitations: The module consists of a 16 pin connector which is not only

used for data exchange, but also for diagnosis, programming and active
test.

Bus Network Topography:

Function: The model which is followed is CAN-BUS network which
provides an easy diagnosis as the cars control system can be diagnosed
using Diagnostic Connector or OBD-II port.

Operation: The network devices of all the buses are connected through a
single bus or cable. The main advantage of this system is that it
connects many devices at once and is useful for a small business
operation. The information between all of the devices can be obtained
through the central bus which removes excessive wiring as there is a
passage of information in both the directions. This is beneficial to use as
it is relatively inexpensive to build.

Body control module (BCM):

Function: The maintenance and regulation of functions related to various
accessories of car is performed by this module as it is a processor-
based power distribution centre.

Operation: The central BCM maintains a connection for bus and network
and checks to interact with remote electronic control units for other
systems. The maintenance of these loads is done by ECU through
CAN/LIN communication.

Limitations: The operations which are related to the engine are not
maintained by BCM.

Associated Network Dynamic Control Management System

Components:
Function: The BCM, Sensors and actuators are the related components
present in the dynamic control system and the operation is similar to a
computer.

Operation: The signals from ECU input sensors are initially received and
the information is processed accordingly. A command is sent to the
output to actuators which checks the condition of engine in various
modes which are known as control loops. This usually checks the
information received and removes the unwanted inputs and modifies
accordingly.

Limitations: According to the vehicle condition, skid control ECU, Engine

ECU, Main body ECU, combination meter are also associated but not
continuously.

Sensors & Actuator Control and Monitoring Systems:

Function: The main function of sensor is to provide input to the computer
such as yaw rate sensor which moves to the left or right of the vertical
centre line and then the signals obtained are sent to computer.

Operation: The sensors, actuators and computer communicate using the

electronic and multiplexed circuits. The battery voltage is provided to the
sensors and signal return wire by allowing the trigger wheel to move past
the sensor which creates a change in the magnetic field within the
sensor. The sensor produces a digital signal which is sent back to the
computer on the signal return wire.

Control Signal Circuits:

Function: The pathway where the control signals communicate in form of
voltage using various actuators. The engine conditions are monitored by
using a variety of sensors.

Operation: Any disturbance or change in any form is detected here and

are modified into an electrical signal which is used by the PCM to make
decisions.

Limitations: Improper ground connections and voltage will hinder the

performance of PCMs.

Gateway Network control module

• Function – Information is distributed in most vehicles by the gateway
network control module. The gateway for several buses is assisted by
the BCM.

• Operation – Sharing of data among several buses is permitted by

gateway network module. The gateway control module also contacts
with every bus as per the bus’s procedure. The message on a particular
bus is translated and is delivered to a different bus but does not alters
the data to be shared.

• Limitation – DLC gateway control module seen in modern vehicles

consists of a 16-pin connector. This connector helps in active test and
diagnosis.

Bus Network Topography

• Functions – A CAN-BUS network simplifies the diagnosis as the
vehicles control modules on the network can be checked via a central
port like OBD II port. Newly developed automotive uses this bus
topography.

• Operation – Association of all the network devices through a single

cable or bus is referred as bus topology. A central bus helps in
accessing the interactions within the devices on the network. This
decreases the wiring as the information passes through both ways on
the bus.

Body Control Module (BCM)

• Functions – A processor-based power distribution centre that regulates
and monitors the operations of a vehicle is referred as body control
module. It can control windows, access control, security etc.

• Operation – A gateway for bus and network is the function of a central

BCM. It interfaces to connect with electronic control units (ECU) for other
systems. These interactions result in the regulation of several loads
through CAN/LIN communication.

• Limitation – Developing body control module is a very complicated

process because of its increased performance needs.

Associated network dynamic control management system

components
• Function - The dynamic control system controls the mechanical
position of the motor. Robo, computer and automatic aircraft landing
systems are dynamic control systems. The system components are
BCM, sensors, actuators, skid control module.

• Operation - The input sensors send signals to the control management

system; the information is processed and output is sent to the actuators.
The working condition of the engine in different modes is monitored.
Some inputs are modified by Ecu to suit the engine operating conditions.

• Limitation - based on running condition of the vehicle, the components

of the system may or may not be associated with the system.

Sensor & Actuator control and monitoring systems

• Function - Sensors produces signals which is sent to the computer as
input. Actuators receive signals from processor and perform the required
task. The electrical energy is transformed into mechanical action.
Different types of sensors and actuators are used.

• Operation - Electronic multiplex circuits are used by sensors and

actuators to communicate. The supply of battery voltage to sensor and
signal return wire. By the wheel movement, the magnetic field of the
sensor is changed and produces current in the sensor. The output in the
form of digital signal is sent to the computer signal return wire.

Control Signal Circuits

• Function - Control signal circuits transmit voltage to different actuators.
Sensors help to examiner the engine conditions.

• Operation - Control Signal circuits transform any mechanical condition,

temperature condition or chemical state to electrical signal. The signals
are sent to the engine’s power control module.

• Limitation - The operation of the engine’s PCM depends on good

ground condition and specific voltage ate correct terminals.

Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

• Function - The anti-lock braking system stops the wheel from locking
and avoid uncontrolled skidding. The system improves the vehicle
control and decrease the stopping distance on slippery surface and
ensure the steering control.
• Operation - When the wheel is about to lock, ecu sends signals to
release the brake pressure, wheel velocity is increased, reducing the
wheel slipping. The slip rate of the wheels is calculated and the pressure
of the brake fluid is controlled such that the wheel brakes reach the
target slip rate.
• Limitation - They are meant to provide braking in slippery conditions;
however, drivers experience ABS increase the stopping distance, due to
system errors or noise from the system.

Stability Control Systems (SCS)

• Function - Stability control systems identifies loss of traction and
provides regaining grip by the braking systems. Stability control system
acts when the vehicle is understeer, oversteer or spinning wheels.
Vehicles come with different kinds of stability control systems.
• Operations - The control system turns active when drive lose control of
the car. The sensors sense the attitude of the vehicle and engine power
and brake application are corrected. The computer-controlled technology
of the SCS helps to apply brakes and brings the car into control.
Traction control systems (TCS)
• Function - During acceleration, grip and stability of the vehicle is
optimized by traction control system (TCS). It controls the wheel from
spinning and allows for a smooth acceleration on slippery surface. The
system activates when it senses wheels slipping

• Operation - Traction control system (anti-lock brake sensors) is set up

along with ECU and hydraulic moderator. The ECU checks for the
spinning of the wheels, and directs the hydraulic modulator to apply
brakes to the wheels and reduce the speed. When the wheel recovers
the traction, system continues to monitor the speed of the wheel and
compares the rotational speed.
• Limitation - Many things can damage the traction control system and its
components. The high price, makes the cost of repair very expensive.
The vehicles that come with the traction control systems, makes the
vehicle expensive.

Q8) OBD 11 SCANNERS & READERS SCAN TOOL

Function – Scan tools combines with the vehicle’s “on-board diagnostic”
system to perform the diagnostic process.

Scan tools have the ability to display live data and mentions the
definition of code. It also displays freeze frame data, reset readiness
monitors and display readiness monitor status.

Operation – Continuous readings of various systems in the car are

estimated by the software which also determines the diagnostics of the
car. This is mainly centred on the engine. However, the OBD-II
comprises of the sensors for the chassis, frame and other parts of the
car. The software documents a specific acronym or code for every
reading that indicates the functionality of that particular system. The data
saved in OBD-II system can be retrieved by connecting a port to the
computer. The automotive mechanic downloads the codes and encodes
them to know the exact issue while working on the vehicle.
Limitations –
Scan tools are compared with small display screens and slow sample
rates of live scan data.
The information on the OBD port (OBD connector) is referred to
powertrain and emission ECU’s. Access to body control data like seat
belt or air bag status and other details is not provided.

OSCILLOSCOPE / LAB SCOPE

Function – An oscilloscope or lab scope is a visual voltmeter. It changes
the electrical signal to a visual image indicating the variations of voltage
within a specific period of time. This information is shown in the form of a
constant voltage line known as wave form or trace.

Operation – Connect the oscilloscope probe to the power source. The

oscilloscope shows the waveform on the screen. The signal’s peak and
valleys are indicated in the waveform. Estimation of frequency can be
done by looking at waveform and examine the dips and spikes in the
power source.

Limitations –
• Servicing of oscilloscopes is costly.
• Oscilloscopes are highly sensitive to interference approaching from
close circuits.

Q9) 2) MULTIMETER:
the multimeter is a basic electronic measuring equipment used to
measure several parameters in the electrical circuit, like voltage
resistance, current and continuity In the circuit.
VOLTAGE:
Always follow the manufacturers procedure to measure the voltage and
choose the recommended multimeter for the circuit. and determine
whether the circuit is DC or AC voltages.
shift the control knob to the selected range and connect the probes as
recommended the red one to the voltage port and the black one to the
COM port and these terminals are connected to the positive end of the
circuit and the negative end of the circuit respectively.
connect the probe ends to the circuit to be tested and record the reading
on the display.
RESISTANCE:
adhere the manufacturers testing procedures to measure the resistance
of the circuit or the component. understand the range of the circuit and
select the recommended range of the multimeter. and insert the probes
of the multimeter as recommended. red probes to the resistance port
and the black probe to the COM port. to check the resistance of the
component, turn off the power source and connect the tip of the probes
to each side of the terminal or the component and read the resistance
values on the display.

CONTINUITY:
continuity is checked to determine the current flow in the circuit. select
the BUZZ mode in the multimeter and connect the probes to the ends of
the circuit to check the current flow in the circuit and listen for the buzz if
the circuit is continuous.

Q10) The DTC C1210 is shown if there is a replacement of VSC linked

components or making a front wheel adjustment. The sensor calibration
data is erased and read.
The Zero-point calibration is performed with the help of scan tool.

Fix the scan tool to the DLC connector.

Ignition switch is turned on.
Scan tool is adjusted.
Search the diagnostic menu
The ABS or VSC menu is selected.
Now enter the reset memory option.
Instructions are followed
Place the vehicle on the flat surface for a couple of seconds.
Verify if there is a signal in the VSC TRAC warning light.
If there is a signal or any blink, it indicates that the calibration is over.

Q11) wheel speed sensor diagnosis:

if there is any failure with the electronic braking system, ABS, VSC or
ESC this indicates there might be a fault with the wheel speed sensor as
the above systems work based on the inputs from the wheel speed
sensor.
this failure on vehicle diagnosis of the wheel speed sensor is done using
the scan tool and off vehicle is done using the oscilloscope or
multimeter.
scan tool: for suppose let us consider a vehicle is having a malfunction in
the ABS system due to the Wheel speed sensor, to diagnose make sure
using a manufacturing recommended scan tool, follow the manufacturer
manual to locate the DLC of the vehicle and connect the scan tool to the
vehicle and bridge the communication between the vehicle computer
and the scan tool by turning on the scan tool and ignition of the vehicle.
enter the recommended PID related to the wheel speed sensor and
retrieve the data related to the sensor and follow the diagnostic chart
and undergo the necessary repairs on the system.
oscilloscope: once the sensor is found faulty, choose the recommended
oscilloscope to inspect the voltage of the wheel speed sensor. to inspect
the wheel speed sensor, use the back probing tool and pull the backing
cover of the wheel speed sensor and connect the oscilloscope probes to
the sensor and selected the required condition on the oscilloscope and
rotate the wheel manually and record the waveform of the sensor, if the
graph shows the equal positive and negative waves this indicates the
sensor is good and if the there are any deviations in the waveform this
indicates the sensor has to be replaced.

Q12) A chassis dynamometer is an essential diagnostic tool which helps

in inspecting the engine of the vehicle and diagnosing dynamic control
management system. Rollers hold the driving wheels of the vehicle. The
rollers are driven by the wheels and engine drives the wheels. On the
other hand, an axle dynamometer is used to detach the frictional
damage between the tyres and the rollers to ensure that the dimensions
are very close to initial engine output. The dynamometer drive shafts and
rollers power which is supplied by the axles or wheels is presented on
the screen or gauge. The dynamometer also measures the torque and is
also used to activate a loaded drive condition when diagnostics are
done.

Q13) Data trouble codes or the diagnostic trouble codes are the codes of
onbiard diagnostics of the car, which indicates there is a fault in the
vehicle. there are different codes which corresponds different faults in
the vehicle. when a certain fault is detected by the vehicle ECU a DTC
related to that fault is generated. these codes are issued by the
authorised automotive associations and these codes are same for all the
manufacturers and to some special systems like ABS, ESC etc every
manufacturer has their own DTC.
Q14) Live Data
Analysing the information as soon as it is generated is referred as live
data. When the vehicle is turned on, the live data helps in checking the
vehicle sensor, switch and relay inputs in real time. It shows the exact
problem when there is any issue in the output.
• Scan tool is attached to the obtained data link connector (DLC)
• Scan tool is turned on along with the ignition. Make sure the engine is
turned off.
• The scan tool is made to interact with the vehicle and live data is
picked for ECU/PCM.
• The necessary PID values related to the DTC or system real time are
selected.

Freeze frame data

ABS vehicle stability control (VSC) and airbag systems are granted
access by the freeze frame data from a particular parameter
identification (PIDs). The emission-related values are stored upon
storing the vehicle safety-related DTC in a constant memory. Even if
there is already a vehicle safety-related DTC, the information of the one
set freeze frame data can be stored and data will be in the memory. This
gives an exact picture of how the DTCs were stored. New freeze frame
data can be stored after the DTC related with the previous freeze frame
data are removed.
Freeze frame data which is related for that particular DTC is can be
identified by a camera icon. DTC code, status and description are found
adjacent to the icon. Select the view frame option to check the
information, it will give the controls information and reports. Parameter
ID (PID) values linked to a DTC are shown in the frame screen upon the
occurrence of DTC. The condition of vehicle where DTC is set can be
known. The ALLDATA trouble shooting article for that DTC will show by
viewing the DTC article. DTC freeze frame data is shown by selecting
freeze frame history. Remove all active codes present in the vehicle’s
ECU by refreshing the page with most recent frame data.

Waveforms
Waveforms are the data given in a voltage-over-time arrangement. The
data provided in the waveform is studied to understand a link between
the circuit and signal, environment and system. Waveforms indicate the
light, pulse, temperature and noise.
An oscilloscope detects the upward movement of the voltage shows a
rise in voltage. A downward movement of the voltage is indicated by a
fall in voltage. All these modifications are detected by the oscilloscope.
The voltage traces passing through the oscilloscope monitor indicates a
precise length of time. Voltage scale and the chosen time reference are
related to the clarity and size of the waveform.

Q15) in the diagnosis of the ABS system check for the ABS MIL on the
control panel, if there is a MIL connect the scan tool as per the
manufacturers procedure to the DLC and bridge the connection to the
vehicle computer and the scan tool. retrieve the DTC or freeze-frame
data in the respective PID of the ABS system and record the data for
further reference. follow the manufacturers service information and
understand the respective DTC generated and undergo necessary
repairs on the vehicle. make sure there is no MIL and DTC. disconnect
the scan tool by turning off ignition and scan tool. safely place the scan
tool in the recommended place.

Q16) Conditions that set DTC C0201

• The open B+ circuit is identified by the electronic brake control module.
• Shorted traction control power switch circuit is located by the engine
control module.

Q17) • Ignition voltage is greater than 10V

• The solenoid relay is commanded OFF.

Q18) The important information in the workplace must be documented.

They are in a fixed format. This document or the format should contain
the description of the fault, details of the work to be done and work that
has been carried out, the result and any necessary recommendations.
The entire information must be stored in these documents. Also, make
sure that the details must not be written on paper bits with bad
handwriting. Instead, it should be written on a clean paper and should be
easy to understand.
The essential information related to the repair is needed to the customer
as well. So, many workshops maintain a job card that provides the data.
The job card helps the customer to know about their vehicle. This job
card serves as a legal document in case of any legal problems.
Documentation, report analysis and evaluation process help the client
and the technician to know the repair history of vehicle. Technician can
save time to know the vehicle problems by looking at the document. The
report or the evaluation should be written in an order of the events. It
should be simple such that an experienced technician can grasp the
information and perform the diagnosis. Also, it should be easily
acknowledged by a person with less information regarding the problems.

Q19) Documentation plays an important role in workshop. They include

all the details like the problem of the vehicle, tests performed,
recommendations etc. The analysis report and evaluation must be
presented in a regular format which must include all the significant
details of the observations.
The information must consist of
a) Introduction – A brief information about the repair and service must be
provided.
b) Test criteria – The characteristics like speed features at which the
repair work is done is given.
c) Resources – The devices like dynamometer which helped in the repair
are explained.
d) Test procedures – The test procedure includes the sequential order in
which the test has performed. Even the minute information must be
briefed in this part.
e) Results- The precise repair report must be generated and depicted in
a graph, table or any other methods. Images describing the tool or
components can also be shown in the results.
f) Analysis of result – Remarks about the results should be mentioned.
Based on the graphs or the tables, the repair report are compared and
evaluated.
g) Observations – As per the requirements, extra tests that has to be
performed on the vehicle are written in the observation part. A
comparative conclusion should be considered.
h) Recommendations – Notify regarding the device or equipment
efficiency and the working conditions.

Q20) ADR (Australian Design Rule) 88/00 is a vehicle standard that

specifies the importance of ESC (Electronic Stability Control) systems on
light commercial vehicles and passenger cars.
ESC is a modern upgraded version of vehicle stability system that
regulates the wheels independently by braking the car. It provides the
driver to steer the wheel in specific direction in cases where the driver is
not able to steer i.e., turning at the corners in high speed.
The ADR 88/00 standard helps in reducing the injuries occurring during
vehicle turning over and loss of steering control.