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    Art306 Building and Construction Materials: Assignment Iv

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    Abhishek Soni
    This document discusses raft and pile foundations. It describes raft foundations as thick concrete slabs reinforced with steel that spread loads from a structure across a large soil area. There are four main types of raft foundations: solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, and piled rafts. Pile foundations transfer loads to a lower soil layer using vertical piles made of materials like concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles. Piles can be classified based on their function as end bearing, skin friction, soil compaction, or load bearing piles.

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    Art306 Building and Construction Materials: Assignment Iv

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Soni
    59 views19 pages
    This document discusses raft and pile foundations. It describes raft foundations as thick concrete slabs reinforced with steel that spread loads from a structure across a large soil area. There are four main types of raft foundations: solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, and piled rafts. Pile foundations transfer loads to a lower soil layer using vertical piles made of materials like concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles. Piles can be classified based on their function as end bearing, skin friction, soil compaction, or load bearing piles.

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    BCM_A4_2018UAR1734_ABHISHEK SONI

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    This document discusses raft and pile foundations. It describes raft foundations as thick concrete slabs reinforced with steel that spread loads from a structure across a large soil area. There are four main types of raft foundations: solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, and piled rafts. Pile foundations transfer loads to a lower soil layer using vertical piles made of materials like concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles. Piles can be classified based on their function as end bearing, skin friction, soil compaction, or load bearing piles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views19 pages

    Art306 Building and Construction Materials: Assignment Iv

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Soni
    This document discusses raft and pile foundations. It describes raft foundations as thick concrete slabs reinforced with steel that spread loads from a structure across a large soil area. There are four main types of raft foundations: solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, and piled rafts. Pile foundations transfer loads to a lower soil layer using vertical piles made of materials like concrete, steel, timber, or composite piles. Piles can be classified based on their function as end bearing, skin friction, soil compaction, or load bearing piles.

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    of 19

    ART306 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

    ASSIGNMENT IV

    RAFT AND PILE


    FOUNDATIONS
    ABHISHEK SONI
    2018UAR1734
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    WHAT?
    Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete
    slab resting on a large area of soil reinforced
    with steel, supporting columns or walls and
    transfer loads from the structure to the soil.
    Usually, mat foundation is spread over the
    entire area of the structure it is supporting.

    Raft foundation is generally used to support


    structures like residential or commercial
    buildings where soil condition is poor, stor-
    age tanks, silos, foundations for heavy indus-
    trial equipment etc.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    WHERE?
    Raft foundations are suitable where a build- FLOOR SCREED
    ing’s footprint is reasonably small, and the
    structural load requirements are not oner- RCC RAFT FOUNDATION
    ous. They are also suitable for basement
    constructions where the foundation slab can DAMP PROOF LAYER
    receive direct live loads depending on the
    use of the building. On sites where the soil FOOTING SLAB
    conditions are poor or access for large exca-
    vation plant is limited, raft foundations can HARDCORE
    again prove to be an excellent solution.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    TYPES
    There are four main types of raft foundation:

    1. Solid slab rafts


    2. Slab beam rafts Solid Slab Rafts Solid Beam Rafts
    3. Cellular rafts
    4. Piled rafts

    Cellular Rafts Piled Rafts


    RAFT FOUNDATION
    SOLID SLAB RAFTS
    This is the simplest form of raft foundation.
    is used when the columns and walls are uni-
    formly spaced at small intervals and the
    subjected loads are relatively small. Rein-
    forcement is placed in both directions and
    more reinforcement is required at the
    column locations and load-bearing walls.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    SLAB BEAM RAFTS
    This type of raft foundation is typically used
    in a build that involves column loads that are
    not evenly distributed across the footprint of
    the building. Reinforced columns are sited on
    top of reinforced ground beams, and this
    provides the necessary load bearing capacity.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    CELLULAR RAFTS
    This type of raft foundation comprises two
    concrete slabs, which lock together via
    ground beams. Cellular raft foundations are
    exceptionally rigid, and so they are most
    suited for ground that is likely to settle un-
    evenly, or where very heavy loads are antici-
    pated. Cellular rafts can also be used where
    significant ground heave is expected to be a
    problem.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    PILED RAFTS
    Piled raft foundations are less common in
    residential building projects, and are more
    often seen in larger, high-rise developments
    as well as in structures that require a single
    foundation element, such as silos, tanks and
    chimneys. The slab in a piled raft sits instead
    on a number of much deeper pile foundations
    that are bored deep enough to reach a suit-
    ably stiff soil layer.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    ADVANTAGES
    All the columns are bound at the same level and with the same slab thus creating a rigid and monolithic connection. It provides stability due
    to slab action during earthquakes.

    As the stress produced is inversely related to the area of impact thus the reduced stress would enhance the longevity of the foundation.

    The complete foundation slab can be poured at once for all the columns while the reinforcement dowels of the columns would be embedded
    easily.

    Basements located below ground water table should use the raft mat as their base to provide water tight construction.

    As the bearing capacity of the raft foundation is enhanced, the foundation can be placed bit shallow to the ground comparative to pad or iso-
    lated foundation.
    RAFT FOUNDATION
    DISADVANTAGES
    The design of raft foundation is more tedious sometimes, as compared with the isolated or pad foundation. The stresses of punching shear
    and similar ones are to be tackled one to avoid any dangerous or untoward situation.

    In case of heavy concentrated loads on one spot, special reinforcements are to be provided that may cause congestion and/or difficulty in
    fixing.

    The edges and corners of the raft foundation are weaker and are to be treated before servicing the building.

    The heave and frost actions in some areas may be a slight worry for the contractor while founding a raft foundation.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    WHAT?
    Pile foundation is the type of foundation in
    which load is transferred to a low level by
    means of vertical members known as piles.

    A pile is a slender structural member made


    of steel, concrete, or wood. A pile is either
    driven into the soil or formed in situ by exca-
    vating a hole and filling it with concrete.
    These piles may be of timber, concrete, or
    steel.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    WHERE?
    Pile foundation is adopted whenever hard SUPERSTRUCTURE
    strata are available at great depth and bed-
    ding is uneven or the topsoil has a poor PILE CAP
    bearing capacity or there are large fluctua-
    tions is subsoil water level, or the topsoil is
    LOW DENSITY SOIL
    of expansive nature. Pile foundation transfers
    the load through friction as well as bearing.
    PILES

    MEDIUM DENSITY SOIL

    HIGH DENSITY SOIL


    PILE FOUNDATION
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
    FUNCTION
    There are four broad categories of pile
    foundations based on functions: End Bearing Skin Friction Soil Compaction
    1. End bearing
    2. Skin friction
    3. Soil compaction
    4. Load bearing
    5. Sheet

    Load Bearing Sheet


    PILE FOUNDATION
    END BEARING PILES
    In this type of pile, the loads pass through the
    lower tip of the pile. The bottom end of the
    pile rests on a strong layer of soil or rock.
    Usually, the pile rests at a transition layer of
    a weak and strong slayer. As a result, the pile
    acts as a column and safely transfers the
    load to the strong layer.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    SKIN FRICTION PILES
    Friction pile transfers the load from the
    structure to the soil by the frictional force
    between the surface of the pile and the soil
    surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy
    soil, etc. Friction can be developed for the
    entire length of the pile or a definite length of
    the pile, depending on the strata of the soil.
    In friction pile, generally, the entire surface of
    the pile works to transfer the loads from the
    structure to the soil.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    SOIL COMPACTION PILES
    This method involves driving a hollow steel
    pipe into the ground. The bottom is closed
    with a collapsible plate down to the required
    depth and then pipe is filled with sand. The
    pipe is withdrawn while the air pressure is
    directed against the sand inside it. Sand
    compaction piles have a low stiffness when
    compared to other methods. Hence larger
    percentage replacement of weak soil is re-
    quired.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    LOAD BEARING PILES
    This type of pile foundation is mainly used to
    transfer the vertical loads from the structure
    to the soil. These foundations transmit loads
    through the soil with poor supporting prop-
    erty onto a layer which is capable of bearing
    the load. Depending on the mechanism of
    load transfer from pile to the soil, load-bear-
    ing piles can be further classified as flowed.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    SHEET PILES
    This type of pile is mostly used to provide lat-
    eral support. Usually, they resist lateral
    pressure from loose soil, the flow of water,
    etc. They are usually used for cofferdams,
    trench sheeting, shore protection, etc. They
    are not used for providing vertical support to
    the structure.
    PILE FOUNDATION
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
    MATERIAL
    Pile foundations are made up of six major
    materials:

    1. Concrete
    2. Steel pipe
    3. Timber
    4. H-beam
    5. Precast Concrete
    6. Composite

    CONCRETE STEEL TIMBER H-BEAM PRE-CAST COMPOSITE


    PIPE CONCRETE

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