WORKSHOP

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

AIM :- Dismantling / Assembly of a personal computer.

Theory :- Different components of PC are as follows

~ Power Supply
~ Motherboard
~ Processor
~ Hard Disk
~ Memory (RAM,ROM)
~ CMOs Battery
~ CD Drive
~ Monitor
~ Mouse
~ Keyboard

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~ POWER SUPPLY

Power Supply is a hardware component of a computer that

supplies all other components with power. The power supply
converts a 110-115 or 220-230 volt AC (alternating current) into a
steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the computer and
rated by the number of watts it generates.

The power supply is located at the back of the computer,

usually at the top. However, many more recent tower
computer cases house the power supply at the bottom
back of the case. In a desktop computer case
(all-in-one), the power supply is located at the back left
or back right.

Parts found on the back of a power supply.

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 ● A connection for the power cord to

the computer.

● A fan opening to heat out of the

power supply.

● A red switch to change the power

supply voltage.

● A rocker switch to turn the power

supply on and off.

Parts found inside a power supply

● A rectifier that converts AC

(alternating current) into DC

● A filter that smooths out the DC

(direct current) coming from a

rectifier.

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 ● A transformer that controls the

incoming voltage by stepping it up

or down.

● A voltage regulator that controls

the DC output, allowing the correct

amount of power, volts or watts , to

be supplied to the computer

hardware.

Everything contained in the computer

is powered by the power supply. For

example, the motherboard, RAM,

CPU, hard drive, disk drives , and

most video cards (if the computer has

one) are all drawing power from the

power supply.

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~MOTHERBOARD

Alternatively referred to as the mb,

mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd,

backplane board, base board, main

circuit board, planar board, system

board, or a logic board on Apple

computers. The motherboard is a

printed circuit board and foundation

of a computer that is the biggest

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board in a computer chassis. It

allocates power and allows

communication to and between the

CPU, RAM, and all other computer

hardware components. A

motherboard provides connectivity

between the hardware components of

a computer, like the processor (CPU),

memory (RAM), hard drive, and video

card. There are multiple types of

motherboards, designed to fit

different types and sizes of

computers.

Each type of motherboard is designed

to work with specific types of

processors and memory, so they don't

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work with every processor and type of

memory. However, hard drives are

mostly universal and work with the

majority of motherboards, regardless

of the type or brand.

A computer motherboard is located

inside the computer case and is

where most of the parts and

computer peripherals connect. With

tower computers, the motherboard is

on the left or right side of the tower

and is the biggest circuit board.

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~PROCESSOR

Alternately referred to as a processor, central processor, or

microprocessor, the CPU is the central processing unit of the computer.
A computer's CPU handles all instructions it receives from hardware and
software running on the computer.

The CPU's main function is to take input from a peripheral (keyboard,

mouse, printer, etc) or computer program, and interpret what it needs.
The CPU then either outputs information to your monitor or performs the
peripheral's requested task.

In the CPU, there are two primary components.

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ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - performs mathematical, logical, and decision
operations.

CU (control unit) - directs all the processors operations.

All computers require some type of CPU , a computer cannot work

without a CPU.

In the past, computer processors used numbers to identify the processor

and help identify faster processors. For example, the Intel 80486 (486)
processor is faster than the 80386 (386) processor. After the introduction
of the Intel Pentium processor (which would technically be the 80586),
all computer processors started using names like Athlon, Duron,
Pentium, and Celeron.

Today, in addition to the different names of computer processors, there

are different architectures (32-bit and 64-bit), speeds, and capabilities.

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~HARD DISK

A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or HDD)

is a non-volatile data storage device. It is usually installed internally in a
computer, attached directly to the disk controller of the computer's
motherboard. It contains one or more platters, housed inside of an
air-sealed casing. Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head,
which moves rapidly over them as they spin.

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Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay, connected to the motherboard
using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are powered by a connection
to the computer's PSU (power supply unit).

A computer requires an operating system to allow users to interact with

and use it. The operating system interprets keyboard and mouse
movements and allows for the use of software, like an Internet browser,
word processor, and video games. To install a computer operating
system, a hard drive is required. The storage device provides the
storage medium where the operating system is installed and stored.

A hard drive is also required for the installation of any programs or other
files you want to keep on your computer. When downloading files to your
computer, they are permanently stored on your hard drive or another
storage medium until they are moved or uninstalled.

Although most hard drives are internal, there are also

stand-alone devices called external hard drives or portable hard
drives that backup data on computers and expand the available
space. External drives are often stored in an enclosure that helps
protect the drive and allows it to interface with the computer,
usually over USB

The hard drive is often capable of storing more data than any other
drive, but its size can vary depending on the type of drive and its age.
Older hard drives had a storage size of several hundred MB
(megabytes) to several GB (gigabytes). Newer hard drives have a
storage size of several hundred gigabytes to several TB (terabytes).

Each year, new and improved technology allows for increasing hard
drive storage sizes.

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~MEMORY (RAM,ROM)

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information

temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like
ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and
are used by operating systems, software, and hardware.

Memory can be either volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory

is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device
loses power. Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why
if your computer freezes or reboots when working on a program, you
lose anything that hasn't been saved. Non-volatile memory, sometimes
abbreviated as NVRAM, is memory that keeps its contents even if the
power is lost. EPROM is an example of non-volatile memory.

RAM is volatile memory, when the computer loses power, anything

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stored in RAM is lost. For example, while working on a document, it is
stored in RAM. If it were saved to non-volatile memory (e.g., the hard
drive), it would be lost if the computer lost power.

There are several types of memory for computers. They are listed below.

ROM
ROM is separated into three categories:

-PROM
-EPROM
-EEPROM

RAM
There are six types of RAM:

-EDO RAM
-SDRAM
-DDR RAM
-DDR2 RAM
-DDR3 RAM
-DDR4 RAM

Each device in a computer operates at different speeds and computer

memory gives your computer a place to quickly access data. If the CPU
had to wait for a secondary storage device, like a hard disk drive, a
computer would be much slower.

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~CMOs Battery

CMOS is an onboard, battery powered semiconductor chip inside

computers that stores information. This information ranges from the
system time and date to system hardware settings for your computer.

The standard lifetime of a CMOs battery is around 10years.

However, this can vary depending on the use and environment
where the computer resides.

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The devices which use CMOs are

-Digital logic circuits

-SRAM (Static RAM)
-Microprocessors
-Microcontrollers

If the CMOS battery is failing, the computer cannot keep the correct time
or date on the computer after it's turned off. For example, after turning
your computer on, you may notice the time has been set to 12:00 P.M.
and the date is reset to January 1, 1990. This error indicates the CMOS
battery has failed.

Another indication the CMOS battery is failing is if any of the following

messages displayed when the computer is booting.

-CMOS Read Error

-CMOS Checksum Error
-CMOS Battery Failure
-System battery voltage is low

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~CD DRIVE

A CD-ROM is an optical disc that contains audio or software data whose

memory is read-only. A CD-ROM Drive or CD Drive or optical drive is the
device used to read them. CD-ROM drives have speeds ranging from 1x
to 72x, meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times faster than the 1x
version. As you would imagine, these drives are capable of playing
audio CDs and reading data CDs, including CD-R and CD-RW discs.

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A CD-ROM drive can be opened by pressing the tray eject button on the
front of the drive (pictured right). To close the CD-ROM drive, press the
tray or the eject button again.

If the eject button is not working, you can open or eject the tray through
My Computer, or "This PC" in newer versions of Windows. In My
Computer, find the list of drives in the computer, then right-click the
CD-ROM drive and select Eject in the pop-up menu.

Different interfaces that allow a CD-ROM and other disc drives to

connect to a computer.

-IDE/ATA - One of the most commonly used interfaces for disc drives.
-Panasonic - Older proprietary interface.

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-Parallel - Interface used with old external CD-ROM drives.
-PCMCIA (PC Card) - Interface sometimes used to connect external disc
drives to laptop computers.
-SATA - Replacing IDE as the new standard to connect disc drives.
-SCSI - Another common interface used with disk and disc drives.
-USB - Interface most commonly used to connect external disc drives.

~MONITOR

Alternatively referred to as a VDT (video display terminal) and VDU

(video display unit), a monitor is an output device that displays video
images and text. A monitor is made up of circuitry, a screen, a power
supply, buttons to adjust screen settings, and casing that holds all of
these components.

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There are basically two types of monitors.
- CRT ( Cathode-Ray Tube which is also the oldest)
- LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )

A computer does not require a monitor to work. However, for the user to
interact with the computer's user interface (operating system) you'll need
to use a monitor or another output device. Without a monitor or another
output device, you have no method of determining what the computer is
doing.

~MOUSE

A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a

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cursor in a GUI (graphical user interface) and can move and select text,
icons, files, and folders on your computer.

For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface (e.g.,

mouse pad or desk) in front of your computer.

~ USES OF A MOUSE
-Move the mouse cursor.
-Execute a program / Opening one.
-Select something
-Drag and Drop.
-Hover
-Scroll etc.

~ KEYBOARD

A keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a

computer. Similar to an electric typewriter, a keyboard is composed
of buttons used to create letters, numbers, and symbols, and
perform additional functions.

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A computer keyboard has many more functions than typing such
as :

-Enter commands in a command line or another CLI

(command-line interface).
=Use keyboard shortcuts to perform tasks more quickly. For
example, using Ctrl+C to copy text and Ctrl+V to paste it
elsewhere.
-Use the function keys to perform tasks. For example, pressing F5
in a browser to refresh a web page.
-Control computer hardware. For example, many keyboards can
change your speakers' volume.
-Use the arrow keys to move the text cursor on the screen.
-Use the WASD keys or arrow keys to move a character in a
game.
-Use the numeric keypad to make calculations in a calculator.

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STEPS TO ASSEMBLE A PC

1. Gather what we need to build a PC

Required Parts / Accessories ,

Screwdrivers,
Motherboard manual,
A way to ground yourself physically through some sort of metal
before actually handling the internal parts,

2. Open Case and Prepare for Installation

Unscrew the side panels and slide them off.

3. Mount additional case fans.

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There should be a fan in the back of the case to push out
warm air (called an exhaust fan), and if a case comes with
2 fans then the second one will likely be in the front to
suck cool air in from outside the case to provide airflow
onto your internal components (called an intake fan).

5. Insert processor onto the Motherboard

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6. Mount CPU Cooler and fan onto the motherboard

7. Insert memory into motherboard

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8. Mount motherboard into case

9. Mount GPU and other PCIe cards

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10. Mount SSD/HDD in case

11. Mount Optical Drive in case.

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12. Connect case front panel cables

The case has a range of features on the front such as USB

ports, power on button, reset button, headphone jack, mic
jack, etc. These need to be plugged in to the correct
connections on the motherboard (technically called
motherboard headers), but exactly where they plug in on
the motherboard will vary from board to board so you'll
want to consult your motherboard manual and then dive
into the steps.

13. Mount power supply in case

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14. Connect power supply to components.

After we've physically mounted the PSU, all that's left is

connecting the cables to various parts of your system and
doing a little basic management of your cables to keep
things nice and neat.

15. Last Checks and Booting your PC

Last checks include checking component connections,

Checking Front panel connections, Connecting the
monitor.

16. Plug power supply to wall and turn on.

CONCLUSION :- Through this practical we are able

to identify the different components of PC and we
learn to assemble a PC.

THANKYOU,
Aamir Talat
Roll - B268

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