Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology

Databases and Compiler Lab

MTech CSE 2nd Semester

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

Database Programs Index

S NO NAME OF THE PROGRAM DATE

1 Basic DDL Commands

2 DML Commands

3 Querying

4 Triggers

5 Procedures

6 Cursors

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

Compiler Programs Index

S NO NAME OF THE PROGRAM DATE

1 A Program to Design Lexical Analyzer

2 Implement the Lexical Analyzer Using Lex Tool

3 Implementation of Predictive Parser

4 Design LALR Bottom up Parser

Convert The BNF rules into Yacc form and write
5 code to generate abstract syntax tree

6 A Program to Generate Machine Code

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

1.Practicing Basic DDL Commands

The basic MySQL DDL Commands such as CREATE, DROP, etc

A.Create tables:
mysql>create table bus(BusNo varchar(10),source varchar(10),Destination
varchar(10),Primary
Key(BusNo));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> create table passenger(pnr_no numeric(10),ticket_no numeric(10),name

varchar(15),age int(3),sex char(10),ppno varchar(15) primary key(pnr_no));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> create table reservation(pnr_no numeric(10),Journey_Data datetime,No_Of_Seats

numeric(10),Address Varchar(30),ConTact_No numeric(10),Status Char(2),foreign key
(pnr_no) REFERENCES passenger(pnr_no));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> create table cancellation(pnr_no numeric(10),Journey_Data datetime,No_Of_Seats

numeric(10),Address Varchar(30),ConTact_No numeric(10),Status char(2),foreign key
(pnr_no)
REFERENCES passenger(pnr_no));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)

mysql> create table ticket(ticket_no numeric(10),Journey_Data datetime,ageb int(3),sex

char(10),source varchar(15),destination varchar(15),Dep_time varchar(10),primary
key(ticket_no));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)

B. Describe Tables:

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

mysql> describe bus;

+---------------+---------------+------+----------+-----------+---------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+---------------+------+----------+----------+---------+
| bus no | varchar(10) | NO | PRI | | |
| source | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
| destination | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+---------------+------+-----------+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)

mysql> describe passenger;

+-------------+------------------+------+-----+----------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+------------------+------+-----+----------+-------+
| pnr_no | decimal(10,0) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| ticket_no | decimal(10,0) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| ppno | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.44 sec)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

2.Practicing DML Commands

A. Insert Command: inserts data into a table

mysql> insert into bus values("ap092356","hyderabad","Gunter");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> select * from bus;

+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| bus no | source | destination |
+---------- +-------------+--------------+
| ap092356 | hyderabad | Gunter |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into bus values("ap092490","Hyderabad","Gunter");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)

mysql> insert into bus values("ap212356","Hyderabad","Bangalore");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger values(1001,123,"sam",25,"male",9908233232);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

B. Update Command: Updates existing data within a table

mysql> update bus set destination="Tirupati";

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

C. Select Command: Retrieve data from the Data Base

mysql> select * from bus;

+-------------+--------------+-------------+
| bus no | source | destination|
+-------------+--------------+-------------+
| ap092356 | hyderabad | Tirupati |
| ap092490 | Hyderabad | Gunter |
| ap212356 | Hyderabad | Bangalore |
+-------------+--------------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

3. Querying
1.Display unique Pnr_No of all passengers
mysql> select distinct pnr_no from passenger;
+--------+
| pnr_no |
+--------+
| 1001 |
| 1002 |
| 1005 |
| 1023 |
| 1040 |
| 1435 |
| 1956 |
+--------+
7 rows in set (0.02 sec)

2.Display all the names of male passengers.

mysql> select name from passenger where sex="male";

+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| sam |
| prashant|
| ranga |
| subhani |
+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.Display the ticket numbers and names of all passengers.

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

mysql> select ticket_no,name from passenger;

+-----------+------------+
| ticket_no | name |
+-----------+------------+
| 123 | sam |
| 123 | bala |
| 126 | anitha |
| 124 | deepti |
| 127 | prashant |
| 125 | ranga |
| 128 | subhani |
+-----------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.Display the source and destination having journey time more than 10 hours.

mysql> select source,destination from ticket where timediff(arr_time,dep_time) >

'10:00:00';
+-------------+---------------+
| source | destination |
+-------------+---------------+
| Hyderabad | gunter |
+--------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5.Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with “A” and ends with “H”

mysql> select ticket_no,name from passenger where name like "a%h";

+-----------+-------+
| ticket_no | name |
+-----------+-------+
| 129 | alah |
| 130 | ah |
+-----------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6.Find the names of passengers whose age is between 30 and 45

mysql> select name,age from passenger where age between 30 and 45;

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

+-----------+------+
| name | age |
+-----------+------+
| bala | 30 |
| anitha | 33 |
| alah | 30 |
| ah | 30 |
| subhani | 33 |
+-----------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.20 sec)

7.Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’

mysql> select * from passenger where name like"a%";

+---------+------------+--------+------+--------+----------------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name | age | sex | ppno |
+---------+------------+--------+------+--------+-----------------+
| 1005 | 126 | anitha | 33 | female| 9441038706 |
| 1008 | 129 | alah | 30 | male | 9002345122 |
| 1009 | 130 | ah | 30 | male | 9002345122 |
+--------+-------------+--------+------+--------+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8.Display sorted list of passengers names

mysql> select name from passenger order by name;

+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| ah |
| alah |
| anitha |
| bala |
| deepti |
| prashant|
| ranga |
| sam |

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

| subhani |
+-----------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

9.Display the bus numbers that travel on Sunday and Wednesday

mysql> select bus no from bus,ticket where bus.destination=ticket.destination and

(dayname(journey_data)='sunday' or dayname(journey_data)='wednesday');
+-------------+
| bus no |
+-------------+
| ap092490 |
| ap092490 |
+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

10.Write a query to display the information present in the passenger and cancellation tables use UNION
Operator

mysql> select pnr_no from passenger union select pnr_no from cancellation;

+---------+
| pnr_no |
+---------+
| 1001 |
| 1002 |
| 1005 |
| 1008 |
| 1009 |
| 1023 |
| 1040 |
| 1435 |
| 1956 |
+---------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)
11. Display the number of days in a week on which the bus is available.

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

mysql> select day_travel from bus where bus no="ap092356";

+------------------+
| day_travel |
+------------------+
| sun,tue,thur,sat |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

12. Find number of seats booked for each PNR_NO using Group by Clause
Hint: Use Group By On PNR_NO

mysql> SELECT NO_OF_SEATS FROM RESERVATION GROUP

BY PNR_NO;
+--------------------+
| NO_OF_SEATS |
+--------------------+
| 2 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

13. SELECT Distinct PNR_NO that are present

mysql> SELECT DISTINCT PNR_NO FROM PASSENGER;

+----------+
| PNR_NO |
+----------+
| 1001 |
| 1002 |
| 1005 |
| 1008 |
| 1009 |
| 1023 |
| 1040 |
| 1435 |
| 1956 |

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

+----------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

14. Find total number of cancelled seats

mysql> select sum(no_of_seats) from cancellation;

+---------------------+
| sum(no_of_seats) |
+---------------------+
| 7 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

15. Write a query to count the number of tickets booked for the buses, which traveled after the date “2010-
07-02”.

mysql> select count(ticket_no) from ticket where date(journey_date) > '2010-07-02';

+--------------------+
| count(ticket_no) |
+--------------------+
| 3 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

4.Triggers:
Creation of Insert trigger, Delete Trigger, Update Trigger
EX:
mysql> delimiter $$;
mysql> create trigger updatecheck before update on passenger for each row
-> begin
-> if new.ticket_no>60 then
-> set new.ticket_no=ticket_no;
-> else
-> set new.ticket_no=0;
-> end if;
-> end$$;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;

5.Procedures:
In this we will learn creation of stored procedure, Execution of procedure and
Modification of procedure.

mysql> delimiter $$;

mysql> create procedure p1()
-> begin
-> select count(ticket_no) from ticket where ageb>20;
-> end$$;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> call p1();
+----------------------+
| count(ticket_no) |
+----------------------+
| 3 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

6.cursors:

We will define a cursor that defines a result set. Open the cursor to establish the
Result set. Fetch the data into local variables as needed from the cursor one
Row at a time. Then we will close the cursor.

mysql> delimiter $$;

mysql> create procedure procd()
-> begin
-> declare busn varchar(20);
-> declare dest varchar(20);
-> declare cu5 cursor for select busno,destination from bus where destination="tirupati";
-> open cu5;
-> fetch cu5 into busn,dest;
-> select * from bus where destination=dest;
-> close cu5;
-> end$$;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;

mysql> call procd();

+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------+
| bus no | source | destination | day_travel |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------+
| ap092356 | hyderabad | Tirupati | sun,tue,thur,sat |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.08 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

1)A Program to Design Lexical Analyzer.

#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void keyword(char str[10])
{if(strcmp("for",str)==0||strcmp("while",str)==0||strcmp("do",str)==0||

strcmp("int",str)==0||strcmp("float",str)==0||strcmp("char",str)==0||
strcmp("double",str)==0||strcmp("static",str)==0||strcmp("switch",str)==0||
strcmp("case",str)==0)

printf("\n%s is a keyword",str);
else
printf("\n%s is an identifier",str);
}main()

{
FILE *f1,*f2,*f3;
char c,str[10],st1[10];
int num[100],lineno=0,tokenvalue=0,i=0,j=0,k=0;

printf("\nEnter the c program");/*gets(st1);*/

f1=fopen("input","w");
while((c=getchar())!=EOF)

putc(c,f1);
fclose(f1);
f1=fopen("input","r");
f2=fopen("identifier","w");
f3=fopen("specialchar","w");
while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF)
{

if(isdigit(c))

{
tokenvalue=c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c))
{

tokenvalue*=10+c-'0';

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

c=getc(f1);
}num[i++]=tokenvalue;
ungetc(c,f1);
}else if(isalpha(c))

{
putc(c,f2);
c=getc(f1);

while(isdigit(c)||isalpha(c)||c=='_'||c=='$')

{
putc(c,f2);
c=getc(f1);

}putc(' ',f2);
ungetc(c,f1);
}else if(c==' '||c=='\t')
printf(" ");
else if(c=='\n')
lineno++;
else
putc(c,f3);
}fclose(f2);

fclose(f3);
fclose(f1);
printf("\nThe no's in the program are");
for(j=0;j<i;j++)

printf("%d",num[j]);
printf("\n");
f2=fopen("identifier","r");
k=0;
printf("The keywords and identifiersare:");
while((c=getc(f2))!=EOF)
{

if(c!=' ')str[k++]=c;
else
{
str[k]='\0';
keyword(str);

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

k=0;
}
}fclose(f2);

f3=fopen("specialchar","r");
printf("\nSpecial characters are");
while((c=getc(f3))!=EOF)

printf("%c",c);
printf("\n");
fclose(f3);
printf("Total no. of lines are:%d",lineno);

Output:
Enter the C program

a+b*c

Ctrl-D

The no’s in the program are:

The keywords and identifiers are:

a is an identifier and terminal b is an identifier and terminal c is an identifier and terminal

Special characters are:

+ *
Total no. of lines are: 1
7

2)Implement the Lexical Analyzer Using Lex Tool.

/* program name is lexp.l */

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

%{
/* program to recognize a c program */

int COMMENT=0;
%}
identifier [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*

%%

#.* { printf("\n%s is a PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE",yytext);}

int |
float |
char |
double |
while |
for |
do |
if |
break |
continue |
void |
switch |
case |
long |
struct |
const |
typedef |
return |
else |
goto

{printf("\n\t%s is a KEYWORD",yytext);}
"/*" {COMMENT = 1;}
/*{printf("\n\n\t%s is a COMMENT\n",yytext);}*/
"*/" {COMMENT = 0;}
/* printf("\n\n\t%s is a COMMENT\n",yytext);}*/
{identifier}\( {if(!COMMENT)printf("\n\nFUNCTION\n\t%s",yytext);}
\{ {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n BLOCK BEGINS");}
\} {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n BLOCK ENDS");}
{identifier}(\[[0-9]*\])? {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n %s IDENTIFIER",yytext);}

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

\".*\" {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a STRING",yytext);}

[0-9]+ {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a NUMBER",yytext);}

\)(\;)? {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t");ECHO;printf("\n");}

\(

ECHO;
=
{if(!COMMENT)printf("\n\t%s is an ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR",yytext);}

\<= |
\>= |
\< |
== |
\> {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a RELATIONAL OPERATOR",yytext);}

%%
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{if (argc > 1)
{FILE *file;

file = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(!file)
{printf("could not open %s \n",argv[1]);

exit(0);

}yyin = file;

}yylex();

printf("\n\n");

return 0;
}int yywrap()
{
return 0;
}

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

Input:
$vi var.c

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{

int a,b;
}

Output:

$lex lex.l
$cc lex.yy.c
$./a.out var.c

#include<stdio.h> is a PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE

FUNCTION
main (
)
BLOCK BEGINS
int is a KEYWORD

a IDENTIFIER
b IDENTIFIER

BLOCK ENDS

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

3) Implementation of Predictive Parser.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define SIZE 128
#define NONE -1
#define EOS '\0'
#define NUM 257
#define KEYWORD 258
#define ID 259
#define DONE 260
#define MAX 999
char lexemes[MAX];
char buffer[SIZE];
int lastchar=-1;
int lastentry=0;
int tokenval=DONE;
int lineno=1;
int lookahead;
struct entry
{

char *lexptr;

int token;
}symtable[100];
struct entry
keywords[]={"if",KEYWORD,"else",KEYWORD,"for",KEYWORD,"int",KEYWORD,
"float",KEYWORD,"double",KEYWORD,"char",KEYWORD,"struct",KEYWORD,"ret
urn",KEYWORD,0,0};
void Error_Message(char *m)
{
fprintf(stderr,"line %d, %s \n",lineno,m);
exit(1);
}int look_up(char s[ ])

{
int k;
for(k=lastentry;k>0;k--)

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

if(strcmp(symtable[k].lexptr,s)==0)
return k;
return 0;
}int insert(char s[ ],int tok)
{
int len;
len=strlen(s);
if(lastentry+1>=MAX)
Error_Message("Symbpl table is full");
if(lastchar+len+1>=MAX)

Error_Message("Lexemes array is full");

lastentry=lastentry+1;
symtable[lastentry].token=tok;
symtable[lastentry].lexptr=&lexemes[lastchar+1];
lastchar=lastchar+len+1;
strcpy(symtable[lastentry].lexptr,s);
return lastentry;

}/*void Initialize()

{
struct entry *ptr;
for(ptr=keywords;ptr->token;ptr+1)

insert(ptr->lexptr,ptr->token);
}*/
int lexer()
{

int t;
int val,i=0;
while(1)

{
t=getchar();
if(t==' '||t=='\t');
else if(t=='\n')
lineno=lineno+1;
else if(isdigit(t))
{

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

ungetc(t,stdin);
scanf("%d",&tokenval);
return NUM;

}else if(isalpha(t))
{
while(isalnum(t))

{
buffer[i]=t;
t=getchar();
i=i+1;
if(i>=SIZE)

Error_Message("Compiler error");
}buffer[i]=EOS;
if(t!=EOF)
ungetc(t,stdin);
val=look_up(buffer);
if(val==0)

val=insert(buffer,ID);
tokenval=val;
return symtable[val].token;

}else if(t==EOF)

return DONE;
else
{

tokenval=NONE;
return t;
}
}
}void Match(int t)
{
if(lookahead==t)
lookahead=lexer();
else
Error_Message("Syntax error");
}void display(int t,int tval)
{
if(t=='+'||t=='-'||t=='*'||t=='/')

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

printf("\nArithmetic Operator: %c",t);

else if(t==NUM)
printf("\n Number: %d",tval);
else if(t==ID)
printf("\n Identifier: %s",symtable[tval].lexptr);
else
printf("\n Token %d tokenval %d",t,tokenval);
}void F()

{
//void E();
switch(lookahead)
{

case '(' : Match('(');

E();
Match(')');
break;

case NUM : display(NUM,tokenval);

Match(NUM);
break;

case ID : display(ID,tokenval);
Match(ID);
break;

default : Error_Message("Syntax error");

}
}void T()

{
int t;
F();
while(1)
{

switch(lookahead)
{

case '*' : t=lookahead;

Match(lookahead);
F();

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

display(t,NONE);
continue;

case '/' : t=lookahead;

Match(lookahead);
display(t,NONE);
continue;

default : return;
}
}
}void E()

{
int t;
T();
while(1)
{

switch(lookahead)
{

case '+' : t=lookahead;

Match(lookahead);
T();
display(t,NONE);
continue;

case '-' : t=lookahead;

Match(lookahead);
T();
display(t,NONE);
continue;

default : return;

}
}
}void parser()

{
lookahead=lexer();

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

while(lookahead!=DONE)
{

E();
Match(';');
}
}main()

{
char ans[10];
printf("\n Program for recursive decent parsing ");
printf("\n Enter the expression ");
printf("And place ; at the end\n");
printf("Press Ctrl-Z to terminate\n");
parser();

}
Output:Program for recursive decent parsing
Enter the expression And place ; at the end
Press Ctrl-Z to terminate
a+b*c;
Identifier: a
Identifier: b
Identifier: c
Arithmetic Operator: *
Arithmetic Operator: +
2*3;
Number: 2
Number: 3
Arithmetic Operator: *
+3;
line 5,Syntax error
Ctrl-Z

4) Design LALR Bottom up Parser .

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

<parser.l>
%{
#include<stdio.h>

#include "y.tab.h"
%}
%%
[0-9]+ {yylval.dval=atof(yytext);

return DIGIT;
}
\n|.
return yytext[0];
%%
<parser.y>
%{
/*This YACC specification file generates the LALR parser for the program
considered in experiment 4.*/

#include<stdio.h>
%}
%union
{

double dval;
}%token <dval> DIGIT

%type <dval> expr

%type <dval> term
%type <dval> factor

%%
line: expr '\n'

{
printf("%g\n",$1);
}

;
expr: expr '+' term

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

{$$=$1 + $3 ;}
| term
;

m: term '*' factor {$$=$1 * $3 ;}

| factor
;

factor: '(' expr ')'

{$$=$2 ;}

| DIGIT
;

%%
int main()
{

yyparse();
}yyerror(char *s)
{
printf("%s",s);
}Output:

$lex parser.l
$yacc –d parser.y
$cc lex.yy.c y.tab.c –ll –lm
$./a.out
2+3
5.0000

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

5) Convert The BNF rules into Yacc form and write code to
generate abstract syntax tree.

<int.l>
%{#include"y.tab.h"

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int LineNo=1;

%}
identifier [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*
number [0-9]+|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+)

%%

main\(\) return MAIN;

if

return IF;
else
return ELSE;
while
return WHILE;

int |
char |
float

return TYPE;
{identifier} {strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return VAR;}
{number}
{strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return NUM;}

\< |
\> |
\>= |
\<= |
==

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

{strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return RELOP;}
[ \t] ;
\n LineNo++;
. return yytext[0];
%%

<int.y>

%{
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
struct quad
{

char op[5];
char arg1[10];
char arg2[10];
char result[10];

}QUAD[30];
struct stack
{

int items[100];
int top;
}stk;

int Index=0,tIndex=0,StNo,Ind,tInd;
extern int LineNo;
%}

%union
{
char var[10];

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

}%token <var> NUM VAR RELOP

%token MAIN IF ELSE WHILE TYPE

%type <var> EXPR ASSIGNMENT CONDITION IFST ELSEST WHILELOOP

%left '-' '+'

%left '*' '/'

%%

PROGRAM : MAIN BLOCK

;BLOCK: '{' CODE '}'

;CODE: BLOCK
| STATEMENT CODE
| STATEMENT
;STATEMENT: DESCT ';'
| ASSIGNMENT ';'

| CONDST
| WHILEST
;DESCT: TYPE VARLIST
;VARLIST: VAR ',' VARLIST
| VAR
;ASSIGNMENT: VAR '=' EXPR{

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"=");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,$1);
strcpy($$,QUAD[Index++].result);
}

;EXPR: EXPR '+' EXPR {AddQuadruple("+",$1,$3,$$);}

| EXPR '-' EXPR {AddQuadruple("-",$1,$3,$$);}

| EXPR '*' EXPR {AddQuadruple("*",$1,$3,$$);}
| EXPR '/' EXPR {AddQuadruple("/",$1,$3,$$);}
| '-' EXPR {AddQuadruple("UMIN",$2,"",$$);}

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

| '(' EXPR ')' {strcpy($$,$2);}

| VAR
| NUM

;CONDST: IFST{

Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
}| IFST ELSEST

;IFST: IF '(' CONDITION ')' {

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;

}BLOCK {

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
};ELSEST: ELSE{

tInd=pop();
Ind=pop();
push(tInd);
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
}BLOCK{

Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
};CONDITION: VAR RELOP VAR {AddQuadruple($2,$1,$3,$$);

StNo=Index-1;
}| VAR

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

| NUM
;

WHILEST: WHILELOOP{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",StNo);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);

}
;WHILELOOP: WHILE '(' CONDITION ')' {

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
}

BLOCK {

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
}

;
%%
extern FILE *yyin;
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{

FILE *fp;
int i;
if(argc>1)
{

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

fp=fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(!fp)
{

printf("\n File not found");

exit(0);

}yyin=fp;

}yyparse();

printf("\n\n\t\t----------------------------""\n\t\t Pos Operator Arg1 Arg2 Result" "\n\t\t

--------------------");
for(i=0;i<Index;i++)
{

printf("\n\t\t %d\t %s\t %s\t %s\t

%s",i,QUAD[i].op,QUAD[i].arg1,QUAD[i].arg2,QUAD[i].result);
}printf("\n\t\t-----------------------");

printf("\n\n");
return 0;
}void push(int data)

{
stk.top++;
if(stk.top==100)
{

printf("\n Stack overflow\n");

exit(0);
}stk.items[stk.top]=data;
}

int pop()

{
int data;
if(stk.top==-1)
{

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

printf("\n Stack underflow\n");

exit(0);
}data=stk.items[stk.top--];
return data;
}void AddQuadruple(char op[5],char arg1[10],char arg2[10],char result[10])

{
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,op);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,arg1);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,arg2);
sprintf(QUAD[Index].result,"t%d",tIndex++);
strcpy(result,QUAD[Index++].result);

}yyerror()
{
printf("\n Error on line no:%d",LineNo);
}

Input:
$vi test.c
main()

{
int a,b,c;
if(a<b)
{

a=a+b;
}while(a<b)
{
a=a+b;
}if(a<=b)
{
c=a-b;
}else
{
c=a+b;
}
}

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

Output:

$lex int.l
$yacc –d int.y
$gcc lex.yy.c y.tab.c –ll –lm
$./a.out test.c

Pos Operator Arg1 Arg2 Result

0 < a b to
1 == to FALSE 5
2 + a b t1
3 = t1 a 4
GOTO
5
5
<
a
b
t2
6
==
t2
FALSE
10
7
+
a

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

6) A Program to Generate Machine Code.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int label[20];
int no=0;
int main()

{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char fname[10],op[10],ch;
char operand1[8],operand2[8],result[8];
int i=0,j=0;
printf("\n Enter filename of the intermediate code");
scanf("%s",&fname);
fp1=fopen(fname,"r");
fp2=fopen("target.txt","w");
if(fp1==NULL || fp2==NULL)
{

printf("\n Error opening the file");

exit(0);
}while(!feof(fp1))

{
fprintf(fp2,"\n");
fscanf(fp1,"%s",op);
i++;
if(check_label(i))

fprintf(fp2,"\nlabel#%d",i);
if(strcmp(op,"print")==0)
{

fscanf(fp1,"%s",result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t OUT %s",result);
}if(strcmp(op,"goto")==0)

{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,operand2);

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

 Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JMP %s,label#%s",operand1,operand2);

label[no++]=atoi(operand2);

}if(strcmp(op,"[]=")==0)

{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE %s[%s],%s",operand1,operand2,result);
}if(strcmp(op,"uminus")==0)

{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t LOAD -%s,R1",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE R1,%s",result);

}switch(op[0])
{

case '*': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t MUL R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;

case '+': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t ADD R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;

case '-': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t SUB R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;

case '/': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t DIV R1,R0");

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;

case '%': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t DIV R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;

case '=': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE %s %s",operand1,result);
break;

case '>': j++;

fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JGT %s,label#%s",operand2,result);
label[no++]=atoi(result);
break;

case '<': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);

fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JLT %s,label#%d",operand2,result);
label[no++]=atoi(result);
break;

}
}fclose(fp2);

fclose(fp1);
fp2=fopen("target.txt","r");
if(fp2==NULL)
{

printf("Error opening the file\n");

exit(0);
}do
{
ch=fgetc(fp2);

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

printf("%c",ch);
}while(ch!=EOF);
fclose(fp1);
return 0;

}int check_label(int k)

{
int i;
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
{

if(k==label[i])
return 1;
}return 0;
}Input:
$vi int.txt
=t1 2

[]=a 0 1 []=a 1 2 []=a 2 3 *t1 6 t2

+a[2] t2 t3

-a[2] t1 t2
/t3 t2 t2
uminus t2 t2
print t2
goto t2 t3
=t3 99
uminus 25 t2
*t2 t3 t3
uminus t1 t1
+t1 t3 t4
print t4

Output:
Enter filename of the intermediate code: int.txt

STORE t1,2
STORE a[0],1
STORE a[1],2
STORE a[2],3

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

LOAD t1,R0
LOAD 6,R1
ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t3

LOAD a[2],R0
LOAD t2,R1
ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t3

LOAD a[t2],R0
LOAD t1,R1
SUB R1,R0
STORE R0,t2

LOAD t3,R0
LOAD t2,R1
DIV R1,R0
STORE R0,t2

LOAD t2,R1
STORE R1,t2
LOAD t2,R0
JGT 5,label#11

Label#11: OUT t2
JMP t2,label#13

Label#13: STORE t3,99

LOAD 25,R1
STORE R1,t2

LOAD t2,R0
LOAD t3,R1
MUL R1,R0
STORE R0,t3

LOAD t1,R1
STORE R1,t1

LOAD t1,R0
LOAD t3,R1

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab

Ellenki College of Engineering & Technology Name :
Patelguda (V), Near BHEL, Patancheru (M), Medak (Dist.) Roll No :

ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t4
OUT t4

MTech CSE 2nd Semester Databases and Compiler lab