Poster de Dureza - 80 Anos
Poster de Dureza - 80 Anos
Poster de Dureza - 80 Anos
17006
Rockwell Hardness Test ISO6508-1 JIS Z 2245 Hardness Test Methods and Applications Brinell Hardness Test ISO6506-1 JIS Z 2243
Calculation Formulae Rockwell Hardness Scales Rockwell Superficial Hardness Scales Calculation Formulae Minimum Allowable Indentation Spacing
h Hardness Test Method Special heat treatment, thin coating, surface-
F 2F
Rockwell scales HR = 100 − HBW = k = 0.102
A/C/D 0 .002 Preliminary test force 98.07N Preliminary test force 29.42N modification layer, elastic material, etc.
S π D(D − D 2 − d 2 )
h Often-used range (example: titanium system coating, DLC treatment,
Rockwell scales HR = 130 −
■
B/E/F/G/H/K 0 .002 Scale Indenter Test force (N) Application Scale Indenter Test force (N) Application semiconductor-field material) k = Constant. F = Test force (N). S = Surface area of indentation.
D = Diameter of the ball (mm).
Rockwell Superficial scales h A 588.4 HRA: Tungsten carbide and thin 15N 147.1 Instrumented Indentation Test (IIT) d = Arithmetic mean (mm) of the indentation diameters 3d or more 2.5d or more
HR = 100 −
Micro-Vickers
0 .001 (Commonly known as "Nanoindentation" - measured at 90°(d1, d2). D
N/T
D Diamond **
980.7 age-hardening steel or thinner 30N Diamond** 294.2 h = Depth of indentation. h = (1− 1 − d 2 / D 2 )
IIT
Rockwell
specimen thickness: approx. 10µm or less)
h = Permanent indentation depth (mm). surface layer than is HRC testable. 2
Vickers
A relatively new method based on recording indenter force
Brinell
h1 = Indentation depth produced by the preliminary test force. C 1471 Less stress and damage than with 45N 441.3 d1
h2 = Indentation depth produced by the test force. against penetration depth throughout the load-dwell-unload Indentation d
h3 = Depth of indentation after unloading the test force. F Ball with a 588.4 HRC. Tungsten carbide. 15T Ball with a 147.1 0.0001
cycle, and calculating hardness and stiffness directly from
Shape
d = Indentation diameter. HRB: Soft mild steel (sheet metal), this data. Distances and forces are very small and
B diameter of 980.7 non-ferrous metals. 30T diameter of 294.2 HR15N, HR30N, HR45N: Steels 0.0005 resolutions are in the nanometer and micronewton ranges. Indentation center-to-center distance: 3d or more
d2
Indentation Shape d G 1.5875mm 1471 HRC: Tungsten carbide and 45T 1.5875mm 441.3 according to HRA, HRD and HRC 0.001 Specimen-edge to indentation-center distance: 2.5d
or more
H Ball with a 588.4 age-hardening steel *15W Ball with a 147.1 for thin parts or thin hardened 0.01 Standardized evaluation method of heat treatment
h
E diameter of 980.7 HRD: Surface-hardened parts of *30W diameter of 294.2 0.05
HR15T, HR30T, HR45T: Soft Frequently used for various applications including small parts and
0.1
K 3.175mm 1471 average hardness. *45W 3.175mm 441.3 0.3 topical assessment. Thickness of Specimen or Plating
steel and non-ferrous metals like
588.4 HRE: Cast iron, aluminum alloys, 1
h2
h3
h1
h
magnesium alloys, bearing metals. Ball with a HRF and HRB, in case of thin parts 2 Integrity assessment of high-frequency quenching,
*M diameter of 980.7 HRF: Cold rolled sheet metal, annealed *30X 294.2 (e.g. deep-drawn sheet metal) 5 600 HBW 1 / 30 / 20
diameter of 10 15 flame quenching and welded parts.
*P 6.35mm 1471 bronze and copper. *45X 6.35mm 441.3 30 Dwell time of the test force (20s).
8h or more
60
Notation Method HRG: Phosphor bronze, beryllium 100 150 100 Macroscopic assessment from material to If not within the specified range (10s to 15s)
*R Ball with a 588.4 copper, soft malleable cast iron. *15Y Ball with a 147.1 deeply-heat-treated objects Approximate kgf equivalent value of applied
64 HRB W *S diameter of 980.7 HRH: Aluminum, zinc, lead. 1000 750 test force where (30 kgf = 294.2N).
*30Y diameter of 294.2 Frequently used for various applications.
Ball material identifier (when a ball indenter is used). 3000 Diameter of the ball (mm).
Steel ball indenter: S / Tungsten carbide indenter: W
*V 12.7mm 1471 HRK: Bearing metals and similar. *45Y 12.7mm 441.3 10000 Referring to the material of the indenter.
Intensity assessment of metallic casting and foundry Steel indenter: S / Tungsten carbide indenter: W Thickness: 8h or more
Hardness scale identifier (scale "B" in this case). * Not part of ISO6508-1
pieces. Hardness scale identifier (scale "B" in this case).
Value of Rockwell hardness. ** Cone angle of the tip: 120°, Radius of curvature of the tip: 0.2mm Value of Brinell hardness.
Rockwell Hardness Test ISO6508-1 JIS Z 2245 Hardness Conversion Table ISO18265 (excerpted)
Table for unalloyed and low alloy steels and cast iron Table for Cartridge brass (70 % Copper 30 % Zinc Alloy)
Indentation Center-to-Center Distance Relationship between Rockwell / RockwellSuperficial Hardness and the Minimum Thickness of a Specimen Tensile Vickers Rockwell hardness Rockwell Hardness Number HB
Specimen-Edge to Indentation-Center Distance strength hardness hardnessBrinell HV 30
HB HRB HRF HRC HRA HRD HR15N HR30N HR45N HRB HRF HR15T HR30T HR45T HBS10/500
Minimum thickness of specimen (mm)
MPa HV10
Light alloys, lead, tin and alloys of the previously listed 500 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.9807 670 58,8 80,6 69,8 89,7 76,4 65,3 106 59,5 91,2 80,0 56,0 33,0 94
materials excluding titanium alloy: 6d or more 300 0.05 0.03 0.2 1.961 680 59,2 80,8 70,1 89,8 76,8 65,7
0.05 690 59,7 81,1 70,5 90,1 77,2 66,2 104 58,0 90,5 79,5 55,0 32,0 92
When two neighboring indentations have different sizes, F 200 0.1 0.1 0.3 2.942 102 57,0 89,8 79,0 54,5 30,5 90
HV=0.1891 2 0.5 4.903 700 60,1 81,3 70,8 90,3 77,6 66,7
'd' is taken to be that of the larger indentation. d 100 0.2 100 56,0 89,0 78,5 53,5 29,5 88
t >1.5d
h
test force where (30 kgf = 294.2N). d Specimen hardness: 185HV1 84 42,0 81,2 73,5 44,0 14,5 76
more
マイクロビッカース
■良く利用される範囲 k = 定数 F = 試験力 (N) S = くぼみの表面積
B,E,F,G,H,Kスケール 0 .002 計装化押込み試験(IIT)のマイクロ∼ナノレンジ
A 588.4 超硬合金、薄鋼板 15N 147.1 D= 圧子の直径 (mm)
D
ロックウェルスーパーフィシャル h 4d以上 2.5d以上 浸炭、窒化等の鋼の (通称:ナノインデンテーション) d = くぼみの直径d1とd2の平均値(mm) h = (1− 1 − d 2 / D 2 ) 3d以上 2.5d以上
HR = 100 − D 980.7 30N ダイヤモンド※ 294.2 2
ロックウェル
ダイヤモンド※ 肌焼鋼 h = くぼみの深さ
0 .001
ビッカース
N,Tスケール 薄い表面硬化層 (試料厚さ およそ10μm以下)
IIT
鋼(100HRB以上∼70HRC以下)
ブリネル
C 1471 45N 441.3
h = 永久くぼみ深さ(mm) 押込み試験の侵入量、試験力等のプロセスデータより くぼみの形状 d1
h1 = 初試験力によるくぼみ深さ h2 = 全試験力によるくぼみ深さ d F 588.4 軸受けメタル、焼鈍銅 15T 147.1 算出する硬さ試験。
h3 = 全試験力除荷後のくぼみ深さ d = くぼみ直径 直径 直径 軟鋼、黄銅、青銅等の d
B 980.7 黄銅 30T 294.2
1.5875mm球 硬アルミ合金、ベリリウム銅、
リン青銅
1.5875mm球 薄板 0.0001
くぼみの形状 中心間距離は4d以上、但し2mm以上 G 1471 45T 441.3
d 0.0005 中心間距離は3d以上
d2
試料の縁までの距離は2.5d以上、但し1mm以上 H 588.4 軸受けメタル、砥石 15W 147.1 0.001
直径 試料の縁までの距離は2.5d以上
E 980.7 軸受けメタル 30W 直径 294.2 プラスチック、亜鉛、
3.175mm球 軸受けメタル
3.175mm球 軸受け合金 0.01 規格化された浸炭、脱炭、窒化等の熱処理評価法
試料又は試験対象層の厚さ K 1471 45W 441.3 0.05 試料又は試験対象層の厚さ
h
L 588.4 15X 147.1 小形部品、局所評価など多種多様な用途に数多く利用
直径 直径 プラスチック、亜鉛、 0.1
h
h
試験力(kgf)
M 6.35mm球 980.7 プラスチック、鉛 30X 6.35mm球 294.2 軸受け合金
0.3
h2
h3
h1
1
h
8h以上
S 12.7mm球 980.7 プラスチック 294.2 軸受け合金
30
100 60 100 試験力の保持時間(20s)。
表記方法 V 1471 45Y 441.3 150 素材評価から深く熱処理されるような物等マクロ的な評価。
ただし、規定の保持時間範囲(10~15s)
多種多様な用途に数多く利用
64 HRB W ※ 先端の円錐角120°
、先端の曲率半径0.2mm 1000 750 と異なる場合に記載する。
球圧子の場合、材質を示す 3000 試験力を表す数字。
ここでは、30kgf = 294.2N 厚さは8h以上
鋼球圧子:S 超硬圧子:W 10000
厚さは 主に鋳造、鍛造品の強度評価。 圧子の直径(mm)
硬さ記号。ここでは"B"スケール ダイヤモンド圧子:10h以上 硬さ記号
ロックウェル硬さの値 球圧子:15h以上 ブリネル硬さの値
試料の最小厚さt
試料の最小厚さt
HV HRA HRB HRC HRD 15N 30N 45N HS HV HRB HRF 30T 45T
940 85.6 ̶ 68.0 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 98.0 196 93.5 110.0 77.5 66.0
920 85.3 ̶ 67.5 76.5 93.0 84.0 74.8 96.8 194 ̶ 109.5 ̶ 65.5
900 85.0 ̶ 67.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.6 192 93.0 ̶ 77.0 65.0
880 84.7 ̶ 66.4 75.7 92.7 83.1 73.6 94.3 190 92.5 109.0 76.5 64.5
860 84.4 ̶ 65.9 75.3 92.5 82.7 73.1 93.1 188 92.0 ̶ ̶ 64.0
840 84.1 ̶ 65.3 74.8 92.3 82.2 72.2 91.7 186 91.5 108.5 76.0 63.5
820 83.8 ̶ 64.7 74.3 92.1 81.7 71.8 90.4 184 91.0 ̶ 75.5 63.0
800 83.4 ̶ 64.0 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 89.0 182 90.5 108.0 ̶ 62.5
780 83.0 ̶ 63.3 73.3 91.5 80.4 70.2 87.6 180 90.0 107.5 75.0 62.0
760 82.6 ̶ 62.5 72.6 91.2 79.7 69.4 86.2 178 89.0 ̶ 74.5 61.5
(mm) (mm) 740 82.2 ̶ 61.8 72.1 91.0 79.1 68.6 84.8 176 88.5 107.0 ̶ 61.0
(mm) 720 81.8 ̶ 61.0 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 83.3 174 88.0 ̶ 74.0 60.5
700 81.3 ̶ 60.1 70.8 90.3 77.6 66.7 81.8 172 87.5 106.5 73.5 60.0
690 81.1 ̶ 59.7 70.5 90.1 77.2 66.2 81.0 170 87.0 ̶ ̶ 59.5
680 80.8 ̶ 59.2 70.1 89.8 76.8 65.7 80.2 168 86.0 106.0 73.0 59.0
670 80.6 ̶ 58.8 69.8 89.7 78.4 65.3 79.4 166 85.5 ̶ 72.5 58.5
660 80.3 ̶ 58.3 69.4 89.5 75.9 64.7 78.6 164 85.0 105.5 72.0 58.0
650 80.0 ̶ 57.8 69.0 89.2 75.5 64.1 77.8 162 84.0 105.0 ̶ 57.5
640 79.8 ̶ 57.3 68.7 89.0 75.1 63.5 77.0 160 83.5 ̶ 71.5 56.5
630 79.5 ̶ 56.8 68.3 88.8 74.6 63.0 76.2 158 83.0 104.5 71.0 56.0
620 79.2 ̶ 56.3 67.9 88.5 74.2 62.4 75.4 156 82.0 104.0 70.5 55.5
610 78.9 ̶ 55.7 67.5 88.2 73.6 61.7 74.5 154 81.5 103.5 70.0 54.5
600 78.6 ̶ 55.2 67.0 88.0 73.2 61.2 73.7 152 80.5 103.0 ̶ 54.0
590 78.4 ̶ 54.7 66.7 87.8 72.7 60.5 72.8 150 80.0 ̶ 69.5 53.5
ロックウェル硬さ 580 78.0 ̶ 54.1 66.2 87.5 72.1 59.9 72.0 148 79.0 102.5 69.0 53.0
570 77.8 ̶ 53.6 65.8 87.2 71.7 59.3 71.1 146 78.0 102.0 68.5 52.5
560 77.4 ̶ 53.0 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 70.2 144 77.5 101.5 68.0 51.5
550 77.0 ̶ 52.3 64.8 86.6 70.5 57.8 69.3 142 77.0 101.0 67.5 51.0
ロックウェルスーパーフィシャル硬さ 540 76.7 ̶ 51.7 64.4 86.3 70.0 57.0 68.4 140 76.0 100.5 67.0 50.0
530 76.4 ̶ 51.1 63.9 86.0 69.5 56.2 67.5 138 75.0 100.0 66.5 49.0
ロックウェル硬さ 520 76.1 ̶ 50.5 63.5 85.7 69.0 55.6 66.6 136 74.5 99.5 66.0 48.0
510 75.7 ̶ 49.8 62.9 85.4 68.3 54.7 65.6 134 73.5 99.0 65.5 47.5
500 75.3 ̶ 49.1 62.2 85.0 67.7 53.9 64.7 132 73.0 98.5 65.0 46.5
490 74.9 ̶ 48.4 61.6 84.7 67.1 53.1 63.7 130 72.0 98.0 64.5 45.5
480 74.5 ̶ 47.7 61.3 84.3 66.4 52.2 62.8 128 71.0 97.5 63.5 45.0
ビッカース硬さ試験 ISO6507-1 JIS Z 2244
470
460
450
74.1
73.6
73.3
̶
̶
̶
46.9
46.1
45.3
60.7
60.1
59.4
83.9
83.6
83.2
65.7
64.9
64.3
51.3
50.4
49.4
61.8
60.8
59.8
126
124
122
70.0
69.0
68.0
97.0
96.5
96.0
63.0
62.5
62.0
44.0
43.0
42.0
440 72.8 ̶ 44.5 58.8 82.8 63.5 48.4 58.8 120 67.0 95.5 61.0 41.0
430 72.3 ̶ 43.6 58.2 82.3 62.7 47.4 57.8 118 66.0 95.0 60.5 40.0
計算式 くぼみの中心間の距離 試料の硬さと最小厚みの関係図 420 71.8 ̶ 42.7 57.5 81.8 61.9 46.4 56.7 116 65.0 94.5 60.0 39.0
2 F sin θ 410 71.4 ̶ 41.8 56.8 81.4 61.1 45.3 55.7 114 64.0 94.0 59.5 38.0
HV = k F = 0.102 2 = 0.1891 F くぼみの中心から試料の縁までの距離 400 70.8 ̶ 40.8 56.0 81.0 60.2 44.1 54.6 112 63.0 93.0 58.5 37.0
S d2 d2 硬さ記号 試験力
390 70.3 ̶ 39.8 55.2 80.3 59.3 42.9 53.6 110 62.0 92.6 58.0 35.5
3d以上 380 69.8 (110.0) 38.8 54.4 79.8 58.4 41.7 52.5 108 61.0 92.0 57.0 34.5
k = 定数 F = 試験力(N) S = くぼみの表面積 F:N 370 69.2 ̶ 37.7 53.6 79.2 57.4 40.4 51.4 106 59.0 91.2 56.0 33.0
(6d以上) HV0.0005 4.903×10−3 360 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 78.6 56.4 39.1 50.3 104 58.0 90.5 55.0 32.0
d = くぼみの対角線長さ(mm) θ =136( °圧子の対面角)
350 68.1 ̶ 35.5 51.9 78.0 55.4 37.8 49.2 102 57.0 89.8 54.5 30.5
d1とd2の平均値 d 0.001 9.807×10−3 340 67.6 (108.0) 34.4 51.1 77.4 54.4 36.5 48.1 100 56.0 89.0 53.5 29.5
試料の最小厚さ くぼみの対角線長さ 330 67.0 ̶ 33.3 50.2 76.8 53.6 35.2 46.9 98 54.0 88.0 52.5 28.0
h = くぼみの深さ(h = d/7) 3d以上 2.5d以上 t : mm d : mm 0.002 19.61×10−3 320 66.4 (107.0) 32.2 49.4 76.2 52.3 33.9 45.7 96 53.0 87.2 51.5 26.5
( 6d以上) 0.003 29.42×10−3 310 65.8 ̶ 31.0 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 44.6 94 51.0 86.3 50.5 24.5
くぼみの形状 d1 0.001
0.005 49.03×10−3 300 65.2 (105.5) 29.8 47.5 74.9 50.2 31.1 43.4 92 49.5 85.4 49.0 23.0
0.001
0.002 295 64.8 ̶ 29.2 47.1 74.6 49.7 30.4 42.8 90 47.5 84.4 48.0 21.0
d ビッカース硬さ 0.003 0.002 0.01 98.07×10−3 290 64.5 (104.5) 28.5 46.5 74.2 49.0 29.5 42.2 88 46.0 83.5 47.0 19.0
d d Hv 0.005 0.003 0.02 0.1961 285 64.2 ̶ 27.8 46.0 73.8 48.4 28.7 41.6 86 44.0 82.3 45.5 17.0
0.005 280 63.8 (103.5) 27.1 45.3 73.4 47.8 27.9 41.0 84 42.0 81.2 44.0 14.5
2000 0.03 0.2942 275 63.5 ̶ 26.4 44.9 73.0 47.2 27.1 40.4 82 40.0 80.0 43.0 12.5
0.01
h
d2
中心間距離は 1000 0.01 0.05 0.4903 270 63.1 (102.0) 25.6 44.3 72.6 46.4 26.2 39.7 80 37.5 78.6 41.0 10.0
鋼、ニッケル合金、チタン合金、銅及び銅合金の場合は3d以上 0.02 265 62.7 ̶ 24.8 43.7 72.1 45.7 25.2 39.1 78 35.0 77.4 39.5 7.5
t
500 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.9807 260 62.4 (101.0) 24.0 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 38.5 76 32.5 76.0 38.0 4.5
軽金属、鉛すず及びそれらの合金の場合(チタン合金を除く)6d以上 0.03
300 0.05 0.2 1.961 255 62.0 ̶ 23.1 42.2 71.1 44.2 23.2 37.9 74 30.0 74.8 36.0 1.0
F 200 0.05 0.3 2.942 250 61.6 99.5 22.2 41.7 70.6 43.4 22.2 37.2 72 27.5 73.2 34.0 ̶
但し、
となりあう二つのくぼみの大きさが異なる場合には、 HV=0.1891 d2 0.1 245 61.2 ̶ 21.3 41.1 70.1 42.5 21.1 36.6 70 24.5 71.8 32.0 ̶
0.1 0.5 4.903
大きい方のくぼみのdとする。 100 240 60.7 98.1 20.3 40.3 69.6 41.7 19.9 36.0 68 21.5 70.0 30.0 ̶
h
t >1.5d 0.2
試料の縁までの距離は2.5d以上 h≒ d 7 0.3 0.2 9.807 230 ̶ 96.7 (18.0) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 34.7 66 18.5 68.5 28.0 ̶
50 1 220 ̶ 95.0 (15.7) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 33.4 64 15.5 66.8 25.5 ̶
0.5 0.3 210 ̶ 93.4 (13.4) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 32.0 62 12.5 65.0 23.0 ̶
表記方法 試料又は試験対象層の厚さ t :試料の厚さ mm
30
20 0.5
2
3
19.61
29.42 200 ̶ 91.5 (11.0) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 30.7 60 10.0 63.0 20.5 ̶
d :対角線の長さ mm 1 190 ̶ 89.5 (8.5) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 29.4 58 ̶ 61.0 18.0 ̶
640 HV 30 / 20 1 5 49.03
〔例〕 2 180 ̶ 87.1 (6.0) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 28.0 56 ̶ 58.8 15.0 ̶
試験力の保持時間(20s)。
d h :くぼみの深さ mm
3 2 10 98.07 170 ̶ 85.0 (3.0) ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 26.6 54 ̶ 56.5 12.0 ̶
t : 試料厚さ:0.15mm (0.0)
ただし、規定の保持時間範囲(10~15s)
160 ̶ 81.7 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 25.2 52 ̶ 53.5 ̶ ̶
1.5d以上