Importance of Communication Design and Build (state performance requirement for project)

improve efficiency and effectiveness. Form: written/verbal Adv: design no need finalised, concentrate on project management
poor communication – waste resource, abortive works, delay of progress, contractual claims advise construction technique and programmes best fit, reduce cost, efficiency, profit, suit the
improvement : attend course (written, presentation, discussion), use of visual aids, set up effective communication system design. DisA: deviate from initial plan, appoint technical checker, difficult to take up, legal
liability to the design

Need for form of contract for CE works and common type of contract propose measures to avoid their recurrence
• Allocation of Risks - to define the legal relations between the promoter, the engineer and the 2. Late Completion:
contractor, a contract has to be formed, it is a need to clearly define in the contract the powers, duties 2.1 Contractor Delay: Incompetence and Inexperience of Contractor, Negligence on Safety Matters
and functions of the engineer (Optional)
• Defining Method of Measurement and Payment 2.2 Variation in Design during Construction: Developer Changes, Poor Quality of Design
• Effect on Quality of Works - an agreement between two or more parties to do or to refrain from doing 2.3 Interface Problems
something 2.4 Works Related to Utilities (Laying and Diversion of Utilities)
• Deployment of Human Resources 2.5 Unforeseen Problems
• Disputes Solving 2.6 Inclement Weather
As a client, select and direct professional adviser and contractors 3. Budget Overrun: • Poor Budget Estimate • Variations and Claims • Inflation (Optional)
1. Introduction 4. Conclusion: • better project planning and design • select a suitable Contractor • close liaison w/
• objective – to complete the project w/ good quality, within the budget and in the shortest possible time engineers of interfacing projects and utility undertakers • sufficient S .l. reduce s risk for variations caused
• introduce the need to employ consulting engineer and contractor - achievement of these objectives by unforeseen conditions • precautionary measures minimise adverse effects of inclement weather • not
requires expertise and other resources on plants, labours and materials over-conservative on the completion time • not escalate the project estimate by a very large contingency
2. Method of Selection value • allow for risks reasonably assessed • allow sufficient time for each activities in the programme
• 3 common methods - open tendering method (greatest competition but inefficient), invited tendering Discuss the Design and Construction of Retaining Walls
method (eliminates the defects of the open tendering process and at the same time enjoys the privilege 1. Introduction • many slopes are required to be trimmed to a safe gradient or else retaining walls will be
of competitive prices) and negotiation (for projects of urgent and/or highly specialized in nature, a higher required to ensure the stability of the slopes
the project cost and is only justified under special circumstances) 2. Land Matters • important factors for construction particularly when the proposed
3. Criteria of Selection site has encroached upon private lots
• cost (should not deviate too much from the market price and that required by other 3. Environmental Impact • public consultation may be required • a number of alternatives and layouts
qualified offerers), competence (relevant job experience, availability of sufficient managerial, professional should be proposed for consideration
and technical staff) and reliability (past performance - past clients, financial status - contractor banker 4. Timing of Construction • important factors to be considered are the availability of funds, the priority
reference & present engagement) status of the project, and its integration with other projects
4. Method of Directing 5. Cost and Period of Construction • project should make sufficient provisions for the site investigation,
• a clear and effective directing is vital for a successful project detailed design and construction
• define the principle project requirements precisely on the scope of works, the standard 6. Aesthetics • achieve a structure which presents a stable, simple and elegant facade harmonizing with
of quality of the completed structures, the intended capital expenditure at each stage of the surroundings and presenting no distracting features • surface texture and the colour of the finish
the project and the intended project completion date should produce pleasant feeling
• at planning stage: making comments on functional and aesthetic point of view 7. Choice of Retaining Walls • Available working space may limit the choice as where the walls are close
• pre-tender meeting: draw offerers attentions on the terms of the contract to lot boundaries or roadway • foundation soil condition has a significant influence on the choice of wall
• construction stage: oversee the project through consultants reports on the up-to-date type
progress and expenditure forecast 8. Site Investigation • to obtain geotechnical information of the ground condition • site investigation
How is management contracting used in CE industry? Advantage/drawbacks? should reveal groundwater level, soil properties and bedrock level for designing the foundation of the
Introduction : • main contractor complete construction in accordance with design, retaining walls
under consultant's control and supervision 9. Detailing • Joints are required to minimize the effects of temperature changes and
A: • contractor's knowledge of construction method brought early and fully in design • advise on practical shrinkage, and because of construction stages • Adequate drainage provisions behind the retaining walls
implication of design and constructability • most works undertaken by sub-contractors • overlapping are also important to lower the groundwater level
design and construction, time saved, early completion • enhances design and construction quality • can 10. Conclusion • Engineer should make good use of his engineering knowledge and
incorporate latest design concepts and material usage experience in planning and designing the retaining walls so as to minimize the amount of
D: • not a lump sum contract • risk to employer who has no contractual relationship with subcontractors difficulties during construction
• difficult to fix a fee, commencement date, construction period Discuss Importance of Site Experience to a Design Engineer
and rate of liquidated damage • contractual disputes more complicated Introduction • needs the design theories and concept gained from his design experience to support his
Advantage/drawbacks for Lump Sum and Remeasurement decision and judgement during the construction stage
Lump Sum - • Fixed contract prices, contractor carry out works shown on dwg and specs for that sum • Technical Aspects
Contractor responsible for assessment of all costs to fulfill specified requirements 1. Construction Difficulties • able to foresee various kinds of construction difficulties and try to
LS (A): • Exact tender sum can be estimated • best for expeditious construction • no great risk to its minimize them during the design stage
construction • no large/numerous alterations • avoid detailed accounting and measuring work • clear 2. Construction Sequence • recognition of the construction sequence for civil engineering works is very
straightforward job to contractor • no need to produce BQ important because it tells the designer the behaviour of the structure according to its loading sequence •
LS (D):• Works need to be specified and dimension •suited for above-ground structures •increase time Knowing the various construction methods before undergoing a design is also an advantage since each
for preparation of tender documents •not flexible to alteration/addition during construction method of construction has its own limitations or requirements
Re - • Consists of BQ with detailed lists of items of work required to be done with approx. quantities • 3. Incompatibility in Design • designer only plans the works on the drawings with two-dimensional scale
Total tender sum = individual items, item on lump sum and provisional sum items. • problems will happen such as obstruction and inadequate working spacings for construction •
Re (A): • Tenderer can easily assess effect of difficulties and risk to be encountered • contractor take less congestion of utilities
risk thus give rise of competitive tenders and lower cost to employer • suitable for well-defined works but 4. Site Conditions • highly relies on the available survey plans to carry out the design works but the
accurate quantities cannot be predicted such as ground conditions survey plans may be outdated • experienced design engineer will arrange an initial survey to determine
Re (D): • No fixed total sum • risk that final contract sum is unknown and lead to financial difficulty to the existing ground profile to facilitate his design works
employer • may lead to disagreement on measured quantities if method of measurement not well 5. Materials • Some materials service with the same functions but different in cost & difficulties
defined 6. Construction Problems • proficient engineer will also foresee the construction problems to be
Procedure for submitting claim under GCC? encountered
Notice of Claim: • Statement showing contractor’s intention to claim and sent in writing to CM after Administrative
happening of event 1. Cost of Works • select the usage of economic materials but yet serving the same purpose • arrange the
EOT: • Give cause and probable extent of delay • keep contemporary records to support claims works into positions that will fit the arrangement of contractors’ resources
EOT item: • inclement weather • tropical cyclone No. 8 • ambiguities of contract documents • VO • 2. Contract Documents • can write the specification of the trades or operations that he knows most well
substantial increase of quantity • late possession of site • utility undertakers • NSC as that the specification is practical and materials and workmanship is up to standard • itemise different
Extra Payment: • Serve contractual provision upon which claim is based • contemporary records in form operations of the construction systematically in the Bill of Quantities so that
of labour, material, plant different types of works can be measured up easily
Extra Payment Item: • Instruction clarifying ambiguities of contract doc • setting out error • extra testing 3. Programme of Works • can estimate more accurately the duration of each component of construction
• removal of unsatisfactory material supplied by Employer • damage due to excepted risk (war, terrorists, activities required
riot, default by Engineer/Employer, occupation by the Employer) • substantial change in BQ • late 4. Safety Aspects • design engineer should not only rely on the functional requirement but
possession of site • VO • opening up for inspection • extra testing also depends on the safety and stability for short and long term need • incorporate some clauses
Advantage/drawbacks for allow contractor submit alternative proposals for the provision of safety personnel equipments and measures in order to enforce the contractor to
Intro: • different options available in achieving the same purpose • tenderers who are experienced in provide a safe, health and welfare environment to all personnel on the site
construction technology may have different ideas to engineering solution to suit available resources and 5. Miscellaneous Design Details • shall observe various construction details • consider the
expertise • client gain benefit in cost saving and early completion of improved product suitability of their use in various conditions
A: • better ideas in the use of new construction methods & materials • enhancing the local construction Conclusion • mostly caused by insufficient understanding of the real site conditions and construction
industry • contractor in a better position to solve site problems & can organise a more realistic works sequence in details as well as the materials used
programme and control the activities • contractor can offer to construct the work at competitive price Financial Implications of Decisions made by Civ. Engineers as Designers and Contractors is Crucial
while maintaining functional requirement and quality of the works • can attract tenderers to bring in Introduction: • Different ways to tackle a problem would have different financial implications • If
advance technology (better materials and more efficient construction method) financial implications are not appreciated by engineers, financial control will lose and incur additional
D: • increase the tender period and delay the project commencement • proposals are prepared and monetary burden for the promoter
assessed hastily => disputes and claims • Engineer may not have the expertise to check and supervise As Designer: • In some cases, though the budget is met, the work may have a high maintenance cost
these works • difficult and costly to find another contractor to carry out outstanding works if contractor’s •Designers have to understand the mutual relationship or conflicts between construction cost and
failure to perform the contract • may have hidden problems (expensive maintenance cost) maintenance cost • Civil engineers should fully understand what the promoter is looking for before
Procedures for Submission: • should submit conforming tender with alternative bid • give clear finalising the decision
instructions, details of the requirements and relevant information to the contractors • may extend tender As Contractors: • Contractors are looking for profit and goodwill • If a site agent is not understand the
period for tenderers' preparation of submissions • coverage include: preliminary design, proposed financial implication of the decisions he made, whatever the works can be finished in time the profit
method of construction, works programme, plant schedule, method of payment, cost estimate, would not be high • Contractors should also possess the talent and qualities as designers and understand
specifications the cost
Procedures for Assessment: • check for correctness and compliance • detailed discussion with individual elements in design
tenderers • check on technical, economical and environmental feasibility • check future maintenance Training: • Training should be provided for the building up of such knowledge for civil engineers
cost and appearance • channel the interest of all parties • client should be kept informed of the situation Conclusion: • Irrespective what role civil engineers play, they should be sensitive to financial matters and
• final recommendation shall have the ability to make an appropriate decision
Conclusion: • compare all the factors • no trade off with the lowering of quality and safety standard • Civil Engineers Call Themselves Manager but few become Leaders. Discuss Qualities which make
check feasibility on technical and functional requirements, overall economy and environmental impact • Manager into Leader
improved quality of works and reduce contractual claims • necessary to establish systematic approach Introduction • Change of job nature makes an engineer become a manager • Observe that few becomes
and procedures for assessment of alternatives to ensure most benefits can be obtained leaders
Budget Overruns and Late Completion Quality Making Manager into Leader
1. Introduction: • budget overrun affects developer cash flow, delay extends disturbance to public, delay 1. Good management skills • Organisation power • Planning power: proactive and reactive approach •
unforeseen of related facilities • unfortunately, the two often happen together • discuss the reasons and Controlling power • Communication and presentation skills • Analytical power

Challenges of civil engineering and methods

Select of contract (Formal agreement, legal binding right and obligation of party)
Gender/Diversity: unequal pay, discrimination, unconscious biascompany policy – adopt
Nature of project: level of certainty, building (high), tunnel (low)
diversity/inclusion to core value, flexible working hours, tender. Climate Change: extreme weather/raising
Degree of certainty: unforeseen ground condition,
sea level (flood)innovative design, drainage improvement works. Resources Shortage: promote recycling.
Risk Allocation:
Cyber Secuity: cyber attack, lost of data, disclose confidential document internet improvement
Project commissioning: design and build if tight
 Importance of Communication Design and Build (state performance requirement for project)
improve efficiency and effectiveness. Form: written/verbal Adv: design no need finalised, concentrate on project management
poor communication – waste resource, abortive works, delay of progress, contractual claims advise construction technique and programmes best fit, reduce cost, efficiency, profit, suit the
improvement : attend course (written, presentation, discussion), use of visual aids, set up effective communication system design. DisA: deviate from initial plan, appoint technical checker, difficult to take up, legal
liability to the design

2. Technical competence • Directing professionals • Business relating to ever-changing technology • Costs: • Increased cost of production • Increased demand on public expenditure
Representing the fame of the company 4. Conclusion • Increased R&D to develop new processes for treatment disposal and recycling
3. Comprehensive working experience: • Working against difficulties • Facing new challenges • Reaction • Improved environment and waste reduction • Increased taxes and prices to meet investment costs but
with sudden impact/unforeseen situation indirect economic benefits to society • Potential reduction in development if penalties are prohibitive •
4. Good personality profile: • Self-motivated • Diligent and enthusiasm to work • Dare to face challenges Increased capital investment in all areas of water/wastewater/pollution control industry
• Reliable and impartial • Willing to learn to continuously develop professionalism • Awareness to current How public attitude be changed to support the move towards sustainable development
affair Introduction: • 3 SD has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without
5. Leadership • Motivate staff• Allocate resources• Delegate powers • Interpersonal Relationship compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Conclusion • Summary of the five qualities • Some developed through working experience and some Importance of SD: • importance of the SD leads to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living
belong to personal instinct • Should work harder and learn more • Should show talents when having standards, better protected and managed ecosystem, a safe and more prosperous future • raising
opportunities • Maybe in one day, could become a leader! awareness through education, R & D and enforcing env. regulation by government
How effective delegation of responsibility can be achieved Raising Public Awareness: • mass media : newspaper, advertisement and television is an effective
• Clarify the delegated task • Select the most suitable person • Prepare the delegate • Facilitate the instrument in increasing public awareness on SD
delegatee's work • Ensure appropriate degree of control • Complete the delegation with feedback - public participation and support: public can reflect their opinions through public participation and
Compare Q. Assurance & Q. Control. Benefit to Client, Designer and Contractor support, for example, forums
Introduction: • QA - "all activities and functions concerned with the attainment of quality" • QA Education: • Education increases the public understanding on the causes and sources of environmental
encompasses quality control, record keeping, providing work instructions and staff training • QA includes problems
QC, QC concerns final product, QA concerns also the production process R&D : • cheaper and more environmental friendly products will be developed
Client: • Assured quality by elimination of human error • Recorded results give evidence to quality • Enforcing Environmental Regulation: • through the implementation of this regulations, people can
Minimise possibility of budget over-run • Reduction of cost for maintenance & repair realise that they bear responsibilities to the conservation of the environment
Designer: • Minimise abortive work due to uncertain reliability of input information • Documentation of Conclusion: • CE have important role in achieving sustainable solutions to the problems and pressures
practice achieve technical advancement (e.g. improvement of spec. and empirical formulae) • Time caused by development • Public/professionals should be educated to appreciate the benefits of SD
saving for follow-up action Sustainability
Contractor: • Better planning and enhanced control over supplier and sub-contractor • Increase Economic • A whole life costs including Cost Benefit Ratio. (For Road, accident and journey time can be
profitability by reduction of defective work and idling time • Good reputation converted to the cost if happened)
Conclusion: • QA assures, with great confidence, quality of finished products • QA, including QC, is a Social • Improve local communities with mobility and comfort
comprehensive way to assure quality • the Client, the Engineer and the Contractor can yield far better Environment • Reduce and recycle material, waste and pollution
returns if QA is properly planned and implemented Equality and Diversity
How should the Environmental Impacts of Public Works Projects be Assessed and Evaluation of Merits Introduction • identify ways that people are different • show an awareness of personal assumptions and
of such Projects attitudes • understand differing types of discrimination
Introduction: • traditionally projects evaluated by technical feasibility studies and cost-benefit analysis • Equality • equal rights and treatment to all individuals’
growing consciousness for environmental protection • comprehensive assessment of environmental Diversity • difference from what is normal or expected • valuing the differences between people and the
impacts • expected benefits of projects may be jeopardised by creation of new environmental problems ways in which those differences can contribute to a richer, more creative and more productive working
or aggravation of existing ones environment • respecting race, culture, region, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, ethnicity,
General Approach of Environmental Impact Assessment: • air, noise, water, biological, cultural and disability, health, religion
socio-economic • consider construction and operation stages • risk analysis required for assessment of Types of Discrimination
the probability of abnormal situation • EIA consists of four stages Positive Discrimination • giving advantage to groups ie ethnic, sex, disability
1. Identification of EI Direct Discrimination • treating somebody less favourably on the grounds of their sex, race eg. Bullying,
• identify possible impacts • air, water and noise reflected from physical or chemical parameters • harassment or exclusion
measurable for assessment and comparison • biological by flora, fauna and ecology • cultural on Indirect Discrimination • Applying an apparently general rule which in practice disadvantages one sex,
archaeological sites, tombs and fung-shui • socio-economic include changes in land use pattern, visual race etc
intrusion and traffic disruption How to promote diversity • education programme • awareness • open forum for discussion • anonymise
2. Establishment of Environmental Baseline applications • Make diversity a visible part of your organisation and brand
• establish the existing status of the environmental characteristics • future variations should be predicted BIM – Building Information Modelling
in the absence of the project • extensive modelling and study required • process to manage model information through the same data platformfor the whole life cycle from
3. Assessment of Impacts conceptual planning to demolition
• assess the severity of the EI • consider construction and operation of the project • attention paid to • BIM Tools: Civil 3D (Road and UU Design Model), REVIT (UU and Structure Design Model), Navisworks
environmentally sensitive areas (Clash Detection and 4D – Construction Sequence, 5D – Quantity and Cost)
4. Proposal of Mitigation Measures Cause and Effect: • For this reason • Hence • Thus • Therefore • Under this arrangement • In such cases
• impact abatement measures and revision of the project should be considered • Environmental • Unfortunately • In this connection • Based on the above considerations • With regards to •
Guidelines for Planning in HK provide guidance • noise barriers and planting zones • monitoring Consequently • As a result
programme of checking effectiveness of mitigation measures Comparison/Contrast: • However • Otherwise • Although • In parallel • On the other hand • Apart from
Evaluation of the Merits of Public Works Projects • Despite • Regardless • In general • In order to
1. Option Evaluation • alternative solutions for projects • designer not only consider financial and Sequence: • Furthermore • In addition • Moreover • Finally • Lastly • To conclude • Above all • To
functional performance but also the environmental impact potential • quantitative approach for the summarise • Besides
evaluation is desirable • facilitates interpretation of results and decision making • involves subjective Example: • In one example • For instance • For example
judgement and importance of different impacts and severity of impacts • assign weight to environmental Time/Location: • In recent years • In the past • Meanwhile • Since
impact to reflect its importance and influence to the environment • assign rate to impact to reflect its BEAM PLUS (Building Environmental Assessment Method)
severity • multiple of rate and weight gives a score to reflect the relative indication of the environmental • rating tool for green building to plan, build and create a green building with a lower environmental
impact potential • environmental impact potential taken into account apart from technical feasibility impacts by using fewer resources such as energy, water and material
study and cost-benefit analysis • embrace a range of whole-life approach good practices including planning, design, construction,
2. Overall Project Evaluation • sound judgement of the intangible impacts is called for • associated costs commissioning, completion, operation, maintenance and management.
for the mitigation and monitoring measures should be included in the cost benefit analysis • can be •
quantified into capital and recurrent costs Climate Change
Conclusion • systematic approach • mitigation and monitoring measures be considered • results of • Power generation – nuclear power
environmental impact assessment form one of the basis for scheme appraisal • significance of impacts • Transport – CO2 emission but demand is ongoing, alternative powering vehicles (electricity) with more
considered in evaluating of the overall merits of a project efficient battery and battery charging
• Building – greenhouse gas emission (lighting, power, heating, cooling)
Designer take account of Safety during Construction, Operation and Removal of Works • reducing greenhouse gas – 1. changes in energy production (renewable energy resources – solar, wind,
Introduction • Occurrence of accident would result in injury, fatality and tremendous economic loss • In hydro). 2. Improvement in energy-efficiency (hybrid car) 3. Reduce GHG by social means (public transport
order to enhance safety during construction, operation and subsequent removal of the works, designers Responsibilities for safety on construction site of different parties
should adopt the following ways: consider different alternative proposals, provide sufficient safety Employer – invest extra cost and time to enhance safety performance on site (Pay for Safety Scheme),
measures in their design, insert safety clauses in the contract documents insurance have been obtained, clear liability for safety in contract documents
Actions to enhance site safety during construction: Professional representative – Designer advising various aspects of site safety during design stage,
• Choice of alternatives: consider all alternative proposals which will pose minimum safety problems for imposing restriction on works sequence, past performance on safety as tender assessment. At
the workers • Construction techniques: impose restriction on the construction techniques • Preparation Construction stage: ensure contractor take necessary measures on safety protection, review method
of contract documents: insert clauses requiring contractors to observe statutory requirements regard to statement and supervise temporary works construction.
site safety, submit safety plan, include a pay for Safety Scheme in the contract documents, temporary Contractor – maintain a safe working environment, appoint qualified safety officer, provide safety
works designs are checked and certified by an ICE training, review safety performance and modified for continuous improvement.
Action to enhance site safety during operation: Workers – obey the instruction and safety regulation, keep an eye on colleague and any report any near
• Structural safety, User safety, Operation and maintenance staff safety, Operation and maintenance misses, attend safety training course.
manual Poor Safety record
Actions to enhance safety during removal of works: Due to complexity of project and hazardous environment, lack of positive preventive measures
• assess the degree of risk during removal of works, instruction manual outlining the operating and •Workers attitude – unaware of danger, uncooperative, unwilling to get changed, work as fast as possible
monitoring measures for removal of works, as-built records could earn more
Conclusions: • Designer should play an active part to ensure the safety aspect both in construction, •Contractors attitude – expensive for safety measures, not help for production, tight works schedule (not
operation and removal of works • incorporate sufficient provisions in the contract documents • design provide training – in order to achieve higher profit
works should accord suitable standards with appropriate safety margins • provide proper safety Steps taken to improve the situation
provisions for maintenance and repair works • take account of safety issues during removal procedures •Provide sufficient training and education – compulsory formal training, introducing unsafe act and
Forms of Pollutions environment, proper usage of PPE and, Promote safety at mass media.
1. Introduction • Growing concern to protect the environment gives rise to increased regulations to •Rectify contractor’s attitude – once accident occurs, need to investigate, bear medical expenses,
control pollution • Observations to these regulations resulted in great monetary costs and manpower insurance, loss in production, suspended for investigation (not entitled)
deployment, and personal liberty may also be restricted to some extent •train up more safety officers
2. Forms of Pollution Air • traffic exhaust, power stations, industrial processes, VOCs • acid rain • noise •increase safety inspection
from construction, industry and traffic Water Retaining Structure
Water • effluent to rivers and sea • discharges/ spillage to groundwater • surface water run •retention, exclusion and storage of water – watertightness and durability
Land • sludge disposal • landfill of domestic refuse, industrial waste, construction waste •Design – Limiting the crack width (BS8007) 0.2mm, crack due to thermal and flexural bending. Use low
3. Consequences of Observing Pollution Control Regulations content of cement (lower heat generated), sufficient amount of reinforcement to limit tensile strain
Benefits: • Conserving and improving the Environment • Enhancement of human health • Promoting (closely placed bar with smaller diameter). Movement Joint – waterstop (rubber high water pressure,
technology development • Improving the image of government and promoting international cooperation joint filler, joint sealant expandable, material – use of Pulverised fuel ash replace cement (less heat

Challenges of civil engineering and methods

Select of contract (Formal agreement, legal binding right and obligation of party)
Gender/Diversity: unequal pay, discrimination, unconscious biascompany policy – adopt
Nature of project: level of certainty, building (high), tunnel (low)
diversity/inclusion to core value, flexible working hours, tender. Climate Change: extreme weather/raising
Degree of certainty: unforeseen ground condition,
sea level (flood)innovative design, drainage improvement works. Resources Shortage: promote recycling.
Risk Allocation:
Cyber Secuity: cyber attack, lost of data, disclose confidential document internet improvement
Project commissioning: design and build if tight
 Importance of Communication Design and Build (state performance requirement for project)
improve efficiency and effectiveness. Form: written/verbal Adv: design no need finalised, concentrate on project management
poor communication – waste resource, abortive works, delay of progress, contractual claims advise construction technique and programmes best fit, reduce cost, efficiency, profit, suit the
improvement : attend course (written, presentation, discussion), use of visual aids, set up effective communication system design. DisA: deviate from initial plan, appoint technical checker, difficult to take up, legal
liability to the design

generated)

Challenges of civil engineering and methods

Select of contract (Formal agreement, legal binding right and obligation of party)
Gender/Diversity: unequal pay, discrimination, unconscious biascompany policy – adopt
Nature of project: level of certainty, building (high), tunnel (low)
diversity/inclusion to core value, flexible working hours, tender. Climate Change: extreme weather/raising
Degree of certainty: unforeseen ground condition,
sea level (flood)innovative design, drainage improvement works. Resources Shortage: promote recycling.
Risk Allocation:
Cyber Secuity: cyber attack, lost of data, disclose confidential document internet improvement
Project commissioning: design and build if tight