Differential Equations

In Mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that contains one or more

functions with its derivatives. The derivatives of the function define the rate of change of a
function at a point. It is mainly used in fields such as engineering, physics, biology and so on.
The primary purpose of the differential equation is the study of solutions that satisfy the
equations and the properties of the solutions.

A differential equation is an ordinary differential equation (ODE) if the unknown

function depends on only one independent variable. If the unknown function depends on two
or more independent variables, the differential equation is a partial differential equation
(PDE).

Observe that Equations (1.1) through (1.4) are examples, of ordinary differential
equations, since the unknown function y depends solely on the variable x. Equation (1.5) is a
partial differential equation, since y depends on both the independent variables t and x.

Order of a Differential Equation

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in
the equation.

Notice that in equation (1.1) is a first-order differential equation; (1.2), (1.4), and (1.5)
are second-order differential equations. On the other hand, equation (1.3) is a third-order
differential equation.

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

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Degree of Differential Equation

The degree of the differential equation is represented by the power of the highest order
derivative in the given differential equation.

The differential equation must be a polynomial equation in derivatives for the degree to be
defined.

Example 1:

Here, the exponent of the highest order derivative is one and the given differential equation
is a polynomial equation in derivatives. Hence, the degree of this equation is 1.

Example 2:

The order of this equation is 3 and the degree is 2 as the highest derivative is of order 3 and
the exponent raised to the highest derivative is 2.

Example 3:

Here we eliminate the radical sign. Squaring both sides, we get:

The order of the differential equation is 2 and its degree is 3.

NOTATION

The expressions y’,y’’,y’’’,y(4),…y(n) are often used to represent, respectively, the first,
second, third, fourth…,nth derivative of y with respect to the independent variable under
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦
consideration. Thus, y’’ represents if the independent variable is x. Observe that
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
parentheses are used in y(n) to distinguish it from the nth power. If the independent variable
is time, usually denoted by t, primes are often replaced by dots. Thus, 𝑦𝑦̇ , 𝑦𝑦,̈ 𝑦𝑦⃛ represent dy/dt,
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 3 𝑦𝑦
2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3 , 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡

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SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A solution is a function y=f(x) that satisfies the differential equation when f and its derivatives
are substituted into the equation.

Examples:
𝟑𝟑
1. Verify that 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙− 𝟐𝟐 is a solution to the differential equation 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′′ + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏′ + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎.

Solution:

Getting the first and second derivative of y:

3
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
5
3
𝑦𝑦′ = − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
2
5 3 7 15 − 7
𝑦𝑦′′ = �− � �− � 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2
2 2 4

Substituting the first and second derivative obtained above to the differential equation:

5
−2
15 − 7 3 3
4𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑥𝑥 2 � + 12𝑥𝑥 �− 𝑥𝑥 � + 3 �𝑥𝑥− 2 � = 0
4 2

7 5 3
�15𝑥𝑥 − 2 � (𝑥𝑥 2 ) − (18𝑥𝑥) �𝑥𝑥 − 2 � + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
3 3 3
�15𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 � − 18𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0

3 3
18𝑥𝑥 − 2 − 18𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0

0=0
3
Thus , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 is a solution to the differential equation 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦′′ + 12𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ + 3𝑦𝑦 = 0.

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

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2. Verify that 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 is a solution to the equation 𝒚𝒚′′′ − 𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚′ + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎.

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦, 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′ = −2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′′ = 4𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′′′ = −8𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥

Substituting y’, and y’’’ into the differential equation:

�−8𝑒𝑒−2𝑥𝑥 � − 3�−2𝑒𝑒−2𝑥𝑥 � + 2�𝑒𝑒−2𝑥𝑥 � = 0

−8𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 = 0

0=0

Thus, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 is a solution to the equation 𝑦𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0.

𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙
3. Verify that 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 is a solution to the differential equation + 𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎.
𝒅𝒅𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐
Getting the first and second derivative of the x, we have:

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥′′ = −𝑘𝑘 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Substituting x and x’’ to the equation:

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2
−𝑘𝑘 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑘𝑘 2 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = 0
0=0

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
Thus, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is a solution to the equation + 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑥𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

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ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT

PROPERTIES

• The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary constants.

• The differential equation is consistent with the relation.
• The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.

Eliminate the arbitrary constant/s of the following to obtain the differential equation.

1. 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚

Since there are three arbitrary constants, we need to differentiate the given equation to
obtain a differential equation with an order of 3.

𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚
𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃
𝒚𝒚′′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑦𝑦′′′ = 0
2. 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑪𝑪
Since there is only one arbitrary constant, we have to differentiate the given
equation to obtain a differential equation with an order of 1.

𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶
3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3[𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦′ + 𝑦𝑦(2𝑥𝑥)] = 0
3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦′ − 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
− 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦′ = 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦′ =
− 3𝑥𝑥 2
3𝑥𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦′ =
− 3𝑥𝑥 2
(2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦′ = −
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦′ =
𝑥𝑥

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3. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

Since there are two arbitrary constants, we have to differentiate the equation two times
to obtain a differential equation with an order of 2.

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′ = 3𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′′ = 9𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

We need to eliminate 𝑐𝑐2 :

(−3)[𝑦𝑦′] = [3𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 ](−3)

−3𝑦𝑦′ = −9𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,

−3𝑦𝑦′ = −9𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

+ 𝑦𝑦′′ = 9𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′′ − 3𝑦𝑦′ = 0

4. 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝐶

Since there is only one arbitrary constant, we have to differentiate the equation once to
obtain a differential equation with an order of 1.

𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝐶

[𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑦𝑦′)] − [𝑥𝑥(2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′) + 𝑦𝑦 2 (1)] = 𝐶𝐶

𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦′𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 0

𝑦𝑦′𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 0

𝑦𝑦′(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) + 𝑦𝑦(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑦𝑦) = 0

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) + 𝑦𝑦(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑦𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) + 𝑦𝑦(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑦𝑦)� = [0]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

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FAMILIES OF CURVES

A set of curves whose equations are of the same form but which have different values
assigned to one or more parameters.

Examples:

1. Find the differential equation by the families of line with slope and y-intercept equal.
SOLUTION:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏 ; m=b
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑏𝑏

Then,
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ′ + 𝑦𝑦′ − 𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑦𝑦 ′ (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − 𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − 𝑦𝑦� = [0]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0

2. Find the differential equation of the family of straight lines with slope and x-intercept
equal.
SOLUTION:
Slope intercept form of a line is expressed as:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏
In x-intercept, y=0:
0 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥 = −
𝑚𝑚
Since x-intercept and slope are equal (x=m):
𝑏𝑏
𝑚𝑚 = −
𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏 = −𝑚𝑚2
So,
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦′𝑥𝑥 − (𝑦𝑦′)2
(𝑦𝑦′)2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ + 𝑦𝑦 = 0

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 3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles having their center on the x-axis.
SOLUTION:
(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑟𝑟 2
2(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ) + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = 0
𝑥𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = 0
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = ℎ
1 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑦𝑦 ′′ ) + 𝑦𝑦 ′ (𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 0
1 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦𝑦 ′ )2 = 0

4. Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of ellipses having center at origin.
SOLUTION:

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2
+ =1
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 2

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 2
2𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑎2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝒙𝒙𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟎𝟎->1st derivative

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑:

𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 (𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 0
Since, we have differentiated the equation twice, an arbitrary constant b still appears.
To eliminate the remaining arbitrary constant, isolate b, then plug it in the 1st
derivative:
𝑏𝑏 2 = −𝑎𝑎2 [𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′′ + (𝑦𝑦′)2 ]
2 [𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′′ + (𝑦𝑦′)2 ]} + 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥𝑥{−𝑎𝑎
−𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥[𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′′ + (𝑦𝑦′)2 ] + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0

−𝑥𝑥[𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′′ + (𝑦𝑦′)2 ] + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = 0

−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′′ − 𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦′)2 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = 0

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′′ + 𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦′)2 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦′ = 0

Reference: Bronson, Richard, and Costa, Gabriel. Schaum’s Outline: Differential Equations.
United States: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. Print

Prepared by:
Engr. Axel M. Gayondato, LPT
Instructor, College of Engineering and Architecture

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

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 PART 2: SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES

 You may want to visit the following YouTube videos to supplement your learnings:

YouTube Video Title YouTube Video URL

Order and Degree of A Differential https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
Equation (simple and easy =mO8Wge-a5k8
explanation)
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
|Differential Equations =GG2EAGvLVN0
(Tagalog/Filipino Math)
Differential Equations | Families of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
Curves (Part 1/3) =H_hBlUE0sGo

TRY THESE

I. Determine the order, degree, independent variable, dependent variable in each of

the following differential equations.

II. Solution of a differential equation

1. Determine whether 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 is a solution of y”+2y’+y=0.
2. Determine whether y(x)=1 is a solution of y’’+2y’+y=x.
3. Determine that 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0.

III. Eliminate the arbitrary constant/s of the following to obtain the differential
equation.
1. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐1 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (Use elimination method)
2. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
3. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐵𝐵)

IV. Families of Curves

1. Find the differential equation of family of straight lines passing through the origin.
2. Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of parabolas having their vertices
at origin and foci on y-axis.
3. Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of circles with center at y-axis.
4. Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of circles with fixed radius “r”
and tangent to the x-axis. (Note that: h is an arbitrary constant, and r is a parameter)

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

9|PAGE
Answer Keys:

Part I:

a. Third order, first degree, the independent variable is y; and the dependent variable is
x.
b. Second order, first degree, the independent variable is t; and the dependent variable
is y.
c. Second order, first degree, the independent variable is s; and the dependent variable
is t.
d. Fourth order, fifth degree, the independent variable is p; and the dependent variable
is b.

Part II:

1. y(x) is a solution.
2. No, y(x)=1 is not a solution.
3. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 is a solution.

Part III:

1. 𝒚𝒚′′ − 𝒚𝒚′ − 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎𝟎

2. 𝑥𝑥′ = −𝜔𝜔2 𝑥𝑥
3. 𝑥𝑥′′ = −𝜔𝜔2 𝑥𝑥

Part IV:

1. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ − 𝑦𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′′ − (𝑦𝑦′)3 − 𝑦𝑦′ = 0
4. (𝑦𝑦′)2 (𝑦𝑦 ± 𝑟𝑟)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ± 2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0

MODULE 1: Introduction to Differential Equations

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