ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This project focuses on the making of a wireless bomb & fire detector. It detects any bomb and
fire in an area and signals an alarm. Here a Proximity sensor is used to detect the bomb (metal)
thermistor is usd to detect the fire. On detection, it gives the indicating signal to signal-conditioning unit.
Signal conditioning unit gives the proper input to the microcontroller. When it captures the bomb
detecting signal, it will automatically produce the beep sound by buzzer with the help of embedded
programming written into the microcontroller. Using this wireless communication, a virtual network is
created. This eliminates the complexity of wired networks and suits well for short distance
communication. By using this virtual network technique we can monitor remote actions. We have used
FM transmitter to drive a vehicle via wireless from the transmitter side.
he hidden explosive bomb detection is a non-destructive investigation practice to identify explosive
substances. It is widely deployed at airports, harbours, and sensitive areas of country specially the
border areas. The basic detection arrangements are improving at their own pace but unauthorized
movement of arms and illegal imports still happens. It is very common through vehicles by making
false voids in their fuel tank or inside door panels. The hidden voids detection is a difficult task
inside the compartments of vehicle. It is also unreliable, time consuming, and expensive. In conventional
detection systems, canines and x-rays are the most common methods. Many advancements in the
mentioned field have been proposed. This paper gives a comparative analysis of most significant
explosive detection systems for identifying vehicle voids and compartments that may
haveexplosives or illegal imports

i
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION

This is the design and construction of a microcontroller based bomb and fire alarm system with smoke

and heat detection using some sensitive electronic transducers as the device sensor and other

components which made up the circuit. This design is gotten from the design and construction

emergency light system which is aimed to secure the homes from fire, power failure and other disruptive

situation. The system is a microcontroller based design which its main core controller makes use of a

microcontroller AT89s52 to trigger the alarm unit and water sprinkler to quench fire. This device is an

active device which keeps every part of the rooms in check for fire outbreak in the home and its

environment. From many time has different homes and industries suffer fire outbreak in companies,

industries, homes and some other place where fire security is needed. Properties are now expensive that

owners protect them from many problems lie fire outbreaks, theft wired intruder alarms system are used,

rusting for metals and other destructive devices.

Fire alarm system is also called fire emergency light system where it takes care of fire outbreaks in

homes and other desired place where it is needed to controller home and office residential through some

electrical sensor like the thermistors and the light dependent resistor for smoke detection and operation.

System activations and controls are also needed to execute this operation as it helps to alerts the people

in charger of what is about to happen through smoke rising and blocking the smoke sensors (LDR) and

the ldr derive alerting the microcontroller by sending a 1/0 message to the microcontroller which

triggers the alarm system and stops when reset. This concept was used as a result of many references

gotten from other existed designs we encounter during our research work.

The performance of this project in various ways made it possible to have a high recommendation via
homes, industries and any other required place where the installation of this device is needed to perform

its operation, many companies who has suffered under this hazardous condition has carried out for such

a device to reach them at a high recommendation

1.1 Objective:
The main aim of this project is to develop a land mine detector robot using 8051 Micro
controller.

1.2 Block diagram:

BATTERY

METAL
DETECTOR BUZZER

8051 MICRO
CONTROLLER

IR RECEIVER
LCD DISPLAY
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and

perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function.
A good example is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of
millions of them are used every day, but very few people realize that a processor and
software are involved in the preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk
drives, for example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a
specific function rather; it is able to do many different things. Many people use the
term general-purpose computer to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-
purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does not know what the customer
will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server another may use it
exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American
novel.
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system.
For example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One
embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the
vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases,
these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication network, but
that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-
purpose computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my
computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive,
and sound card-each of which is an embedded system.

Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is designed to

perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be
summarized in a single sentence as well.
 If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and
software could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for
a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to
build an equivalent device that does not contain the processor and software. This
could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that
performs the same functions in hardware.

However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It

is much easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece
of custom hardware.
 CHAPTER-2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

LCD

BOMB
POWER 8051 DETECTOR
SCU1
SUPPLY MICROC
ONTROL
LER

SCU2 FIRE
SENSOR

BUZZER
DRIVER
BUZZER
2.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION:

In this project we use a robot and it is controlled by hand gestures and these hand
movements are recognized by the hand gesture technology and based on the
movement of the hand the robot is moved in the respective direction i.e. either in
forward, backward, left or right. The benefits of such robots to these operations
include reduced personnel requirements, reduced fatigue, and access to otherwise
unreachable areas. Robotic search is useful since robots may be deployed in
dangerous environments without putting human responders at risk . This project is a
prototype which is widely used for military applications

2.1.2 COMPONENTS USED:

 Micro Controller
 Power Supply Unit
 Buzzer
 Fire sensor
 Gas sensor
 Micro Controller
 Motors
 Metal Detector


.
 CHAPTER-3

implementation

modules

3.1 POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order
to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to
remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given
to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Figure 3.1 Components of a regulated power supply

3.1.1 TRANSFORMER

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the
a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level.

This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to

decrease the voltage to a required level.
3.1.2 RECTIFIER

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge
rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

3.1.3 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the
output stage.

3.1.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78
represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output
voltage levels.

3.2 ACCELEROMETER

An accelerometer is an apparatus, either mechanical or electromechanical, for

measuring acceleration or deceleration - that is, the rate of increase or decrease in the
velocity of a moving object. Accelerometers are used to measure the efficiency of the
braking systems on road and rail vehicles; those used in aircraft and spacecraft can
determine accelerations in several directions simultaneously. There are also
accelerometers for detecting vibrations in machinery.

Figure 3.2 Accelerometer

1.3Description:

This application is in the area of embedded systems.

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in
capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the
world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today. The C51 Compiler allows
you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and speed of
assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the
8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the
object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include symbol table and cross reference
information.
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash
programmable and erasable read only memory (EPROM).
This project aims at designing and executing the bomb and obstacle detection and avoidance robot. A
robot obstacle detection system including a robot housing which navigates with respect to a surface and a
sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the housing and aimed at the surface for
detecting the surface. The IR sensor is a pair sensors has a receiver and a transmitter sensor. The transmitter
sends the, and if the receiver senses any of the transmitted signal it indicates the presence of an obstacle. If the
receiver doesn’t sense any signal it indicates the absence of obstacle. If any obstacle is detected the robot will
stop.
This robot is fitted with motors. A micro controller is used to control all operations. According to
the motor operations the robot will operate as specified in program. Whenever any fire or alcohol is
detected, the Buzzer will ON.           
Circuit DIAGRAM:
 B1 U2
7805
12V
1 3
VI VO

GND
C2

2
100u

RT1 R3
10.00 PTC_NICKEL 1k
+tc

RV1
U1 R6
R1 Q1 8
P1.7 P3.7/RD
17 1k
BD131 7 16
36%

P1.6 P3.6/WR
6 15
1k P1.5 P3.5/T1
5 14
P1.4 P3.4/T0
4
P1.3 P3.3/INT1
13 BUZ1
10k 3 12
P1.2 P3.2/INT0
2 11
P1.1/T2EX P3.1/TXD
1 10
P1.0/T2 P3.0/RXD
BUZZER
28
P2.7/A15
R4 P2.6/A14
27
1k 31
EA P2.5/A13
26 C1
30 25 10u
ALE P2.4/A12
29 24
PSEN P2.3/A11
23
P2.2/A10
22
P2.1/A9
21
P2.0/A8
9 32 R9
RV2 RST P0.7/AD7
33
P0.6/AD6
34 R10 1k
P0.5/AD5
R2 Q2 P0.4/AD4
35 R8 Q3
BD131 18 36 2N3904
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3 1k
0%

1k X1 P0.2/AD2
37 1k R7
38 R11 220r
P0.1/AD1
19
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
39 R5
10k 1k 10k
AT89C52
CRYSTAL
1

Q4
TORCH_LDR
RL1 D1
LED-RED

LDR1
2

2N3904

12V
2. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
IMPLEMENTATION
MODULES

Metal Detector:
A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent.
The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current
that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive
metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating
magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a
magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected.
The first industrial metal detectors were developed in the 1960s and were used extensively for
mining and other industrial applications. Uses include de-mining (the detection of land mines), the
detection of weapons such as knives and guns, especially in airport security, geophysical prospecting,
archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in
the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls
and floors.

The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1930s. Gerhard Fisher had
developed a system of radio direction-finding, which was to be used for accurate navigation.
The system worked extremely well, but Fisher noticed that there were anomalies in areas where
the terrain contained ore-bearing rocks.
3.4 RESISTORS:
A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used for either
controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for
many applications. There are various types of resistors, which can be classified according to a number of
factors depending upon:
 Material used for fabrication
 Wattage and physical size
 Intended application
 Ambient temperature rating
 Cost
Basically the resistor can be split in to the following four parts from the construction view point.
(1) Base
(2) Resistance element
(3) Terminals
(4) Protective means.
The following characteristics are inherent in all resistors and may be controlled by design
considerations and choice of material i.e. Temperature co–efficient of resistance, Voltage co–efficient of
resistance, high frequency characteristics, power rating, tolerance & voltage rating of resistors. Resistors
may be classified as
(1) Fixed
(2) Semi variable
(3) Variable resistor.

3.5 CAPACITORS:
The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separated by a dielectric
material is given by:-
C=0.08854KA/D
Where: -
 C= capacitance in pf.
K= dielectric constant
A=Area per plate in square cm.
D=Distance between two plates in cm
Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of application.
The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various classes like Mica, Glass, air,
ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant. It changes
with temperature, frequency and aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies
only at specified temperature and at low frequencies.

3.6 LED (Light Emitting Diodes):

As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased. Charge carrier
recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side cross the junction and recombine with the
holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the
lower valence band on the P side. During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of
heat and light. In the case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phoshide
(Gap) and Gallium arsenide phoshide (GaAsP) a greater percentage of energy is released during
recombination and is given out in the form of light. LED emits no light when junction is reverse biased.

Fire detector:
A fire detector works by detecting smoke and/or heat. These devices respond to the presence
of smoke or extremely high temperatures that are present with a fire. After the device has been
activated, it will send a signal to the alarm system to perform the programmed response for that zone

Gas detector

A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Based
on the concentration of the gas the sensor produces a corresponding potential difference by changing
the resistance of the material inside the sensor, which can be measured as output voltage
3.7 BUZZER:
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in cars or
anything electronic, household appliances such as microwave ovens, or game shows.
It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control
unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually
illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form
of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound.

Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an
electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were
anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another
implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC
current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to an 8-ohm
speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder which
makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the
pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system" because when one person signals
("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signalling. Several game shows have large buzzer
buttons which are identified as "plungers".

3.8 BATTERY:
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by
Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial
applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in
sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger
batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

3.9 IR SENSORS:

Object Detection using IR:

It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to send infra red
light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor.
Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For detecting the reflected IR light,
we are going to use a very original technique: we are going to use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light
that was emitted from another led of the exact same type. This is an electrical property of Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led Produce a voltage difference across its leads when it is
subjected to light. As if it was a photo-cell, but with much lower output current. In other words, the
voltage generated by the leds can't be - in any way - used to generate electrical power from light, It can
barely be detected. that's why as you will notice in the schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp
(operational Amplifier) to accurately detect very small voltage changes.
 The sender is composed of an IR LED (D2) in series with a 470 Ohm resistor, yielding a
forward current of 7.5mA. The receiver part is more complicated, the 2 resistors R5 and R6 form a
voltage divider which provides 2.5V at the anode of the IR LED (here, this led will be used as a sensor).
When IR light falls on the LED (D1), the voltage drop increases, the cathode's voltage of D1 may go as
low as 1.4V or more, depending on the light intensity. This voltage drop can be detected using an Op-
Amp (operational Amplifier LM358).
You will have to adjust the variable resistor (POT.) R8 so the the voltage at the positive input of
the Op-Amp (pin No. 5) would be somewhere near 1.6 Volt. if you understand the functioning of Op-
Amps, you will notice that the output will go High when the volt at the cathode of D1 drops under 1.6.
So the output will be High when IR light is detected, which is the purpose of the receiver.
If the +ve input's voltage is higher than the -ve input's voltage, the output goes High (5v, given
the supply voltage in the schematic), otherwise, if the +ve input's voltage is lower than the -ve input's
voltage, then the output of the Op-Amp goes to Low (0V). It doesn't matter how big is the difference
between the +ve and -ve inputs, even a 0.0001 volts difference will be detected, and the the output will
swing to 0v or 5v according to which input has a higher voltage.
code

4.1 SOURCE CODE:

#include<reg51.h>
sbit lmotorp=P2^0;
sbit lmotorn=P2^1;
sbit fire=P3^7;
sbit rmotorp=P2^3;
sbit rmotorn=P2^4;
sbit buzz=P1^0;
main()
{
unsigned int i;
P2=0x00;
P1=0x00;
fire=1;
 buzz=1;
while(1)
{
rmotorp=1;lmotorp=1;lmotorn=rmotorn=0;
if(fire==1)
{
buzz=0; for(i=0;i<20000;i++);buzz=1;
rmotorp=lmotorp=lmotorn=rmotorn=0;
//for(i=0;i<=60000;i++);
}while(fire==1);
}
}

a. 4).

The first microprocessor introduced in 1981/1971, was made possible by high levels of
integration of digital circuits. Continued integration of peripherals and memory on the same integrated
circuit as the microprocessor core led to the creation of micro controllers. A micro controller is an
integrated circuit composed of a CPU, various peripheral devices, and typically memory, all in one chip.
Using one chip that contains all the necessary functions in place of a microprocessor and multiple
peripheral chips has reduced the size and the power consumption of control oriented applications.
A micro controller is different from a microprocessor both in hardware and software. In
hardware it includes peripherals such as I/O, memory, and analog and digital interface. Micro controllers
are more suited for small applications with specific control functions requiring specialized peripherals
and interfaces.
3.3 METAL DETECTOR:

 Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. Metal detector

can help you to find the metals buried deep in the ground. Uses include de-
mining (the detection of land mines), the detection of weapons such as knives
and guns, especially at airports, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and
treasure hunting. Metal detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food,
and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and
pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.
 The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an
alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating
magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil,
eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating
magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field
(acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the
metallic object can be detected.

3.4 BUZZER:

An electric coil is wound on a plastic bobbin, the latter having a central sleeve within
which a magnetic core is slide ably positioned. One end of the sleeve is closed and
projects beyond the coil. An inverted cup-shaped housing surrounds the coil and
bobbin and has a central opening through which the closed end of the sleeve projects.

The core projects into the closed end of the sleeve beyond the margin of the
opening in the housing to augment the magnetic coupling between the housing and
the core. The open end of the housing is attached to a support bracket of magnetic
material, there being a spring between the bracket and bobbin normally urging the
core toward the closed end of the sleeve.

Figure 3.9 Buzzer

3.5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing
LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs).

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers,
which means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for
writing different messages on a miniature LCD.

Figure 3.10 LCD Display

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most
frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and
can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each.
 It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical
symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the
pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.

3.6 DC MOTOR:

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (dc) electricity.

3.6.1 DC MOTOR CONNECTIONS

Figure shows schematically the different methods of connecting the field and
armature circuits in a DC Motor. The circular symbol represents the armature circuit,
and the squares at the side of the circle represent the brush commutator system. The
direction of the arrows indicates the direction of the magnetic fields.

3.6.2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-
carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor,
and to the strength of the external magnetic field. The internal configuration of a DC
motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying
conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents
a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).

Figure 3.11 Two Pole DC Motor

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent
magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor
casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with
the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists
of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the
commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are
such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading
to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is
a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator.
You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the
middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck"
there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator
shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts
simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage
motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce
is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

Figure 3.12 Rotation DC Motor

3.6.3 PIN CONNECTIONS

Figure 3.17 PIN connections

3.7 MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition
to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single
chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical.

The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the
1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of
enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by
more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and
Maxim Integrated Products.

8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of
data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be
processed by the CPU. 8052 is available in different memory types such as UV-
EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM. The present project is implemented on Keil uVision.
In order to program the device, proload tool has been used to burn the program onto
the microcontroller.
 CHAPTER-4

IMPLMENTATION
s
4.1 RF TRANSMITTER STT-433MHz:

Figure 4.1: RF Transmitter

4.1.1 PIN DESCRIPTION:

GND

 Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane

DATA
 Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOS
level inputs.

VCC
 Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF
ceramic capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power
supply will degrade transmitter noise performance.

ANT
 50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and
harmonic emissions. Antenna can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length
or PCB trace antenna.

4.1.2 FACTORS INFLUENCED TO CHOOSE STT-433MHz:

ABOUT THE TRANSMITTER:

 The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and
longer range is required.
 The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-
powered applications.
  The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate
frequency control for best range performance.
 The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-
433 suitable for high volume applications.

FEATURES:
 433.92 MHz Frequency
 Low Cost
 1.5-12V operation
 Small size

APPLICATION:

Figure 4.2 Applications

The typical connection shown in the above figure cannot work exactly at all times
because there will be no proper synchronization between the transmitter and the
microcontroller unit. i.e., whatever the microcontroller sends the data to the
transmitter, the transmitter is not able to accept this data as this will be not in the radio
frequency range. Thus, we need an intermediate device which can accept the input
from the microcontroller, process it in the range of radio frequency range and then
send it to the transmitter. Thus, an encoder is used.
 CHAPTER-6
MICROCONTROLLER
6.1 MICROCONTROLLERS INTRODUCTION:

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition
to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single
chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical. The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC)
which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in
the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of
enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by
more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and
Maxim Integrated Products.

6.2 FEATURES:
• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.

PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52:

Figure 6.1 AT89S52 PIN Diagram

6.3 PIN DESCRIPTIONS OF AT89S52

VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs.

Table 6.1: Port 1

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives
some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
 Table 6.2: Port 3

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable, EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from inverting oscillator amplifier.
SFRs (Special Function Registers):
SFRs are a kind of control table used for running and monitoring microcontroller’s
operating. Each of these registers, even each bit they include, has its name, address in
the scope of RAM and clearly defined purpose.
A Register (Accumulator)
This is a general-purpose register which serves for storing intermediate results during
operating
B Register:
B register is used during multiply and divide operations which can be performed only
upon numbers stored in the A and B registers.

6.4 ARDUINO

Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to create
their creative, interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of projects
can now be built that can be controlled from a computer.

Figure 6.2 Arduino board

Arduino is a open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible,

easy-to-use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-source
physical computing platform based on a microcontroller board, and a development
environment for writing software for the board.
 In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to
connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to
external electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers,
microphones, etc., They can either be powered through the USB connection from the
computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled from the computer or
programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed to work
independently. Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search
engine. Since the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own
clones of the Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is competitive. The
name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone Arduino designs
often have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for example, Freeduino or
DFRduino. The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely
available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.

ARDUINO Board Pin diagram

Figure 6.3 Arduino Pin Diagram

6.4.1 THE ARDUINO PIN DESCRIPTION:

• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 • 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.

• 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write
() function.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

• The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution.

• Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions

Digital pins:

• Pins 0 – 7: PORT D [0:7]

• Pins 8 – 13: PORT B [0:5]
• Pins 14 – 19: PORT C [0:5] (Arduino analog pins 0 – 5)
• digital pins 0 and 1 are RX and TX for serial communication
• digital pin 13 connected to the base board LED

Digital Pin I/O Functions:

• pin Mode(pin, mode)

• Sets pin to INPUT or OUTPUT mode
• digital Write(pin, value)
• Sets pin value to LOW or HIGH (0 or 1)
 • int value = digital Read(pin)
• Reads back pin value (0 or 1)
Analog input:

• Analog input pins: 0 – 5

• Analog input functions
int Val = analog Read(pin)
Analog output:

• Generates a PWM output on digital pin (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

• Analog input functions
Analog Write (pin, value)

6.5 ATMEGA 328 Microcontrollers

The ATmega88 through ATmega328 microcontrollers are said by Atmel to be the

upgrades from the very popular ATmega8. They are pin compatible, but not
functionally compatible. The ATmega328 has 32kB of flash, where the ATmega8 has
8kB. Other differences are in the timers, additional SRAM and EEPROM, the
addition of pin change interrupts, and a divide by 8 presale for the system clock.

The schematic below shows the Atmel ATmega328 circuit as it was built on
the test board. The power supply is common and is shared between all of the
microcontrollers on the board. The ATmega328 is in a minimal circuit. It is using its
internal 8 MHz RC oscillator (divided by 8). The boot loader is programmed using the
ISP programming connector, and the Arduino sketches are uploaded via the 6-pin
header. Be aware that programming the Arduino boot loader into the ATmega88,
ATmega168, or ATmega328 microcontroller will change the clock fuses, requiring
the addition of an external crystal. The crystal shown on the schematic is
only required when the ATmega328 is going to be used as an Arduino, although it
may be desired in any real world application. I typically run them at 16 MHz, but they
will run as high as 20 MHz.
PIN DIAGRAM:

Figure 6.4: AT mega PIN diagram

6.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTIONS:

VCC: Digital supply voltage

GND: Ground

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip
clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2
if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
 CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE DETAILS
7.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code
which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler
also supports C language code.

STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN

KEIL AND HOW TO COMPILE IT:

1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives.

2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name “Keil uVision3”. Just
drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you try to
write programs in keil.
3. Double click on this icon to start the keil compiler.
4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at the
leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash colored space
for the program to be written.
5. Now to start using the keil, click on the option “project”.
6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import project,
open project etc. Click on “New project”.
7. A small window with the title bar “Create new project” opens. The window
asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the
destination location. The project can be created in any of the drives available.
You can create a new folder and then a new file or can create directly a new
file.
8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens where
a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the
target you have created.
9. The most widely used vendor is Atmel. So click on Atmel and now the family
of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select any one of
the microcontrollers according to the requirement.
10. When you click on any one of the microcontrollers, the features of that
particular microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page. Click
on this microcontroller and have a look at its features. Now click on “OK” to
select this microcontroller.
11. A small window opens asking whether to copy the startup code into the file
you have created just now. Just click on “No” to proceed further.
12. Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project
workspace.
13. Now click on “File” and in that “New”. A new page opens and you can start
writing program in it.
14. After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm
extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier.
15. You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will
be highlighted in bold letters.
16. Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A
list of options open and in that select “Add files to the source group”. Check
for this file where you have saved and add it.
17. Right click on the target and select the first option “Options for target”. A
window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click

18. , click on the icon exactly below the “Open file” icon which is nothing but

19. .
20. After this is done, click the icon “debug” again to come out of the debug
mode.
21. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller
with the help of another software called Proload.
 RF RECEIVER

MOBILE JAMMER WITH METAL DETECTOR

 CHAPTER-9

APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

9.1 APPLICATIONS:

 Defense: This project is useful in bomb detection and surveillance areas.

 Temples: A metal detection robot is used at sacred places & crowded areas

like shopping malls instead of men power .

 VIP security: A bomb diffusion robot with a CCTV camera can be used at
VIP’s houses for their security.
 Terrorist prone areas.

 Instead of manpower to detect landmines in combing operations, this project is

much helpful for mines detection.

9.2 ADVANTAGES:

 Spontaneous output.

 Long range.

 Not light sensitive.

 Line of sight not required.

 Not as sensitive to weather/environmental conditions

 CHAPTER-10
RESULT

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

INPUT: LCD DISPLAY:

OUTPUT:

WHEN METEL DETECTED:

INPUT OUTPUT

MOBILE JAMMER ACITVATED WHEN METAL DETECTED:

 CHAPTER- 11

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

10.1 CONCLUSION
This project presents the movement of the robot using Hand gesture technology which
runs on the 9V power supply. This project is been designed and implemented with
ARDUINO MCU in embedded system domain. Experimental work has been carried
out carefully. The result shows that higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the
embedded system. The proposed method is verified to be highly beneficial for the
security purpose.

10.2 FUTURE SCOPE

● Could be made to work on solar energy instead of battery source.

● For more spontaneous output including visual guidance, an image capturing

device of high resolution like movable camera could be fixed to the robot.

● The voice recognition security may also be developed in future.

REFERENCES:

1. Www. howstuffworks.com

2. Embedded System by Raj Kamal

3. 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Mazzidi

4. Electronics Maker.

5. Electronics for you

6. Electrikindia

7. www.wikipedia.com

8. www.Electronic projects.com
 APPENDIX
SOURCE CODE
TRANSMITTER:
LCD_init();
LCD_puts(0x80," I2C MEMS TEST ");
#include<reg52.h> MEMS_Init();
#include"I2C_MEM.c"
#include"LCD4.h" LCD_put
sbit frw=P2^7; s(0x80,
sbit lft=P2^6;
sbit rht=P2^5; " Mem inited
sbit bck=P2^4;
");
void main()
while
{
(1)
{
x=RrByte_MEMS(0x00);

y=RrByte_M

EMS(0x01);

z=RrByte_M

EMS(0x02);

Robo_Movements(x,y);
}
}

Robo_Movements(unsigned char f_b,unsigned

char l_r)
{
if((f_b>15&&f_b<35))
{
LCD_puts(0x80," FORWARD ");
f
r
w
=
0
;

r
e
t
u
r
n
;
}
e
l
s
e

i
f
(
f
_
b
<
5
0
&
&
f
_
b
>
3
5
)
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"

");
b
c
k
=
0
;

r
e
t
u
r
n
;
 }
else
if(l_r>15&&l_r<35)
{
LCD_puts(0x80," LEFT ");
lft=0;
return;
}
else
if(l_r<50&&l_r>35)
{
LCD_puts(0x80," RIGHT ");
rht=0;
return;
}
else
if((f_b<10 && l_r<10) || (f_b>100 && l_r>100))
{
LCD_puts(0x80," STOP ");
}
}

RECEIVER:

//RF////////////////////
const int sw1=1;
const int
sw2=2; const
int sw3=3;
const int
sw4=4;
////////////////////////

//H-Bridge//////////////
const int h1=5;
const int h2=6;
const int h3=11;
const int h4=12;
////////////////////////

int sw1State=0;
int sw2State=0;
nt sw3State=0;
int sw4State=0;
int firesensState=0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(sw1,INPUT);
pinMode(sw2,INPUT);
pinMode(sw3,INPUT);
pinMode(sw4,INPUT);

pinMode(h1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(h2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(h3,OUTPUT);
 pinMode(h4,OUTPUT);

void loop()
{

if(sw1State==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(h1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h2,LOW);
digitalWrite(h3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h4,LOW);
}
if(sw2State==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(h1,LOW);
digitalWrite(h2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h3,LOW);
digitalWrite(h4,HIGH);
}
if(sw3State==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(h1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h2,LOW);
digitalWrite(h3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h4,HIGH);
}
if(sw4State==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(h1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h4,LOW);
}

}
 5. CONCLUSION

The project “ bomb fire detector ” has been successfully designed and tested. It
has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of
every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working
of the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology
the project has been successfully implemented.
Finally we conclude that EMBEDDED SYSTEM is an emerging field and there
is a huge scope for research and development.

CONCLUSION

The fire alarm system with smoke detector is a kind to system to be concentrate on, because of the
effects of fire outbreak in homes and in our various places of involvements fire alarm system with
smoke detector is need in the following places:

REFRENCES

a. Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for the Electrical
Engineers, Eleventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978.
b. Electronics Device and Circuit Theory, Boyletad L. Robert and Nashelsky
Louic, Seventh edition, 1999, Prentice Hallo, New Jersey.
c. ABB (2003) Manual on Load Transfer
1 “A Textbook of Electrical Technology”, B.L. Theraja and A.K.
Theraja, 1999, 23rd reprint edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd, New
Delhi.
2. 5 Paul Horowitz and Windfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 1989, 2nd Edition, Pp 7- Pp
8, Pp 55 – Pp 58, Pp 614 –Pp 622.
3. .6 Atmel Corporation Data Sheet on AT89C51, 0285D-B-12/97
4. 7 NTE Electronics Inc., ECG Data Book, January 2002, 10th Edition.
5. 8. Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles of Electrical Engineering, 2003, 3rd Edition,
6. 9. Ronald .J Tocci, Digital Systems, Arentice – Hall. Inc. USA, 1988.

10 Mark Burgess, C programming tutorial, (K & R version