5.0 Intended Learning Outcomes and Topics 1. explore the age information.

Introduction Discussion

Hi students,
Good day!

         Congratulations on a job well done in your midterm exam. I

hope that you will maintain or perform well in the final exam so that
you can get a better grade. My dear students, before we proceed to
Module 5, allow me to share the findings of this research.

         In the study of Alonso and del Dujo (2016), they mentioned that
the socio-technical system as heuristic (enabling a person to
discover or learn something for themselves) device. It is a good
methodological resource to interpret what is happening in education
systems with the progressive introduction of digital technologies,
helping us to understand the changes that are occurring, and
documented here, concomitant with the technological innovation,
also involved political factors and economic modeling ending the  (1) There are certain facts to remember that the age of information
“new education”.  has the following developments: (1.1) The Gutenberg Press invented
by German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 which
         Now, based on research we are a heuristic device to face a resulted to improve the manual, tedious and slow printing methods.
"new normal of education" in this pandemic thus online class like this, This method of the printing press is a device that applies pressure to
is the progressive introduction of digital technologies. an inked surface lying on a print medium, such as cloth or paper, to
transfer ink; (1.2) The mass communication was traced back from the
         This module tackles specific issues in science and technology invention of the printing press. In the development of a fast and easy
in the context of the information age, biodiversity, and GMO and way of disseminating information in print permanently reformed the
gene therapy. The Intended Learning Outcomes of this module structure of society; and (1.3) The rise of the printing press had
anticipate that at the end of this module, you should be able to threatened the political and religious authorities which impacted the
tremendous social change on the wide circulation of information.
Intended Learning Outcomes Thus, the production of books made accessible not only in the upper
class but in the middle class and lower class.
At the end of this module, you are expected to 
            (2) The PowerPoint presentation talks about the information
1. explore the age of information and social media that have age. This will help you in the discussions of this module. Please
influenced society and human lives; check it out the PowerPoint and prepare for the discussions.
2. analyze the interconnections among society, environment,
and health; and
3. scrutinize the moral and ethical issues concerning GMOs
and their impact on society.

Topics

1. Information Age
2. Biodiversity and Healthy Society
3. GMOs and Gene Therapy

5.1 Information AgeIntroduction

Hi students,
Good day! 

           This module will trace the development of the information age.

So, for the Intended Learning Outcome will be exploring the age of Summary
information.
The Gutenberg Press invented by German goldsmith, Johannes
Intended Learning Outcomes Gutenberg around 1440 which resulted to improve the manual,
tedious and slow printing methods. The mass communication was
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to  traced back from the invention of the printing press. The rise of the
printing press had threatened the political and religious authorities Summary
which impacted the tremendous social change on the wide circulation
of information.  Harvard Mark 1 made by the US to address the problem of a serious
shortage of human computers for military calculations. Enigma was
5.1.1 Pioneers made by Britain to encipher the machine that the German armed
forces used to securely send messages. Alan Turing invented
Intended Learning Outcomes “Bombe” an electromechanical machine that encrypted messages of
the German Enigma machine.  Universal Machine became the
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to foundation of computer science and the invention of the machine
later called the computer that can solve any problem in performing
1. identify the pioneers who had contributed to the any task from a written program which Apple I was sold as a fully
development of the information age and assembled printed circuit board.
2. discuss the significance of the contributions of the pioneers
in the information age Please click 'Next' to continue.

5.1.2 Social Media Platforms

Discussion
Hi students,
              Some people had contributed to the development of the
information age: (1) Harvard Mark 1 made by the US to address the              With the advent of the information age, several platforms
problem of a serious shortage of human computers for military have emerged. There are various platforms in our time. Our lesson is
calculations. This Harvard Mark 1 is the general-purpose expected to attain the Intended Learning Outcomes as to
electromechanical computer that was 50 feet long and capable of recognize the different social media platforms used today,
doing calculations in seconds that usually took place hours; and analyze how the information age and social media to influence
(2) Enigma was made by Britain to encipher the machine that the human lives.
German armed forces used to securely send messages; (3) Alan
Turing, an English mathematician who hired in 1936 by British top- Intended Learning Outcomes
secret Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to
break the Enigma code; (4)  Alan Turing invented “Bombe” an At the end of the discussion, you are expected to
electromechanical machine that encrypted messages of the German
Enigma machine. Thus, this contribution had shortened the war in 1. recognize the different social media platforms used today
two years.; (5) Universal Machine became the foundation of and
computer science and the invention of a machine later called a 2.  analyze how the information age and social media
computer that can solve any problem in performing any task from a influence human lives.
written program; (6) Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple I designed
the operating system, hardware, and circuit board of the computer all
Discussion
by himself; (7) Steve Jobs, Wozniak’s friend suggested to sell the
Apple I as fully assembled printed circuit board.

These are the development of platforms since 1973 onwards and

Facebook has rocketed its fame until today. 

5.2 Biodiversity and Healthy Society

Hi students,

         Biodiversity is the variation of life forms in an environment.

Man, animals, plants, insects are examples of biodiversity.
Everything on the earth or the environment is interconnected with
one another. So, today's topic is the concepts of biodiversity. We will
make sure to attain the Intended Learning Outcome which is to biodiversity hotspots across the globe with respect to the geographic
synthesize the biodiversity, environment, and ecosystem. distribution, the area under natural vegetation, the concentration of
endemic plants, and the human development index in these areas.
Intended Learning Outcomes Monitoring such a large extent across the globe has its difficulties.
The use of recent tools and technologies including earth observation
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to systems and information technology can help in monitoring and
identification of the global biodiversity hotspots and help in the
1. synthesize the biodiversity, environment, and ecosystem. conservation and protection of these areas. It is suggested to identify
the biodiversity-rich areas at a coarse-scale and have a detailed
Discussion study of the biodiversity-rich areas to design appropriate
conservation and protection of the biodiversity hotspots.

        Johns and Eyzaquirre (2006) conducted a study on Linking

Biodiversity, Diet, and Health in Police and Practice that the
simplification of human diets associated with increased accessibility
of inexpensive agricultural commodities and erosion of
agrobiodiversity leads to nutrient deficiencies and excess energy
consumption. Non-communicable diseases are growing causes of
death and disability worldwide. Successful food systems in transition
effectively draw on locally-available foods, food variety, and
traditional food cultures. In practice, this process involves empirical
research, public policy, promotion, and applied action in support of
multi-sectoral, community-based strategies linking rural producers
and urban consumers, subsistence and market economies, and
traditional and modern food systems. Implementation of the
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute's Global Nutrition
Strategy in Sub-Saharan Africa offers a useful case study. Relevant
policy platforms, in which biodiversity conservation and nutrition are
and should be linked, include the Millennium Development Goals,
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Convention on Biological
Diversity, Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health,
  Biodiversity is the variety of life—its ecosystems, species, Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, Right to Adequate Food and UN
populations, and genes. Human actions towards the land, freshwater, Human Rights Commission's Permanent Forum on Indigenous
and oceans have already caused biodiversity to decline. Even Issues. The largely unexplored health benefits of cultivated and wild
greater losses will occur in the future if humanity continues its plants include micronutrient intake and functions related to energy
present unsustainable use of natural resources. In documenting this density, glycaemic control, oxidative stress, and immuno-stimulation.
decline, there has been a focus on species extinctions, the most Research on the properties of neglected and underutilized species
obvious manifestation of biodiversity loss. In addition, there is a loss and local varieties deserves higher priority. In tests of the hypothesis
of ecosystems, populations, and genes. All these are the only truly that biodiversity is essential for dietary diversity and health,
irreversible consequences of environmental change. When any of quantitative indicators of dietary and biological diversity can be
these is lost, it is gone forever. Species losses are also the aspect of combined with nutrition and health outcomes at the population level.
biodiversity loss that is most often considered, for example, by the That traditional systems once lost are hard to recreate underlines the
U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity. Even a species that survives imperative for timely documentation, compilation, and dissemination
can lose much of its genetic diversity if local populations are lost from of eroding knowledge of biodiversity and the use of food culture for
most of its original range. Furthermore, ecosystems may shrink in the promoting positive behaviors.
area
dramatically and lose many of their functions, even though their         This study conducted in the Philippines by Tumbaga, Hipolito,
constituent species manage to survive. The loss of ecosystems, and Gabriel (2020) on  (Links to an external site.)Community
species, populations, and genes all have implications for human participation toward biodiversity conservation among protected areas
health (Chivian, 2003). in Pangasinan, Philippines. They said that the understanding of
community participation in biodiversity conservation among
        The research and reports in Biodiversity Studies by Roy (2016:5 developing countries, such as the Philippines, is still lacking and
15-27) reported that due to the ever-increasing demand on natural needs to be supplemented. This study aimed to determine the
resources, the earth is on the verge of global mass extinction. The community participation toward biodiversity conservation in two
biodiversity hotspots are the remnant natural areas of high terrestrial communities located at two Protected Areas in Pangasinan,
biodiversity which are rapidly degrading and constitute more than half Philippines: Hundred Islands National Park and Manleluag Spring
of the global endemic species in approximately 2% of the global land Protected Landscape. The knowledge, attitude, and community
area which requires conservation and protection along with an effort participation in the two communities vary, considering that they
to identify new areas. Presently, data gaps and the nonavailability of possess a unique ecosystem dimension (coastal ecosystem and
adequate information across the biodiversity hotspots has resulted in forest ecosystem). Moreover, their knowledge of threats and
unsustainable commercial exploitation in these areas. In this paper, importance on biodiversity, including their attitudes, is considered
an effort has been made to assess the status of the various high. Despite their ecosystem uniqueness, there were no observed
differences in both areas in terms of their knowledge and attitude.
However, in terms of community participation, coastal communities
show a higher level of community participation as compared to a
forested community. The demographic factors, such as income and
the number of programs and projects implemented in their areas,
probably determine the status of their community participation.

Summary
Biodiversity is the variety of life—its ecosystems, species,
populations, and genes. Human actions towards the land, freshwater,
and oceans have already caused biodiversity to decline. The
research and reports in Biodiversity Studies by Roy (2016:5 15-27)
reported that due to the ever-increasing demand on natural
resources, the earth is on the verge of global mass extinction.  Johns
and Eyzaquirre (2006) conducted a study on Linking Biodiversity,
Diet, and Health in Police and Practice that the simplification of
human diets associated with increased accessibility of inexpensive
agricultural commodities and erosion of agrobiodiversity leads to
nutrient deficiencies and excess energy consumption. Tumbaga,
Hipolito, and Gabriel (2020) on  (Links to an external site.) Community     Biodiversity offsets are an increasingly popular yet controversial
participation toward biodiversity conservation among protected areas tool in conservation. Their popularity lies in their potential to meet the
in Pangasinan, Philippines. They said that the understanding of objectives of biodiversity conservation and of economic development
community participation in biodiversity conservation among in tandem; the controversy lies in the need to accept ecological
developing countries, such as the Philippines, is still lacking and losses in return for uncertain gains. We are at a critical stage:
needs to be supplemented.  biodiversity offsets risk becoming responses to immediate
development and conservation needs without an overriding
5.2.1 Definition and Types conceptual framework to provide guidance and evaluation criteria.
We clarify the meaning of the term biodiversity offset and propose a
Hi students, framework that integrates the consideration of theoretical and
practical challenges in the offset process. We also propose a
This section tackles the concepts of biodiversity, environment, and research agenda for specific topics around metrics, baselines, and
ecosystem. Also, we will differentiate the types of biodiversity.  uncertainty (Bull, 2013).
Intended Learning Outcomes         According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, common
indicators are needed to monitor the loss of biodiversity and the
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services.
Special emphasis was placed on comparing indicators of biodiversity
1. define the concepts of biodiversity, environment, and and ecosystem services across ecosystems (forests, grass- and
ecosystem and shrublands, wetlands, rivers, lakes, soils, and agro-ecosystems) and
2. differentiate the types of biodiversity. spatial scales (from patch to global scale). The application of
biological indicators was found most often focused on regional and
Discussion finer spatial scales with few indicators applied across ecosystem
types (Feld et al. 2009).
To start with our discussion, please observe the pictures and
descriptions below. What is your reflection on these pictures? Biodiversity Types: Genetic, Species and Ecological Diversity

The living world is a complex combination of different levels of

organisms. The key components of life are at one extreme and
communities of species at the other extreme. The manifestations of
all types of diversities are found at all these levels of organisms.
Biodiversity is the shorter form of the word biological diversity which
means diversity in the biological world. Thus one can define
biodiversity as the degree of variety in nature with regards to
biological species.

Definition:

The living world is a complex combination of different levels of

organisms. The key components of life are at one extreme and
communities of species at the other extreme. The manifestations of
all types of diversities are found at all these levels of organisms.
Biodiversity is the shorter form of the word biological diversity which
means diversity in the biological world. Thus one can define Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a
biodiversity as the degree of variety in nature with regards to geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and
biological species. the environment. Ecological diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the
variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in
Types of Biodiversity: ecosystems over the whole planet. Biodiversity is important because
(a) Genetic diversity: it clears out our water, changes our climate, and provides us with
food. Ecological diversity includes the variation in both terrestrial and
It is the variation of genes within the species. This results in a distinct aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can also take into account
population of one, even the same species. It gives genetic variation the variation in the complexity of a biological community, including
within a population or varieties within one species. There are two the number of different niches, the number of trophic levels, and
reasons for differences between individual organisms. One is a other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a
variation in the gene which all organisms possess which is passed global scale would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts,
from one to its offspring. forests, grasslands, wetlands, and oceans. Ecological diversity is the
largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a
The other is the influence of the environment on each individual great deal of both species and genetic diversity (All cited by your
organism. The variation in the sequence of four base pairs in the article library, n.d.)
DNA chain forms the genetic variation in the organism. The
recombination) of genetic material during cell division makes it Summary
imperative for genetic diversity within a species. Loss of genetic
diversity within a species is called genetic erosion. Biodiversity offsets are an increasingly popular yet controversial tool
in conservation.  According to the Millennium Ecosystem
The whole area of agricultural productivity and development depend Assessment, common indicators are needed to monitor the loss of
on genetic diversity. The plant, as well as animal genetic resources, biodiversity and the implications for the sustainable provision of
play an important role in the economy of a country. Genetic diversity ecosystem services (Feld et al. 2009).
is the whole basis for a sustainable life system on earth.
Biodiversity Types: Genetic, Species and Ecological Diversity
Scientists in many parts of the world are trying to introduce
genetically modified seeds in the agriculture sector for better yield as The living world is a complex combination of different levels of
well as for the resistance of drought and flood situations. The local organisms. The key components of life are at one extreme and
people or farmers are not showing any interest to preserve the communities of species at the other extreme. (a) Genetic diversity: It
natural way of genetic diversity. is the variation of genes within the species. This results in a distinct
population of one, even the same species; (b) Species diversity: This
(b) Species diversity: refers to the variety of species within a particular region. The number
of species in a region is a measure of such diversity;  (c) Ecological
This refers to the variety of species within a particular region. The diversity: This is the number of species in a community of organisms.
number of species in a region is a measure of such diversity. The Maintaining both types of diversity is fundamental to the functioning
richness of species in a given region provides a yardstick for species of ecosystems and hence to human welfare.
diversity. Species diversity depends as much on the genetic diversity
as on the environmental condition. 5.2.2 Benefits
Colder regions support less than the warmer regions for species
Hi students,
diversity. A good climate with good physical geography supports a
better species diversity. Species richness is a term that is used to              Good day! Let us try to ponder on this question, " Why is
measure the biodiversity of a given site. biodiversity important? "To answer this, please click the link below to
In addition to species richness, species endemism is a term used to get more information about the importance and benefits of
measure biodiversity by way of assessing the magnitude of biodiversity.
differences between species. In the taxonomic system, similar  
species are grouped together in general, similar genera in families,
families in orders, and so on till in the level of the kingdom. This Intended Learning Outcome
process is a genuine attempt to find relationships between
organisms. The higher taxa have thousands of species. Species that At the end of the discussion, you are expected to
are very different from one another contributes more to overall
biodiversity. 1. discuss the importance and benefits of biodiversity.

(c) Ecological diversity: Discussion

This is the number of species in a community of organisms.

Maintaining both types of diversity is fundamental to the functioning
of ecosystems and hence to human welfare. Thus, ecological
diversity is decided on the basis of the species and genetic diversity.
Ecological diversity is the scale of biodiversity of an ecosystem. It
describes the level of biodiversity in an ecosystem. 
Summary

Biological diversity represents a valuable genetic resource while

genetic diversity speaks on the immense value for the research and
developmental activities. Biodiversity benefits are noted in one of the
benefits as maximizing the effective use of natural resources.

5.2.3 Protocols on Biodiversity

Hi students,

          Based on the protocols on biodiversity which an environment

needs to be protected so as to have a better life and a safer place to
live. With the advent of technology, various activities are being done
by people such as experimenting with animals, the production of food
at the expense of destroying the environment.

        All of these must be addressed, thus, various protocols have

been made and implemented to ensure the safety of man and of the
world. 

       Today, we will be attaining our Intended Learning Outcome

which is to synthesize the protocols in biodiversity.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the discussion, you are expected to

1. synthesize the prot

Summary            Today, let us focus on the discussion of GMOs. So, let us be
guided with the Intended Learning Outcomes which are to recognize
It is noted that the simplified illustration of the CBD-Structure focuses GMOs and scrutinize the uses and benefits of GMOs.
on the conference of the parties as mentioned earlier in our
discussions.  Based on the report card that the environmental  
performance of the NSW Government has focused on the pollution
Intended Learning Outcomes
and waste up to rivers and wetlands assessments.
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to
5.3 GMO and Gene Therapy

Hi students, 1. recognize GMO and

2. scrutinize the uses and benefits of GMOs.
            Welcome! This module will give us some information on GMO
and gene therapy. It will also focus on the moral and ethical issues Discussion
concerning GMOs and their impacts on society.
           For further information,  please click the link below to give you
            To begin with, let us be guided with these Intended Learning an idea of what GMO is.  More detailed information can be found in
Outcomes. After discussions of the lessons, you will be able to the discussions portion (TLAs) about GMOs. 
differentiate GMO and Gene therapy and analyze the uses and
benefits/effects of GMO and gene therapy.

            You will study and understand the contents of the

PowerPoint. Be ready to participate in the discussions.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the discussion, you are expected to

1. differentiate GMO and gene therapy and

2. analyze the uses and benefits of GMO and gene therapy.

Discussion

Summary

Cloning is a gene therapy that aims to treat a disease by supplying Summary

functional allele. There is one possible procedure on that gene
GMOs are living beings that have had their genetic code adjusted in
therapy- cloning.
some way. For example, the golden rice which is modified with
daffodil genes to have more beta-carotene, which the body converts
5.3.1 GMO
to vitamin A and other significant GMO products.
Hi students,
5.3.2 Gene Therapy
            Good day!

           Are you aware that nowadays, we eat foods that are GMOs?
Are you also aware of the negative impacts of these GMOs on our
health and society?
Introduction Discussion
Hi students,
        Good day!

                Let us explore the topic of gene therapy. I know this topic

interests you since you have seen a lot of cases with regards to stem
cells, transplanting and etc. To begin with, let us be guided with the
Intended Learning Outcomes as you will be able to explore gene
therapy and analyze some examples of gene therapy transplants.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the discussion, you are expected to

1. explore gene therapy and

2.  analyze some examples of gene therapy transplants.

 Discussion

1.

Summary
What are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy?
The gene inhibition therapy is a cell containing a faulty gene which
produces cell functioning normally after blocking gene.  Because gene therapy involves making changes to the body’s set of
basic instructions, it raises many unique ethical concerns. The ethical
5.3.3 Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering questions surrounding gene therapy include:

Hi students,
 How can “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy be
Good day!
distinguished?
Let us be guided with the Intended Learning Outcome which is to  Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a
analyze the moral and bioethical questions concerning genetic
engineering. disability or disorder?

Intended Learning Outcomes  Will the high costs of gene therapy make it available only to
the wealthy?
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to
 Could the widespread use of gene therapy make society
1. analyze the bioethical and moral questions concerning less accepting of people who are different?
genetic engineering.
 Should people be allowed to use gene therapy to enhance
basic human traits such as height, intelligence, or athletic ability?

Current gene therapy research has focused on treating individuals by

targeting the therapy to body cells such as bone marrow or blood
cells. This type of gene therapy cannot be passed to a person’s Discussion
children. Gene therapy could be targeted to egg and sperm cells
(germ cells), however, which would allow the inserted gene to be
passed to future generations. This approach is known as germline
gene therapy.

The idea of germline gene therapy is controversial. While it could

spare future generations in a family from having a particular genetic
disorder, it might affect the development of a fetus in unexpected
ways or have long-term side effects that are not yet known. Because
people who would be affected by germline gene therapy are not yet
born, they can’t choose whether to have the treatment. Because of
these ethical concerns, the U.S. Government does not allow federal
funds to be used for research on germline gene therapy in people.

Summary

The direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another was done
by Boyer and Cohen in 1973. While genetic engineering on human
design is the formation of a new genetic combination like genetic
testing, prenatal diagnosis, etc.

5.3.4 Bioethical Dilemmas Using GMOs

Hi students,
Good day!

Various concerns on genetic engineering arise, making gene therapy

and GMO very controversial innovations in science and technology.

Others support that it is unethical for humans to have a hand in

genetically altering and engineering organisms.

Today, we see on the news cloning issues and let us try to focus on
the moral aspect of genetic engineering.

Let us be guided with the Intended Learning Outcome which is to

apply the moral and bioethical questions concerning genetic Summary
engineering.
The GEAC makes decisions regarding the validity of GM research
Intended Learning Outcomes and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. On
ethical issues like every technology bio-nanotechnology which is
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to having some negative impact on the word that need to be resolved
first before taking its benefits.
1. apply the moral and bioethical questions concerning
genetic engineering.

Module 5 Summary

In this module, we had discussed the following:

1. define the information age;

2. trace the development of the information age from the
introduction of Guttenberg's press up to the present;
3. determine the impacts of the information age on society;
4. identify the different social media platforms used today;
5. analyze the ways in which the information age and social
media influence human lives;
6. define biodiversity, environment, and ecosystem;
7. identify the importance of biodiversity as a source of many
biological resources;
8. discuss the adverse effects of resource depletion on
society and the measures to mitigate them;
9. differentiate GMOs from gene therapy;
10. identify the uses and benefits/effects of GMO and gene
therapy on society; and
11. discuss the moral and bioethical questions concerning
genetic engineering.

In summary, we had discussed in this module the three topics which

are the information age biodiversity and healthy society and
genetically modified organisms and gene therapy.

We mentioned that nowadays, the information could be shared

quickly. People are becoming more interested in sharing information
about themselves. Various aspects of our society are also influenced
by the information age especially communication, economists,
industry, health, and the environment. The rapid upgrade of
information poses both positive and negative impacts on our society.
Therefore, we need to carefully check our motives before believing
them and using and sharing the. We should share information that
could help improve our lives and others.

Moreover, we discussed biodiversity. Biodiversity is seen at the

macro-level seems to be still vast and rich, yet if we look at it at the
micro-level, per species, we have lost too much. Eventually, in the
near future, this biodiversity loss will have a negative effect,
especially to us humans. "The value of biodiversity is the value of
everything."

Finally, we had discussed the difference between GMO and gene

therapy. Genetic engineering is an emerging field of science. Its
quests are to preserve and prolong life. In more than four decades
since the first genetically modified bacteria were produced,
thousands of genetically modified organisms have been created and
propagated. Some are approved by experts and government
authorities for human use and consumption while others are kept in
institutional research laboratories subject to more experiments. There
are advantages and disadvantages in using genetic engineering in
both fields of medicine and food and agriculture, there are
controversies that are still debatable up to the present. The major
concern of the opponents is still a long-term effect of GMOs on
humans while the proponents' flagship is the success stories of the
GMO recipients. There is still a long way to go for GMOs to prove
itself, as humans seek answers to life's predicaments or as human
play like God.