Calculation of Water lnfIux for

Bottomwater Drive Reservoirs

D.R. Allard, SPE, Gulf Canada Resources Ltd.
S.M. Chen, ” SPE, Gulf Canada Resources Ltd.

Summary. mis paperpresents a new. water intlux model that differs from traditiO~ approaches fi fiat it ~clud~s the eff@ Of
vefical flow at the reservoir/aquifer interface. The results we presented in the form of dimensionless groups, which makes the
mudel readily applicable to a wide range of systems. The paper concludes with a sample calculation showing how the predictions
of this new model can be significantly dfiferent from those of conventional radLal flow models.

[ntroductkm
Petroleum reservoirs are often in contact with an aquifer that pro- Tbe radial flow geometry assumed by van Everdingen and Hurst
vides pressure supportthrough water intlux. Thus; the predktion is best understood by means of cm illustration. Fig. 1 shows, in
of reservoir behavior USUSUYrequires sn accurate model of the aqui- cross section, a resewoir subject to edgewater drive and the idenl-
fer. Resemoir/aquifw systems are commonly cls.vsitied on the basis .jmd mdisl flow model that represents this reservoirktquifer sys-
of flow geumetry ss either edgewater or bottomwater drive. tem. The flow vectors in this case are horizontal, and water
For edgewater drive, the most rigorous aquifer infhx model de- encroachment occurs acrok+ a cylindrical plsne encircling the rewr-
veloped to date is that of van Everdmgen and Hurst, 1 which is 8s- VOU. This situation can be compared to tie bottomwater drive sys-
sentitiy a solution to the radial diffusivity equation. Although the tem shown in Fig. 2. fn MS c%?, the flow vectors have a significant
assumptions made in deriving thk model are not strictly vtild for vertical component, and water encroachment occurs across a
bottomwater drive systems, water influx in this case can sometimes horizontal circular plane represendng tie oillwater contact. Thus,
be closely approximated by rndial flow. Therefore, bwause the rs- a rigorous bottomwater influx model must take into accotit vefti-
mdts sre often quite adequate nnd for lack of a LWer model, it has cal flow, and as will be shown below, the effsct of vertical flow
been common practice to apply the vao Everdingen and Hurst becomes increasinsIy morepronoumed us the ratio of aquifer thick-
method to both bottomwater and edgewater systems, ness, h, to reservoir radius, Tfl, becomes larger.
Coatsz has developeda model that takes into account vertical The discussion below provides a detailed trsatment of the bot-
flow effects and has shown these effects to be fairly’ significant. tomwater flow model depi&d in Fig. 2. The diffusivity equation
The model as presented, however, has two principal liiitationx governing flow for this system is reducsd to dimensionless form
(1) the solution given applies to tic “terminal-rate” case, which by introducing dimensionless variables. The resultant eqiation is
‘J30ws the usir to calculate pressure from a known influx rate rather then solved witfua numerical simulator, and as in tie work of van
than tbe reverse, and (2) the solmion is applicable only to intiite E.erdingen and Hurst, tbe resuks are presented in the form of tables
aquifers. of dimensionless intlux, !7., vs. dimensionless time, tfl fncluded
This paper is essentially an extension of the work of Coats. The in the discussion is an exsmple calculation for a hypothetical h@tom-
Wtomwater model presented here is a sohrtion to the “terminnl- water drive reservoir. This example illustrates the use of the new
pressure” case md applies to bdh finite and infbite aquifers. The model snd, by calcoladng intlux with both the radial snd bottom-
results ze presepted in the form of dimensionless groups that are water models, clsarly shows that ignotig vertical flow can result
tabulated in a manner similar to that of van Everdingen and Hurst. in very significant error.
The paper concludes with a sample c21cu3ati0n that illustmtes the
use of this new model and shows that predictions of the bottom- DiscussIon
water model can be signiffcamly different from those of the radial Basic Equations. The pam’nl-differenti$ equation governing flow
flow model. of a slightly compressible fluid in a system such as that shown in
The calculation of water influx is important in a number of reser- Fig. 1 is the well-known radisl +ffusivity equation
voir engineering applications, such as material-bslsnce studies and
the design of pressure mairrtemrice schemes. The fact that a large
azp I ap w ap
percentage of reservoirs have adjoining aquifers means that devel- —+;%= ~;. ..... .... ..... ..... .... ... (1)
opment of sn accurate aquifer model is criticsl to proper under- 872
standing of rer.ervoiz behavior. It is not surprising, therefore, that
considerable research effort has been devoted to this subject. For the bottomwater flow model depicted in Fig. 2, an additions
During the past 50 years, a kmge number of models describing term is added to this equation5:
water encroachment have emerged, and the majority of these have
been subject to a great deal of modification. In these models, the
a~p 1 ap azp ~4c ap
reservoir is typicslly visualized as a right cylinder surrounded by —+; %+ Fk—=7G, ., ...,..............(2)
a series of concentric cylinders representing the aquifer. Most of a# azz
the models, such as tie steady-state model of Schilthuis3 or the
tlniteaquifer, pseudosteady-state model of Fetkovich, 4 are ap- where Fk is the ratio of vertic81 to horizontal permeabflty.
plicable to only a limited range of flow conditions or reservoir/aqui- There are m iminite number of solutions to Eq. 2, representing
fer geometries. The model @at possesses the most general
831possible reservoidaquifer cunt&Iratiom. It is possible, how-
applicability is the unsteady-state model ,of van Everdingen and ever, to derive a general solution that is applicable to a variety of
Hurst. fn fact, this model is a solution to the radisl diffusivity equa-
systems by introducing the following @“ensionless varisbles
tion and m such is valid for all flow regimes, provided, of course,
that the flow geometry is actwdly iadinl.
r~=rlr~, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . (3)
.NOWwithZ“,ltina01]Co,
Cmdght 1s88Societyof Petroleum
Engineers zD=z/(rRFk M), . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...’.. . ..(4)

SPE Reservok engineering, May 19S8 369

—.
 &,, --+.
!
I

h
I
I
I
p--%-
!“ I
! !
4
,
e ~ ~E=Rvo,R i ~+ ~ou,FEe
,+-
-[ I
I
t
, !
~, ● PRODUCING
WELLS

Fig. I—Idealized radial flow model. Fig. 3—Numerical model of bottomwater flow system.

III the derivation of an equation for cumulative water influx, it

+ ,.4
1 is convenient to define a dmensionlcss pressure drop as
I
!
! r.&~ fi
ApD =Ap— . . .... .... .. . .... .... (7)
0.282ew#

Eqs. 5 and 7 can be solved fort and ew, respectively, to yield

@crR2
z=tD— .... ...... .... .... ..... .... ... (8)
h 6.33k
I
— ,, -.+ and
r
AP r#Fk %
~w. - —, ., ..,,,., ,, ..,,.., . . . . . . . . . ...(9)
1 ---------- +---- ApD 0.282p

I
z
z/W~H\~m The equation for cumulative water inffux, W,, written iII fi~ie-
difference form is given as
1
t ~“
h We= EewAt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(10)
I
-r
Substituting Eqs. S and 9 into this expression, we obtain
Fig, 2—ldeaIized bottomwater flow model.

We=0.560#CrR3F# ApE~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(11)

and

rD=K6.33MW$CrE2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(5) Finally, to convert this expression to a form comparable with that
of van Everdmgen and Hurst, we define a water influx constant,
Substitution of these new variables into Eq. 2 gives tie dimension- B, and a dimemsionfess cumulative influx, W&, as
less form of the diffusivity equatio~
B=l.119+hcrR2 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12)

azp a~p and

—+~~+—= ~., . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(6)
a& rD aTD a2D~ atD
@k’h ‘D
waD = —zG, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. (13)
‘fkusfar, the discussion ins traced Coats’ argument quite closely, 2h
but at this point a different course wilf be followed. Rather than
attempdng to formuf ate an andydc soluticm to l?q. 6 for the terminal- where his the aquifer thickness. This reduces Eq: ll”to
pressure case, we will inste@ derive an eqmdon for itiux directly
and use a numerical simulator to solve this equation. We=BAPW<D, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14)

SPEResem’oir Engineeriw, MZY 19g8

370
-- -- -.
which is analogous to tie formulation of v60 Everdiogen and Hurst TABLE I—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, Wm,
except that the vzlues of W.D vs. tD for the b0tt0mw6ter system FOR INFINITE AQUIFER
will, of course, be different tlom those of the radial system.
The next section will outline the method used to solve Eq. 14 ZD ‘
for W,D witi a numerical model. At this point, however, it.shcmld t. 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 _ 0.7 — 0.9 — 1.0
be noted that W& is a function of not only t~ but also the reser- 0.700 0,677 0.508 0.249 0.251 0.195 .0.176
0.1
voirlaquifer geometry. It is therefore necessary to introduce the 0.2 0.793 0.786 0.696 0.547 0.416 0.328 0.295
following dimeosimdess constmts that describe the system ge- 0.3 0.936 0.926 0.634 0.692 0,548 0.440 0.396
ometry: 0.4 1.051 1.041 0.952 0.812 0.662 0.540 0.466
0.5 1.158 1.155 1.059 0.918 0.784 0.631 0.569
rD’=rekQ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) 0.6 1.270 1.266 1.167 1,021 0.862 0.721 0.651
0.7 1.324 1.360 1.270 1.116 0.953 0.606 0.729
and 0.8 1.503 1.499 1.373 1,205 1.039 0:686 0.603
0.9 1.621 1.612 1.477 1.286 1.117 0.959 0.872
1 1.743 1,726 1.581 1.347 1.181 1.020 0,932
zD’=h/(rxFk%), . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(16)
2 2,402 2.393 2.268 2.034 1.827 1.622 1.509
where. re is ..be aquifer radius. For fix6d values of these two pa- 3 3.031 3.016 2.685 2.650 2.408 2.184 2.026
rameters, W,D is a function of only zD. 4 3.629 3.615 3.477 3.223 2.948 2.669 2.510
5 4.217 4.201 4.04S 3.766 3.462 3.150 2.971
6 4.784 4.766 4.601 4.266 3.956 3.614 3.416
Solution of Equations. Before the numerical model used in this
study is described, it inay be helptid to review the flow conditions 7 5.323 5.303 5.126 4.792 4.424 4,063 3.647
6 5.829 5.608 5.825 5.263 4.900 4.501 4.268
@Q2ti iOthe COnS~t:tefi!Id-ra~e, W& The resemoir and aquifer
9 6.306 8.263 6.094 5,762 5.355 4.929 4.660
are assumed to be uuhally at eqwhbnum at pressure pi. At time
10 6.637 6.616 6.583 6.214 5.792 5.244 5.060
t =0, the .resewoir pressure is lowered by a increment, Ap, and
11 7,283 7.242 7,040 6.664 6.217 5.745 5.488
is subsequently maintained at thk level. In response to this pres-
12. 7.742 7.718 7.495 7.104 6.636 6.143 5.652
sure drop, water encroaches into the resm’oir at a rate such that
13 8.196 8.172 7.943 7.539 7.052 6.536 6.231
the cumulative influx, We, is governed by Eq. 14. For ftite aqui- 14 8.S48 8.623 8.385 7.967 7.461 6.923 6.604
fers, We will eventually reach a maximum value as the pressure 15 9.094 9.066 6.821 8.389 7.664 7.305 6.972
io the aquifer approaches that of the reservoir. 16 9.524 9.507 9.253 8.606 6.262 7.662 7.338
If a simulation model could be set up to duplicate the conditions
17 9.969 9.942 9.679 9.218. 6.656 6.056 7.699
described above, it would then be possible to evaluate Eq. 14 nu- 16 10.399 10.371 10,100 9.626 9.046 6.426 8.057
merically. That is precisely the approach @ken in this paper. 19 10.823 10.794 10,516 10.029 9.432 8.793 8.411
The numkriczl simulation model describing the idealized bottom- ?0 11.241 11.211 10.929 10.430 9.815 9.156 8.763
water flow model of Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 3. The dimensions n 11.654 11.633 11.339 10.626 10.194 9.516 9.111
and properties of this model can be selected to give any desired ?2 12.075 12.045 11.744 11,219 10.571 9.874 9,457
values of rD’ and ZD’. The production routine is setup such that, 23 12.436 12.454 12.147 11.609 10,944 10.229 9,801
at each timestep, production from reservoir gridblock is adjusted ?4 12.693 12,861 12.546 11,996 11.315 10.581 10.142
to keep the pressure at the oil/water contact constant. Determining ?5 13.297 13.264 12.942 12.360 11.663 10.931 10.481
dimensions influi is then simply a matter of ruoning the simula- 26 13.696 13.665 13.336 12.761 12.046 11.279 10.817
tor and generating tables of We vs. t. These values are substituted ?7 14,097 14.062 13.726 13,140 12.411 11.625 11,152
into Eqs. 14 and 15, respectively, to produce tables of W,D vs. tD. 28 14.493 14.458 14.115 13.517 12.772 lt.968 11.485
Tbe above procedure was curd out for various combinations 29 14,866 14.850 14,501 ‘13.891 13.131 12.310 11.616
ofrD’andzD’, aodtheresults aregiven in Tables 1 tbrough5. 30 15.277 15.241 14,864 14.263 13.486 12.650 12.145
31 15.666 15.628 15,266 14.63413.648 12.990 12.473
Plots of W& vs. tD for selected values of TD’ and ZD’ are shown
in Figs. 4 through 6. Superimposed on these plots for comparison 32 16.053 16.015 15.545 15.002 14.198 13.324 12.798
are the dimensionless inflox curves derived from van Everdmgen 33 16.437 16.396 16.023 15.366 14.548 13.659 13.122
34 16.819 16.780 16.396 15.732 14.697 13.992 13.446
and Hurst’s radial flow model.
25 17.200 17.160 16.772 16.095 15.245 14.324 13.767
It is possible to test the validity of these results for iti]nite aqui-
36 17.579 17.588 17.143 16.456 15.592 14,654 14.068
fers by comparing them directly with Coats’ analytic results. With
37 17.956 17.915 17.513 16.615 15.937 14.983 14.406
so ffJcientlysmalld meincrements,Eq. 13c6.nbe used to convert
36 .16.331 16,28917.662 17.173 16,280 “15.311 14.724
Coats’ values of ApD to Wd values. These match quite weU the
39 .18.704 18.662 18.249 17,529 16.622 15.637 15.040
simulatorderived yalues of Table 1. 19.066 19.045 16.620 17.866 16.984 15.988 15.356
40
41 19.450 19.407 16.962 18.240 17.305 16.286 15.671
Sample Calculation. To apply the results of tie c0nstan-termin2l-
42 19.621 19.777 19.844 16.592 17.644 16.611 15.935
pressure case to the general case in which pressore at the oillwater 4s 20.18820.144 19.706 18.942 17.961 16.933 16.297
contact varies witbtime, Eq, 14ismodified byuseoftbeprincipal 44 20.555 20.510 20.065 19.29318,317 17.253 16.608
of superposition: 4S 20.920 20.674 20.424 19.541 18,651 17.573 16.918
46 21.263 21,237 20.781. 19.988 18,985 17.691 17.227
i 47 21.645 21.596 21.137 20,333 19.317 18.208 17.535
~ei=B ~ (Apj)(W@i:j+, ): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(17) 48 22.006 21.958 21.491 20,678 19.648 18.524 17.841
j=l 49 22.365 22.317 21.6cM 21.021 19.976 18.840 16.147
50 22.722 22.674 22.196 21.363 20.307 19.154 16.452
51 23.081 23.032 22.547 21.704 20.636 19.467 18.757
The use of this equation is described in several reservoir engineer-
52 23,436 23.367 22.897 22.044 20.962 19.779 19.060
ing texti.6,7
53 23.791 23.741 23,245 22.363 21.268 20.091 19.362
Consider the hypothetical reservoirb+fer system whose prop-
54 24,145 24.094 23,593 22.721 21.613 20.401 19,664
erties are listed in Table 6. ,~s system was simulated “numerically, 55 24.496 24.446 23,939 23.056 21.937 20,711 19.965
and the following data were generated at selected time intemls: 56 24.649 24.797 24,265 23.393 22.250 21.020 20.265
PR (a=w r=e~oir pressure), P./w (average pressure at oil/w2~ 57 25.2oo 25.147 24.629 23.728 22.5&3 21.328 20.564
and We (cumulative water influx). ‘fbe v6.lWS Ofp./w
contact), 58 25.549 25.4S6 24.973 24.o62 22.904 21.636 20.662
werethen usedtOcalcolate cumulative influx frOm Eq. 17wi63b0th 59 ,25.696 25.844 25.315 24.395 23.225 21,942 21.160
the radial and bottomwater models. As shown in T6ble 6, after a 60 26.246 26.191 25.657 24.728 23.545 22.246 21.457
number of timesteps, tieradial model valuezof W,D give acal- 61 26.692 26.537 25.996 25.059 23.864 22,553 21.754
culated influx, We, that ismuchlager than tbe simulator values.

SPE Reservoir Engineering, May 1988 371

 TABLE l—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, Woo, TABLE I—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, Wgo,
FOR INFINITE AQUIFER (continued) FOR INFINITE AQUIFER (continued)

ZD ‘ Zo ‘
IL___ 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5
—___ 0.7 ——0,9 i .0 &____ 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
—_. 0.9 1.0
62. 26.938 26.883 26.337 25,390 24.182 22.857 22.04$ 260 86.952 86.814 85.432 83.023 79.876 76.356 74.17
63 27.283 27,227 26.67625.719 24.499 23.161 22.34 265 88.351 68.211 66,811 84,369 81,162 77.614 75.39
64 27.627 27,570 27.015 26,048 24.816 23.454 22.63! 270 89.746 89.604 66.186 85.713 82,464 76.868 76.62
65 27.970
66 28.312
27.913
28.256
27.352 26.376
27,688 26.704
25.13223.766
25.447 24.068
22.932
23.22! 1.:::::::
275 91138 90994
280 92526 92361
89556
90926
87053
88391
63782
35073
80119
81367
7784
7906
67 28.653 2&596 28,024 27.030 25,762 24.369 23.51[ 235 93.911 83.764 92.292 89.725 86.371 62.612 80.27
68 28,994 28.936 28,359 27.356 26.075 24.669 23.81 [ 290 95.293 95.144 93.654 91.056 87.660 83.655 81.48
69 29,334.29.275 26.693 27.681 26.389 24.969 24.101 295 96.672 96.521 95.014 92.385 88.948 85.095 62.70
70 29.673 29.614 29.026 28.006 26,701 25.268 24.391 300 98.048 97,895 96.370 93.710 90.232 86.323 83.90
71 30.011 29.951 29.359 28.329 27,013 25.566 24.681 305 99,420 99,266 97.724 95.033 91.514 87.568 85,11
72 30.349 30.268 29.691 28.652 27.324 25,864 24.971 310100.79 100.54 99.07 96.35 92,79 88.80 86,32
73 30.836 30.625 30.022 28,974 27.834 26.161 25.26C 315102.16 102,00 100.42 97,67 94.07 90.03 87.52
74 31,022 30.960 30,353 29,296 27.944 26.456 25.54? 320103.52 103.36 101.77 98,99 95.34 91.26 66.72
75 31.357 31,295 30.682 29.617 28.254 26.754 25,636 325 104.8S 104.72 103.11 100.30 96.62 92.49 89.92
76 31.692 31,629 31.012 29.937 28,562 27.049 28.124 330106.24 106.08 104.45 101.61 97.69 93.71 91.11
77 32.026 31.963 31.340 30.257 26.870 27344 26.41C 335107.60 107.42 105,79 102.91 99.i5 94,93 92,30
78 32.359 32.296 31.668 30.576 29.178 27.829 26.697 340108.95 108.79 107,12 104,22 100.42 96,15 93,49
79 32.692 32.626 31.995 30.895 29.485 27.933 26.98S 345110.30 110.13 108,45 105,52 101.68 97.37 94.68
80 33.024 32,959 32.322 31,212 29.791 28.226 27,28E 350111.65 111.48 109.78 106,62 102.94 96.58 95.67
’61 33.355 33,290 32.647 31.580 30,097 28.519 27.552 355113.00 112.62 111.11 108.12 104..20 99.80 97.06
82 38.686 33,621 32,973 31.646 30,402 28.812 27.337 360114.34 114.17 112.42 109.41 105.45 101.01 98.24
63 24.016 33.950 33,297 32.183 30,707 29.104 28,121 365115.66 115,51 113.76 110.71 “106,71 102,22 99.42
64 24.345 34.279 33.622 32.478 31.011 29.395 28.404 370117.02 116,84 115.06 112.00 107,96 103,42 100.60
85 34,674 34.608 33,945 32.793 31.315 29.686 28.687 375116.36 118.18. 116,40 113.29 109.21 104.82 ,101.78
86 35.003 34,933 34.268 33.107 31,618 29.976 26.970 380119.69 119.51 117.71 114.57 i 10.46 105.83 102.95
87 35,330 35.268 34.590 33.421 31,921 30,266 29.252 385121.02 120.84 119.02 115.86 111.70 107.04 104.i3
88 35,657 35.589 34.912 33.735 32,223 30,556 29.584 390122.35 122.17 120.34 117.14 112.95 108.24 105,30
89 35,964 35.915 35.233 24.043 32,525 30,845 29.815 395123.68 123,49 121.65 118.42 114.19 109.48 106,47
90 36.310 36.241 35.554 34.360 32.826 31.134 30.096 400125,00 124.82 122.94 119.70 115.42 110.63 107,64
91 36.636 36.566 35,874 24.672 33.127 31,422 30.376 405126,33 126.14 124.26 120.97 116.67 1 i 1.32 108.60
92
93
94
36,960
37.265
37,609
36.890
37.214
37.538
36.194
36.513
36.832
34.983
35.294
35,604
33.427
33.727
24.026
31.710
31.997
32,284
30,656
30,935
31,215
1::::::””:
41012765
41512897
420130.28
12746
12678
130.09
12556
12686
128.16
12225
12352
124.79
11790
11914
1:20.37
11302
11421
115.40
10997
11113
112.30
95 37.932 37,861 37.150 35.914 34.325 32,570 31.493 425131.60 131.40 129.46 126.06 121.60 116.59 113.46
96 36,255 38.163 37.487 36.223 34.623 32.857 31,772 430132.91 132.72 130.75 127.33 122.63 117.77 114.62
97 38.577 38.505 37.735 36.532 24.921 33.142 32.050 435134.22 124.03 132,05 128.59 124.06 118.86 115.77
98 38.699 38.826 38.101 36.841 35.219 33.427 32.327 440135.53. 135.33 133..34 129.86 125.29 120.14 118.93
99 39.220 39.147 38,417 37.149 35.516 33.712 32.605 445136.34 136.64 134.63 131.12 126,51 121.32 118,08
100 39.541 39.467 38.733 37,456 35,813 33.997 32,861 450136.15 137.94 135,92 132.38 127.73 122,50 119,24
105 41.136 41.062 40.305 38,9S7 37,290 35.414 34.260 455139.45 139.25 137,20 133,84 128.96 123,68 120,39
110 42.724 42,845 41.865 40.508 36.756 36.821 35.630 460140.75 140.55 138.49 134.90 130.13 :124.86 121.54
115 44.299 44.216 48.415 42.018 40,216 38.221 36.993 465142.05 141.85 139.77 136,15 131.39 126.04 122.69
120 45.664 45,781 44,956 43.520 41.666 39.612 36.347 470143.35 148.14 141.05 137.40 132.61 127.21 123.64
125 47.420 47.834 48,467 45.012 43.107 40.895 39.694 475144.65 144.44 142.33 138.66 133,62 126.38 124.96
130 43.966 48,879 48,009 46.497 44.541 42.372 41.035 480145,94 145,73 143.61 139.91 135.04 129.55 126.13
135 50.504 50.414 49.523 47.973 45.967 48.741 42.368 485147.24 147.02 144,89 141.15 136.25 130,72 127.27
140 52,033 51.942 51.029 49.441 47.366 45.104 43.696 490148.53 143.31 146,16 142.40 137,46 131,89 126.41
145 53,555 53.482 52.526 50.903 46,796 48,460 45.017 495149.82 149.60 147.43 143.85 138.67 133.06 129.56
150 55.070 54.974. 54,019 52.357 50.204 47.610 46.333 500151.11 150.89 148.71 144.89 139.86 134.23 130.70
155 56.577 56.479.55,503 53.605 51.603 49.155 47.642 510153.66 153.46 151.24 147.38 142.29 136.56 132.97
160 56,077 57.977 56.981 55,246 52.996 50.494 48.947 520156.25 156.02 153.78 149.85 144.70 136.68 135.24
165 59,570 59,469 56.452 56,661 54.384 51,827 50.247 530156.81 i56.56 156.30 152.33 147.10 141.20 137.51
170 61.056 60,954 59,916 56.110 55.766 53,156 51.542 540161.36 161.13 158.82 154.79 149.49 143.51 139,77
175 62.539 62,433 61.375 59.534 57.143 54.479 52.632 550163.91 163.68 161.34 157.25 151:88 145.62 142,03
180 64.014 63.906 62.629 60.952 58.51.4 55.798 54.116 560156.45 166,22 163.85 159.71 154,27 148.12 144,26
!85 65.484 65,374 84.276 62,365 59,881 57.112.55.399 570166.99 168.75 166.35 162.16.156.85 150.42 146,53
:90 66.948 66,836 65.718 63.773 61,242 58.422 56,876 580171.52 171.28 168.85 164.61 159.02 152.72 148.77
’95 68.406 66.293 67,156 65.175 62.600 59.727 57.949 590174.05 173.60 171.34 167,05 161.39 155.01 .151 .01
!00 69,660 69.744 66,568 66.573 63.952 61 .02S 59.217 600176.57 176.32 173.83 169.46 163.76 157.29 153.25
!05 71,309 71.191 70.015 67.967 65.301 62.326 60.482 610179.09 176.83 176.32 171.92 166.12 159.56 155.46
!1O 72.752 72.633 71.437 69.355 66.645 63;619 61.744 620161.60 181:34 176.80 174.24 166.48 161.85 157.71
!15 74.191 74.070 72.855 70.740.67.965 64,903 83.001 630164.10 i 83.85 181,27 176.76 170.83.164.13 159,93
!20 75.626 75.503 74,269 72.120 69.321 66.194 &L255 640166.60 186.35 183.74 179.18 173.18 166.40 162.15
!25 77,056 76.931 75.678 73,496 70.653 67.476 65.506 650189.10 188.84 166.20 181,60 175.52 168.66 164.37.
!30 73.462 76,355 77.083 74.868 71.981 68,755 66.753 660191.59 191.33 168.66 164.00 177.66 170.92 166.58
!35 79.803 79.774 78.434 76.236 73.306 70.030 67.997 670194.08 193.61 191.12 186.41 160.20 173.16 168.79
!40 ,61.321 61.190 79.681 77.601 74.627 71.302 69.238 660196.57 196,29 193.57 168.61 182.53 175.44 170.99
!45 82.734 82.602 81.275 73.962 75,945 72.570 70,476 690199.04 198.77 196,02 191.21 184,66 177,69 173.20
!50 64.144 84.010 82.664 60.319 77,259 73.736 71.711 700201.52 201.24 196,46 193.60 187.19 179,94 175.39
!55 85.550 65.414 84.050 61.672 78,570 75.098 72.942 710203.99 203.71 200,90 195.99 189.51 182,18 177.59

372 3PE Reservoix Engineering, MaY 1988

 TABLE I—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, W’eD, TABLE I—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, W,.,
FOR INFINITE AQUIFER (continued) FOR INFINITE AQUIFER (continued)

Zn ‘
fD 0.05 0,1 0.3 0.5 _ 0.7 —0.9 — 1.0
1,420 371.64 371.08 366.40 358.19 347.32 334.94 327.15
1,430 373,82 373.35 368.65 360,40 349.47 337.03 329.19
1,440 376.10 375.63 370.90 362.61 351.62 339.11 331.23
1,450 378..36 377.90 373.15 364.81 353.76 241.19,333.27
1,460 380.65 380.17 375.39 367.02 355.91 343.27 335.31
770 218.73 218.42 215,45 210,24 203.36 195,57 190,69 1,470 382.92 362.44377.64 369.22 358.06 245.35 337.35
780 221.17 220.87 217.86 212.60 205.66 197,80 192.67 1,480 385.19 384.71 379.88 371,42 360,20 247.42 339.38
790 223.61 223,31 220.27 214.96 207.95 200.01 195.04 1,490 387.46 386.96 382.13 373.62 362.34 249.50 341.42
800 226.05 225.74 222.68 217.32 210.24 202.23 197.20 1,500 389.73 389,25 384.37 375.82 364.46 351.58 343.45
810 228.48 226.17 225.08 219.67 212.53 204.44 199.37 1,525 395.39 394.90 389.96 381.31 369.82 356.78 348.52
820 230.91 230,60 227.48 222.02 214.81 206.65 201.53 1,550 401.04400.55 395.55 386.78 375.16 361.93 353.59
830 233.33 233.02 229.87 224.36 217,09 208.86 203.69 1,575 406.66 406.18 401.12 392,25 380.49 367.09 356.65
640 235.76 235.44 232.26 226.71 219.37 211.06 205.85 1,600 412.32 411.81 406.69 397.71 385.80 372.24 363.70
850 238.18 237.86 234.65 229.05 221$4 213,26 208.00 1,625 417.94417.42 412.24 403.16391.11 377.39 368.74
860 240.59240.27 237.04 231.38 223.92 215.46 210.15 1,650 423.55 423.03 417.79 408.60 396.41 382.53 373.77
670 243.00 242.68 239.42 233.72 226.19 217.65 212.30 1,675 429.15 428.63 423.33 414.04 401.70 387.66 376.60
680 245.41 245.08,241.80 236.05.228.45 219.85 214.44 1,700 434.75 434.22 428.35 419.46 406.99 392.76 383.82
690 247,82 247.49.244.17 238.37 230.72 222.04 216.59 1,725 440,33 439.79 434.37 424.87 412.26 387.89 386.63 ;
900 250,22 249,89 246.55 240.70 232.96 224.22 218.73 1,750 445,91 445.37 429.89 430.28 417.53 403.00 393.64 I
910 252.62 252.28 248.92 243,02 235.23 226.41 220.87 1,775 451.46 450.93 445,39 436,66 422.79 408,10 398.84
920 255.01 254.68 251.26 245.24 237.49 228.59 223.00 1,860 457,04, 456.48 450.86 441.07 428.04 413.20 403.83
930 257.41 257.07 253.65.247,66 239.74 230.77 225.14 1,825 462,59 462.03 456.37 446.46 433.29 418,28 408.82
940 259.80 259.46 256.01 249,97 241,99 232.95 227.27 1,850 468.13 467.56 461,85 451.83 438.53 423.36 413.60
950 262.19 261.84 258.36 252.28 244,24 235.12 229.39 1,875 473.67 473.09 467.32 457.20 443.76 428,43 418.77
960 264.57 264.22 260.72 254,59 246,48 237.29 231.52 1,900 479.19 476.61 472.76 462,56 448.98 433.50 423.73
970 266.95 266.60 263.07 256,89 248,72 239.46 233.65” 1,925 484.71 464.13476.24467,92 454.20 436.56 428.69
980 269.33 268.98 265.42 259,19 250.96 241.63 235.77 1,950 490.22 439.63 463.69 473.26 459.41 443.61 433.64
990 271.71 271.35 267.77 261,49 253,20 243.80 237.69 1,975 495.73 495.13 469.13 478.60 464.61 448.66 438.59
1,000 274.08 273.72 270.11 263.79 255.44 245.96 240.00 2,000 601.22 500.62 494.56 483.93 469.61 453.70 443.53
1,010 276,35 275.99 272.35 285.99 257,58 246.04 242.04 2,025 506.71 506.11 499.99 489.26 475.00 458.73 448.47
1,020 278,72 278.35 274.69 268,29 259.81 250.19 244.15 2,050 512.20 511.58 505.41 494.58 480.18 463.76 453.40
1,030 261,08 280.72 277.03 270.57 262.04 252.35 246.26 2,075 517.67 517.05 510.82 489..29 485.36 466.76 458.32
t ,040 283,44 283.08 279.36.272.86 264,26 254.50 248.37 2,100 523.14 522.52 516.22 505.19 490.53 473.80 463.24
1,050 285,81 285.43 281.69 275.15 266.49 256.66 250.43 2,125 528.60 527.97 521.62 510.49 495.69 476,81 468.15
1,080 288,16 287.79 284.02 277.43 268.71 258.81 252.58 2,150 524.05 533.42 527.02 515.78 500.85 463.81 473.06
1,070 290,52 290.14 286.35 279,71 270,92 260.95 254.69 2,175 539.50 538.86 532.40 521.07 506.01 486.81 477.96
1,080 292.87 292.49 288.67 281.99 273.14 263.10 256.79 2,2o0 544.94 544.30 537.78 526.35 511.15 493.81 482.85
1,090 2S5.22 294.84 290.99 284.26 275.35 265.24 258.89 2,225.550.38 549.73 543.15 531.62 516.29 498.79 467.74
1,100 297.57 297.18 293.31 286.54 277.57 267.38 260.98 2,250 555.81 555.15 548.52 536.88 521.42 503.78 492.63
1,110 299.91 299.53 295I33 288,81 279.76 269.52 263.08 2,275 561.23 560.56 553.88 542.15 526.56 506.75 497.51
1,120 302.28 301.87 297,94 291.07 281.98 271.86 265.17 2,300 566.64565.97 559.23 547.41 531.68513.72 502.36
1,130 304.60 304.20 300.25 293.34 284.19 273.80 267.26 2,325 572.05 571.38 564.56.552.66 536.80 518.69 507.25
1,140 306.93 306.54 302,56 295.61 286.39 275.93 269.35 2,350 577.46 576.78 569.92 557.90 541.91 523.65 512.12
i ,150 309.27.308.87 304,87 297.87 238.59 278.06 271.44 2,375 582.85 582.17 575.26 583.14 547.02 528.61 516.98
1,160 311.60 311.20 307,16 300.13 290.79 260.18 273,52 2,400 588.24 567.55 580.59 568.37 552.12 533.56 521.63
1,170 313.94 313.53 308,46 302.38 292.99 282.32 275.61 2,425 593.63 592.93 585.91 573.60 557.22 538.50 526.66
1,160 316.26 315.86 311.78 304.64 295.19 284.44 277.69 2,450 599.01 596.31 591.23 578.62 562.31 543.45 531.53
1,190 318.59 316.18 314.08 306,89 297.38 286.57 279.77 2,475 604.38 603.68 596.55 584.o4 567.39 546.38 536.37
1,20.0 320.92 320.51 316,38 309,15 299.57 288.69 261.85 2,500 609.75 609.04 601 .S5 589.25 572.47 ‘553.31 541.20
1,210 323.24 322.63 318.67 311,38 301.76 290.81 283.92 2,550 620.47 619.75 612.45 599.65,582.62 563.16 550.66
1,220 325.56 325.14 320,96 313,64 303.95 292.93 266.00” 2,600 631.17 630.43 623.03 610.04 592.75 572.99 560.50
1,230 327.66 327.46 323.25 315,69 306.13 295.05 268.07 2,650 641.64 641.10 633.59 620.40 602.66 562.80 570.13
1,240 330.19 329.77 325.54 318,13 306.32 297.16 290.14 2,700 652.50 651.74644.12 630.75 612.95 592.60 579.73
1,250 332.51 332.08 327.83 320.37 310.50 299.27 292.21 2,750 663.13.662.37 654.64 641.07 623.02 602.37 589.32
1,26o 324.82 334.39 330.11 322,61 312.68 301.38 294.28 2,600 873.75 672.97 665.14 651.36 633.07 612.13 598.90
1,270 337.13 336.70.332.39 324.85 314.85 303.49 296.35 2,650 6S4.34 683.56 675.61 661.67 643.11 621.68 608.45
1,260 339.44 339.01 334.67 327.06 317.03 305.60 286.41 2,800 694.92 694.12 686.07 671.94 653,12 631.60 617.99
1,290 341’:74 341.31 336.95 329.32 319.21 307.71 300.47 2,850 705.48 704.67 696.51 682.19 663.13 641.32 627.52
1,300 344.05 343,61 339.23 331.55 321.38 308.81 302.54 3,000 716.02 715.20 706.94 692.43 673.11 651.01 637.03
1,310 346.36 345,91 341.50 333.76 323.55 311.92 304.60 3,050 726.54 725.71 717.34 702.65 663.08 660.69 646.53
1,320 348.65 346,21 343.77 336.01 325.72 314,02 306.65 3,100 737.04 736.20 727.73 712.85 693.03 670.36 656.01
1,330 350.95 350,50 346.04 338.23 327.89 316,12 308.71 3,150 747.53 746.68 738.10 723.04 702,97 680.01 665.48
1,340 353.24 352,80 348.31 340.46 330.05 318.22 310.77 3,200 756.00 757.14 748.45 733.21 71,2.89 689.64 674.93
1,350 355.54 355,09 350.58 342.66 332.21 320.31 312,62 3,250 768.45 767.58 758.79 743.36 722,80 699.27 684.37
1,360 357.63 357.38 352.64 344.90 334.38 322.41 314,87 3,300 778.69 778.01 769,11 753.50 732,69 708.87 693.80
1,370 360.12 359.67 355.11 347.12 336.54 324.50 316,92 3,350 789.31 786.42 779.42 763.62 742.57 718.47 703.21
1,380 362.41 361.95 357,37 349.34 336.70 326.59 318.97 3,400 799.71 798.81 769.71 773.73 752,42 728,05 712.62
1,390 384.69 364,24 359.63 351.56 240.85 326.66 321.02 3,450 810.10 809,19 799.99 783.62 762,28 737.62 722.00
1,400 366.98 366.52 361.88 353.77 243.01 330.77 323,06 3,500 820.48.81 9S5 810,25 793.90 772.12 747.17 731.38
1,410 369.26 368,80 364.14 355.96 345,16 332,86 325,11 3,550 830.63 629,90 820,49 803.97 761.94 756.72 740.74

8PE Reservoir Engineering, MaY 1988 373

 TABLE I—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, WO, FOR INFINITE-AQUIFER (continued)

ZD’

~_ 0.05 0.1 0,3 _——0.5 0.7 0.9 — 1.0

3,600 841.16 840.24 830.73 614.02 791.75 .786.24 750.08
3,650 651,51 650.56 640.94 824.06 801.55 775.76 759,.43
3,700 861.83 860.86 651.15 834.08 511.33 765.27 768.76
3,750 872.13 871.15 881.24 644.09 821.10 794,76 778.08
3,800 882,41 661.42 671.51 854.09 830.86 804.24 767.38
3,850 692,69 891.70 881.68 864.06 840.81 613.71 796,68
3,800 902.95 901.85 891.83 674.05 850.34 623.17 605.96
3,950 913.20 912.19 901.96 884.01 860.06 632,62 815.23
4,000 923.42 922.41 912.09 693.96 869.77 642.06 824,49
4,050 933.65 932.62 922.20 903.89 879.47 851,46 633.74.
4,100 948,66 942,82 932.30 913.62 889.16 660.90 842.99
4,150 954,06 953.01 942.39 923.73 898.84 870.30 852.22
4,200 964.25 963.19 952.47 933.83 908.50 67S.89 861.44
4,250 974.42 973,35 962.53 948.52 916.16 689.08 670,65
4,300 984.58 983,50 972.58 953.40 927.80 698.45 879.85
4,350 994.73 993,64 982.62 963.27 937.43 907.81 669,04
4,400 1,004.9 1,003,8 992.7 973.1 947.1 917.2 698.2
4,450 1,015.0 1,013,9 1,002.7 963.0 956.7 926.5 907.4
4,500 1,025.1 1,024,0 1,012.7 992.8 966.3 935.9 916.6
4,550 1,035.2 1,084.1 1,022.7 1,002.6 975.9 945.2 925.7

4,600 1,045.3 1,044.2 1,032,7 1,012.4 985.6 954.5 934.9

4,650 1,055.4 1,054.2 1,042.6 1,022.2 995.0 963,8 944.0
4,700 1,065.5 1,064.3 1,052,6 1,032,0 1,004.6 973,1 si53.1
4,750 1,075.5 1,074.4 1,062.6 1,041.6 1,014.1 982.4 962.2
4,600 1,085.6 1,084.4 1,072,5 1,051.6 1,023.7 991.7 971.4
4,650 1,095.6 1,084.4 1,082.4 1,061.4 1,033.2 1,000.9 960.5
4,900, 1,105.6 1,104.5 1,092.4 1,071.1 1,042.8 1,010.2 969.5
4,950 1,115.7 1,114.5 1,102.3 1,060.9 1,052.3 1,019.4 998.8
5;000 1,125.7 1,124.5 1,112.2 1,090.6 1,061.8 1,028.7 1,007.7
5,100 1,145.7 1,144.4 1,132.0 1,110.0 1,080.8 1,047.2 1,025.8
5,200 1,165.6 1,164.4 1,151.7 1,129.4 1,099.7 1,065.6 1,043.9
5,300 1,185.5 1,184.3 1,171.4 1,148.6 1,118.8 1,064.0 1,062.0
5,400 1,205.4 1,204.1 1,191.1 1,168.2 1,137.5 1,102.4 1,060.0
5,500 1,225.3 .1,224.0 1,210.7 1,187.5 1,158.4 1,120.7 1,098,0
5,600 1,245.1 1,243.7 1,230.3 1,206.7 1,175.2 1,139.0 1,118.0
5,700 1,264.9 1,263.5 1,249.9 1,226.0 1,194.0 1,157.3 1,134.0
5,800 1,284.6 1,283.2 1,269.4 1,245.2 1,212.8 1,175.5 1,161,9
5,900 1,304.3 1,302.9 1,288.9 1,264.4 1,231.5 1,193.6 1,189.8
6,000 1,324.0 1,322.6 1,306.4 1,283.5 1,250.2 1,211.9 1,187.7
6,100 1,348,6 1,342.2 1,327.9 1,302,6 1,268.9 1,230.1 1,205.5 ‘

6,200 1,363.2 1,361.8 1,+47.3 1,321.7 1,287.5 1,246.3 1,223.3

6,300 1,362.8 1,381.4 1,366.7 1,340.8 1,306.2 1,266.4 1,241.1
6,400 1,402.4 1,400,9 1,386.0 1,359.8 i ,324.7 1,284.5 1,258.9
8,500 1,421.9 1,420.4 1,405.3 1,378.6 1,343.3 1,302.5 1,276.6
6,600 1,/441 .4 1,439.9 1,424.6 1,397,8 1,361.9 1,320.6 1,294.3
6,700. 1,460.9 1,459,4 1,443.9 1,416.7 1,380.4 1,338.8 1,312.0
6,800 1,480,3 1,476.8 i,463.1 1,485.6 1,398.9 1,356.6 i ,329,7
6,900 1,499.7 1,498,2 1,42.4 1,454.5 i ,417.3 1,374.5 J ,347.4
7,000. 1,519.1 1,517,5 1,501.5 1,473.4 1,A35,6 1,392.5 1,365.0
7,100 1,538,5 1,536.9 1,520:7 1,492,3 1,A54,2 1,410.4 1,362.6
7,200 1,557,8 1,556.2 1,539.6 1,511.1 1,472.6 1,428.3 1,400,2
7,300 1,577,1 1,575.5 1,559.0 1,529.9 i ,491,0 1,A46.2 1,417,8
7,400 1,596,4 1,594.8 1,576.1 1,546.6 1,509.3 1,464.1 1,485,3
7,500 1,615,7 1,614.0 1,597.1 1,567,4 1,527.6 1,181.9 1,452,6
7,600 1,634,9 1,633.2 t ,616.2 1,586,1 1,545.9 1,499.7 1,470.3,
7,700 1,654,1 1,652.4 1,335.2 1,604.6 1,564.2 1,517.5 1,467.8
7,800 1,673.3 1,671.6 1, S54.2 1,623.5 1,562.5 1,535.3 1,505.3
7,900 1,692,5 1,690.7 1,673.1 1,642.2 1,600.7 1,553.0 1,522.7
8,000 1,711,6 1,709.9 1,682.1 1,660.8 1,619.0 1,570.8 1,540.1
8,100 1,730.8 1,729.0 1,711.0 1,678,4 1,637.2 1,568.5 1,557,6
8,200 1,749,9 1,748.1 1,729.9 1,693.0 1,655.3 1,606.2 1,574.9
8,300 1,768.9 1,767.1 1,748.8 1,716.6 1,673.5 ‘1,623.9 1,592.3
8,400 1,786,0 1,766.2 1,767.7 1,735,2 1,691.6, 1,341.5 i ,609.7
8,506 1,807.0 1,805.2 1,786.5 1,753.7 1,709.6 1,=9.2 1,627.0
8,600 1,826.0 1,824.2 1,605.4 1,772.2 1,727.9 1,676.6 1,644,3
6,700 1,M5.O 1,143.2 1,624.2 i ,790.7 1,748,0 1,694.4 1,661.6
8,800 1,364.0 1,S62.1 1,642.9 i ,809,2 1,764.0 i ,712.0 1,676.9
8,900 1,863.0 1,861.1 1,861.7 1,827.7 1,762,1 1,729.6 1,696,2
9,000 1,901.9 i ,900.0 1,880.5 1,846.1 1,800,1 1,747.1 1,713.4
9,100 1,620.8 1,918.9 1,899.2 1,664,5 1,818.1 1,764.7 i ,730.7

374. , 3PE R&ervOii tigine.tig, MaY. 1988

 TABLE 1–DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, Woo, FOR” INFINITE AQUIFER (continued)

Zn ‘
tn 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0
9,200 1,939.7 1,937.4 1,917,9 1,882.9 1,836.1 1,782,2 1,747.9
9,300 1,958,6 1,956.6 1,936.6 1,901.3 1,854.1 1,799.7 1,765.1 “
9,400 1,977.4 1,975.4 1,955,2 1,919.7 1,872.0 1,817.2 1,782.3
9,500 1,996,3 1,994.3 1,973.9 1,936.0 1,890.0 1,634,7 1,799.4
9,600 2,015.1 2,013.1 1,992.5 1,956.4 1,907.9 1,852.1 1,816.6
9,700 2,033.9 2,031.9 2,011.1 1,974.7 1,925.6 1,669.6 1,833.7
9,800 2,052.7 2,050.6 2,029,7 1,993.0 1,943.7 1,887.0 1,650.9
9,900 2,071.5 2,069.4 2,048.3 2,011.3 1,961.6 1,904.4 1,868.0
1.00XI04 2.090 X 10S 2.088x 109 2.067 X 103 2.029 X 103 1.979x 103 1.922XI03 1.885x IOS
I.25x104 2.553 X 103 2.551 X 103 2.526 X 103 2.4s1 XI03 2,421 X 103 2.352XI03 2,308 X 103
I,50XI04 3.009 x 103 3.006 X 103 2.977 X 103 2.925 X 103 2,855 X 103 2.775 x103, 2.724x 103
1.75XI04 3.457XI03 3.454 x 103 3.421 X 103 3.362x 103 3.264x 103 3.193XI03 3,135XI03
2, OOX1O4 3.900 x 103 3.897 X 10S 3.860 X 103 3.794 x 103 3.707 x 103 3.605 X 103 3,541 XI03
2,50x 104 4.773XI03 4.766 X 103 4.724 X 103 4.646x 103 4.541 x 103 4.419XI03 4.341 x 103
3,00 XI04 5.630 X 103 5.625 X 103 5.574 x loo 5.483 X 103 5.361 X 103 ‘5.219x 103 5.129xi03
3.5 OX1O4 6.476 X 103 6.470 X 103 6.412x IOS 6.309 x 103 6.170 x103 6.009 X 103 5.906 x 10S
4.00 XI04 7.312 x103 7.305 x 103 7.240 X 103 7.125x IOS 6.970 X 103 6.790x IOS 6.675x103
4,50x 104 6.139 x103 8.132x IOS 6.060 x 103 7.933XIOS 7.762 X 103 7.564 X 103 7.437 x 103
5.00 XI04 8.959 x 103 8,951 X 103 6,872 X 103 8.734xiOa 6.546x103 8.331 X 103 6.193 x103
6,00 x104 1.057XI04 1.057XI04 I,047XI04 1.031 XI04 I.oloxlo” 9.848x IOS 9.664 X 103
7,00 XI04 1.217x104 I,217x104 I,206x104 1.i88x104 1.163 x104 1.134XI04 1.116 x104
8,00 x104 1.375XI04 I.375X104 1.363 x104 I.342X 104 1.315 x-io4 1.283x 104 1.262x 104
9,00 XI04 1.532x104 1,531 x lo~ I.518x104 1.496x 104 1.465 x104 1.430 XI04 1.407XI04
1.00 XI05 1.687x 104 1.686XI04 1.672 XI04 1.547XI04 1.614x 104 1.576x 104 1.551 xlo~
1.25x 105 2.071 X 104 2,069 x lo~ 2.052 X 104 2.023x 104 1.982x 104 1.936x 104 1.906%104
1.50 XI05 2.443x 104 2,446x 104 2.427x 104 2.392x 104 2.245XI04 2.291 X 104 2,256 X 104
2.00 XI05 3.190XI04 3,188x 104 3.163x 104 3.li9xlo4 3.059 x 104 2.989 X 104 2,945 X 104
2.50 X105 3.918x 104 3,916x104 3.865 X 104 3:632x 104 3.760x 104 3.676 X 104 3.622 x104
3.OOX1O5 4.636 X 104 4.633 X 104 4.598 X 104 4,536 X 104 4.452x 104 4.353x 10? 4.290 X 104
4.00 XI05 6.048 X 104 6,044x 104 5.999 x lo~ 5.920 x 104 5.612 x104 5.687x la4 5,606 X 104
5.00 XI05 7.436x 104 7,431 x 104 7.376 X 104 7,260 X 104 7.150XI04 6.998 X 10g 6.900 X 104
6.00 x105 6.805 X 104 8.796 X 104 S.735XI04 8.623 X 104 S.471 x 1o~ 8.293 X 104 8,178 x104
7.00 XI05 1.016x 105 1.015 XI05 1.008x 105 9,951 x 104 9.777XI04 9.573 x 104 9.442x 104
8.00 x105 1.150 XI05 1.149 XI05 1.141 X105 1.127x 105 1. I07XI05 I,064x105 1.070XI05
9. OOX1O5 1.283x 105 1.262x 105 1.273x 105 1.257x 105 1.235 xI05 I.2IOX1O5 1.194 XI05
I.ooxloo 1.415XI05 .I.412X105 1.404XI05 1.367x 105 1.383XI05 I,335XI05 1.317XI05
1.5OX1O6 2.059 X 105 2.060 X 105 2.041 X 105 2,016xlb5 I.962x105 I:943XI05 I.9I8X105
2.00 XI08 2.695 X 106 2.695 X’105 2.676 X 105 2.644x IOS 2.601 X 106 2.551 X 105 2.516 x105
2.50 x106 3.320 Xl 05 3.3 I9X105 3.286 x10S 3.254x 105 3.202 X 105 3,141 X 105 3.101 X108
3.OOX1OO 3.937 x 105 3.936 X 105 3.909 x 105 3,664x 105 3.803 x 10’ 3,731 x 105 3.624x10S
4.00 X106 5. I54X105 5.152x 105 5.116x105 5.060 x 105 4.981 X 105 4,688 x 105 4.828 X 105
6.OOX1O6 6.352x 105 6.249 x105 6.308 X 105 6.236 X 105 6.142x10S 6.029 X 105 5.956 X 105
6,00 x106 7.536x 105 7.533 x 105 7.465XI05 7.402 X105 7.290 X 105 7,157XI05 7.072 X 105
7.00 XI06 6.709 X 105 8.705 X 105 8.650 X 105 8.556 X 10$ 6.427 X 105 8.276 X 105. 6.177x 105
8.00 XI06 9.972 X 105 9.667 X 106 9.806 X 105 9.699 X 105 9.555 x105 9.364 x”105 9,273x 105
9.00 XI06 1. I03XI05 I.102x106 1.095 X’106 1.084XI06 1.067x 108 1.049 XI06 1.036 x106
1.00 XI07 1.217x106 1.217x 106 1.209x1o6 1.196x IOE 1.179XI06 l,156x10e 1.144XI06
I,50XI07 1.782x 108 1.761 X108 1.771 Xlos I.752x108 1.727x 106 I.697x106 1.678x 106
2.00x I07 2.337x 108 2.336 X 10e 2.322 X 106 2.298 x 106 2.266 x 106 2,227x 106 2.202 x 106
2,50 X107 2.884x 10@ 2.882 X 106 2.666 X 106 2.837 x 106 2.787x10e 2,750 X 106 2.720 X 106
3.00 XI07 3.425 X 108 3.423 X106 3.404X 108 3.369 x 106 3.323 X 106 3.268 X 106 3.232x 106
4.00XI07 4.493 X 106 4.491 x 106 4.466 X 10 E 4.422 X 10 s 4.361 X 106 4.290 X 108 4.244x10e
5.00 XI07 5.547x 106 5544x 106 5.514XI06 5.460 X 10s 5.386 X 106 5.299 x 106 5.243x 106
6,00x 107 6,590 X 106 6.587 X 106 6.551 X 10s 6.466 X 108 6.401 X106 6.299 X 108 6.232 X 106
7.00XI07 7,624x 106 7,620 X 106 7.579XI08 7.507 x 106 7.407 x 10 S 7.290 X 106 7.213x 106
8,00x 107 6,651 X 108 6.647x106 8.600 x i Oe 6.5~9 X 10e 8.407x IOE 6.274x 106 8.136x 106
9, OOX1O7 9,671x106 9,666 x106 9.615x 108 9.524 X 106 9.400 x 108 9.252 X 106 9.156x10e
1. OOX1O8 1.069 x107 1.067x 107 1.062x 107 1.052x 107 1.039,XI07 1.023 x107 I. OI2X1O7
1.5OX1O8 1.567 x107 1.567x 107 1.555%107 1.541 xio7 1.522x 107 1.499 XI07 I.483 x107
2.00XI08 2.059 X 107 2.059 X 107 2.048 X 107 2.029 X 107 2.004x 107 1.974XI07 1.954XI07
2.50x I08 2.546x 107 2.545x 107 2.531 X 107 2,:07 X 107 2.476x 107 2.429 x107 2.415x107
3. OOX1O8 3.027 X 107 3.026 X 107 3.010XI07 2,984x 107 2.947x 107 2.904 X 107 2.675 X 107
4.00 XI08 3.979 x 107 3.978 X 107 3.956 X 107 3,923 X 107 3.875 X 107 3.819 x107 3.782 X 107
5.00 x 10S. 4.920 X 107 4.916x107 4.694x 107 4.651 X107 4.793 x 107 4,724 X 107 4.678 x107
6.00x 108 5.852 X 107 5.850 X 107 5,821 X 107 5.771 XI07 5.702x 107 5,621 X 107 5.568x 107
7.00% 108 6.777 X 107 6.774x107 6,741 X 107 6.834x 107 6.605 X 107 6,511 X107 6.450 X 107
8.00x10S 7.700 x 107 7.693 X 107 7.655 X 107 7.590 x 107 7.501 x 107 7.396 X 107 7.327 X 107
9.00XI08 8.609 X 107 3.606 X 107 6.564x 107 6.482 x107 8.393 X 107 6.275 x107 8.198x 107
1.00XI09 9,5i6x107 9.515XI07 9.469 X 107 9.390%107 9.261 X107 9.151 XI07 9.066 X 107
1.5 OX1O9 1.401 x 108 1.4OOX1O8 1.394XI08 1.382x108 1.367x 108 1.348X108 1.336x 108

3PE Resemoir Engimering, May 1938 375

.. . . . .
 TABLE I–DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, w.,, FOR INFINITE AQulFER(continued)

ZD ‘
1.0
t. 0.05 0.1 _ 0.3 — 0.5 0.7 0.9
2.00 x 1’09 1&43x108 1.843x 108 1.634XI08 1.819 x108 1.799XI08 I.774X108 1.758 x10a
,2.50x10° 2.281 X 108 2.280 X 106 2.269 X 108 2.251 X 108 2.228x 108 2,196x108 2,177x 10a
3.00 XI09 2.714x 10a 2.713x IOB 2.701 X 108 2.660 X 108 2.650X f08 2.615 x108 2,592 X 108
4. OOX1O9 3.573 X 108 3.572x IOS 3.556 x 108 3.528 X 108 3.489x 108 3.443 x108 3.413XI08
5. OOX1O9 4.422 x108 4.421 X 108 4.401 x 10S 4.367x 108 4.320 X 108 4,263 X 108 4,227x 108
8.00x 109 5,285 X 108 5.262 X 108 5.240 X 108 5.199x 108 5.14+x 108 5.077 X 108 5.033 x 108
7.00 XI09 6,101 x108 6.098 X 108 6.072 X 108 6.025 X 108 5.961 X 108 5.885 X 108 5.835 X 108
8.00 XI09 6.932x108 6.930 X 108 6,900 X 108 6.847x 108 6.775 x108 6.686 x 10S 6.632x 108
9.00 XI09 7.760 X 108 7.756 X 108 7.723 X 108 7.664 X 108 7,584 X 108 7,487 x 108 7.424 X 106
I. OOXIO1O 8.583 X 108 8.574 X 108 8.543 X 108 8.478 x 10s 8,389 X 108 6.283x108 8.214x10B
1.5oxlo~Q 1.263 x109 1.264x 109 1.257x 109 1.247 x109 1.235 x109 1.219 x109 1.209x 109
2.00 x IO”lQ 1.666XI09 1.666x10g 1.659 x109 1.646 x10g 1.630 x10g 1.610 x10g 1.596 xiOg
2.50x1010 2.085XI09 2.063 X 10s 2.055 X 109 2.038 X i 09 2.016x 109 1.993XI09 1.977 XI09
3. OOXIO1O 2.458x 109 2.456 X 109 2.447 x10g’ 2A30XI09 2,405 X 109 2.376x 109 2.357 X 109
4.00 XIOID 3.240 X 109 3,239 X 109 3.226 X 109 3,203 X 109 3. I7IX109 3.133X 109 3.106x 109
‘S.ooxiojo 4.014 XI09 4.013XI09 3.997 x 109 3.968 X 109 3,929 x 109 3.883 X 10s 3.832 x109
6.00x iOi0 4.782 X 109 4.781 X 109 4.762 X 109 4.728 X 10s 4.682x 109 4.627 x 109 4.591 x 109
7.00 x 1010 5S46X10g 5.544x 109 5,522 x109 5.483 X 109 5.430XI09 5.366 X 109 5,325 X 109
8.00 X 10<0 6,305 X 109 8.303 X 109 6,278 X 109 6.234 X 109 6.174x 109 6.102x10g 6.055 X 109
9.00 x 1010 7.060 X 109 7.058 x 109 7.030 x 10$ 6,982 X 10s 6.914x 109 6.634 X 109 6,782 X 109
l.ooxloj~ 7.613 x.f Og 7.810x 109 7.780 X 109 7.726 x.1 09 7.652x 109 7.584X109 7.506 X 109
1.50x ioi1 1.154x1040 1.153 XIO:0 1.149x1010 1.141 x10[0 1.130x1010 1.118 x1010 1.109 XIO1Q
z,ooxlol~ 1,522 x1010 1.521 x1040 1.515x1010 1.505x1010 7.49 IX1O’O 1.474 x10’a I.463x101Q
2.50x 10ii l,866xlof0 1.885x1040 1.878 x10’0 1.666 XIO$Q 1.649x10%0 1.623 x10’0 1,614 x1010
3.00 XI011 2,246 X 1010 2.247 X 10 ‘0 2.239 x10i0 2.224 x10f0 2.204 X 1010 2,179x1010 2.163x1010
4.00 XI011 2.965x1010 2.964 X 10 ‘0 2,953 x 1010 2.934x1010 2.907 X1010 2.S76x1010 2.855 x10i0
5.00 XI011 3.677x1010 3.675 X 10 ‘0 3.662x1010 3.636x1010 3.605 X 10>0 3,566x1010 3.540 xlo~Q
8.00x I011 4,383x 1010 4.361 xlOiO 4,365x 10(0 4.337x lo~o 4.298 X 1010 4,252x1010 4,221 X 1010
7.00x lo~~ 5.085x1010 5.082x1010 5,064 x10[o 5.032 x101D 4.987 X1010 4.933x1010 4,898x1010
8.00x 101’ 5.763x1010 5.781 XIOIO 5.760 x101U 5.723x1010 5.673 X 1,010 5.612x1010 5,572x 1010
9.ooxlol~ 6.478 X 1010 6.476x1010 6A53x101D 6.412 xiOt0 6.355 X1010 6.266x1010 6.243 x10i0
1.00 XI012 7.171 xiO<0 7,163 x101Q 7.143%1010 7.096x 1010 7.035 x 1ON 6.961 X 1010 6.912 x10<D
1.50 X1012 1.060 x10i1 1.060x101’ I. 056X1 O’* I. O5OX1O” 1.041 Xlo” I,o3ox1O” 1.022X IO”
2,00 XIO!2 1.400 x10i1 1.399 xlot~ 1.394 xlo~; 1.366 x1011 I,374x1011 1.359 xlot~ 1.350 XI013

,,

.
2,

0.
0,1 ! ,0 100
t.
Fia. 4—Plots of W.. vs. t. for infinite aauifer. Fig. 5–PlOts of W.. vs. t. for finite aquifer (r.’ +S).

376 8PE Rem’vou Engineering, May 1988

 TABLE 3-DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, W.D, FOR r~’ = 6

ZD r

~. 0.05 0.1 0.3

__— 0.5 0.7 0,9
—— 1.0
6 4.780 4.782 4.597 4.265 3.953 3.611 3.414
7 5.309 5.289 5.114 4.779 4.422 4.053 3.837
6 5.799 5.776 5.595 5.256 4.875 4,476 4.247
9 6.252 6.229 6.041 5.712 5.310 4.888 4.642
TABLE 2—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, WK,, FOR r~’ = 4 10 6.750 6.729 6.498 6.135 5.719 5.278 5.019
11 7.137 7.116 6.916 6.546 6.110 5.646 5.376
ZD ‘
12 7.569 7.545 7.325 6.945 6.491 6.009 5.72S
tD 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 I .0 13 7.967 7.916 7.718 7.329 6.858 6.359 6.067
2 2.398 2.389 2.284 2,031 1.824 1.620 1.507 14 6.357 8.334 6.099 7,699 7.214 6.697 6.395
3 3.006 2.993 2.874 2.629 2.390 2.149 2.012 15 8.734 8.709 6.467 S.057 7.557 7.024 6.713
4 3.552 3.528 3.404 3.158 2.693 2.620 2.466 16 9.093 9.067 6.819 s.398 7.834 7.336 7.017
5 4.053 4.017 3.693 3.627 3.341 3.045 2.876 17 9.442 9.416 9.160 8.730 6.204 7.641 7.315
6 4.490 4.452 4.332 4.047 3.744 3.430 3.248 18 9.775 9.748 9.485 9.047 S.510 7.934 7.601
7 4.867 4.829 4.715 4.420 4.407 3.77S 3.587 19 10.09 10.06 9,794 9.443 6.S02 8.214 7.874
8 5.191 5.157 5.043 4.757 4.437 4.096 3.898 20 10.40 10.37 10.10 9.646 9.067 8.487 8.142
9 5.464 5.424 5.322 5.060 4.735 4.385 4.184 22 10.99 10.96 10.67 10.21 9.631 9.009 8.653
10 5.767 5.739 5.59S 5.319 5.000 4.647 4.443 24 11.53 11.50 11.20 10.73 10.13 9.493 9.130
11 5,964 5.935 5.829 5.561 5.240 4.834 4.6S1 26 12.06 12.03 11.72 11.23 10.62 9.964 9.594
12 6,188 6.158 6.044 5.7S0 5.463 5.107 4.903 26 12.52 12.49 12.17 11 .6S 11.06 10.39 10.01
13 6,380 6,350 6.240 5,9Si 5.670 5.316 5,113 30 12.95 12.92 12.59 12.09 11.46 10.76 10.40
14 6S59 6,529 6.421 6.171 5.863 5.611 5.309 35 13.96 13.93 13,57 13.06 12.41 11.70 11.32
15 6.725 6.694 6.589 6.245 6.044 5.695 5.495 40 14.69 14.66 14.33 13.84 13.23 12.53 12.15
16 6.876 6.844 6.743 6.506 6.213 5.S67 5.671 45 15.27 15.24 14.94 14.48 13.90 13.23 12.87
17 7.014 6.983 6.S85 6.656 6.371 6.030 5.836 50 15.74 15.71 15.44 15.01 14.47 13.84 13.49
18 7.140 7.113 7.019 6.792 6.523 6.187 5.999 60 16.40 16.38 16.15 15.S1 15.34 14.78 14.47
19 7.261 7.240 7.140 6.913 6.663 6.334 6.153 70 16.87 16.85 16.67 16,38 15.99 15.50 15.24
20 7.376 7.344 7,261 7.026 6,785 6,479 6.302 60 17.20 17.18 17.04 16.80 16.48 16.06 15.63
22 7.518 7.507 7,451 7,227 6,982 6,691 6.524 90 17.43 17.42 17.30 17.10 16.65 16.50 16.29
24 7.618 7.607 7,518 7,361 7,149 6.870 6.714 100 17.56 17.56 17.46 17.34 17.12 16.83 16.66
26 7.697 7.665 7.607 7.473 7.283 7.026 6.681 110 17.71 17.69 17.63 17.50 17.34 17.09 16.93
2S 7.752 7.752 7.674 7.563 7.395 7.160 7.026 120 17.78 17.78 17.73 17.63 17.4S 17.29 17.17
30 7.608 7.797 7.741 7.641 7.484 7.283 7.160 130 17.S4 17.84 17.79 17.73 17.62 17.45 17,34
34 7.664 7.664 7.819 7..741 7.61S 7.451 7.350 140 17.88 17.86 17.85 17.79 17.71 17.57 17.48
38 7.909 7.909 7.675 7.608 7.719 7.585 7.486 150 17.92 17.91 17,88 17.84 17.77 .17.66 17.58
42 7.931 7.931 7.908 7.864 7.797 7.685 7.618 175 17.95 17.95 17.94 17.92 17.87 17.61 17.76
46 7.942 7.942 7.920 7,69S 7.842 7.752 7.697 200 17.97 17.97 17.96 17.95 17.93 17.86 17.66
50 7.954 7.954 7.942 7.920 7.875 7.806 7.764 225 17.97 17.97 17.97 “17.96 17.85 17,93 17.91
60 7,968 7.988 7.965 7.954 7.931 7.898 7.S64 250 17.99 17.98 17.98 17.97 17.96 17,95 17.95
70 7.976 7.976 7.976 7.968 7.965 7,942 7.920 300 17.98 17.9S 17.98 17.98 17.98 17.97 17.97
80 7.982 7.962 7,987 7,976 7.976 7.865 7.954 350 17.96 17.98 17.98 17.98 17.98 17.98 17.96
90 7.987 7.967 7,987 7.924 7.983 7.976 7.965 400 17.98 17.98 17.93. 17.98 17.98 17.98 17.98
100 7.987 7.987 7.987 7.987 7.987 7.983 7.976 450 17.98 17.9S 17.96 17.93 17.98 17.98 17.98
120 7.987 7.987 7,987 7.887 7.987 7.887 7.967 500 17.96 17.96 17.96 17.98 17.98 17.96 17.88

It is interesting to observe what effect this error has on a material-

60 bakmce calculation. The material-balance equation for an under-
saturated reservoir is
50
NBoiceAPR=NPBo–W,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (18)

,0 Ag& cumulative inthx values from both models were entered

%D into Eq. 18, which wassolved fortbeorigind oiltipla%N. It
is appment in Table 6 that &r a few timesteps the ~ulative water
30
influx predicted by the radial mcdel is in fact larger than the cu-
muIative oiLproduction (lxXhexp
ressedin= semoirvolumes), and
,0 consequently tie cdcolated value of Nbecomes negative. The dial
flow model isclearly nonapplicable totili system, The bottom-
water model, ontheotherha.nd, gives avalueof Nthat uickly
10 .$
converges tothevohunetricv sdueof25M MSTB[4.OXIO stock-
* m3].
0
m ,00 ,,00 Conclusions
b 1. A rigorous water influx model for bottomwater systems must
* into account vertical flow in the vicini~ of the reservoir.
Fig. 6—Plots “of W.D vs. t~ for various aquifer sizes.
2. Such a model, based on a modified form of the unsteady-stats
radial dfisivity equation, is Ny developed and presented in this
paper.
3.’ For bottomwater drive reservoirs, the calculation of water io-
flux with a mcdel that ignores verdcsd flow effects IMY lead to con-
siderable error.
317
8PE Reservoir En@ering, May 1988
—. —.
 TABLE 5-DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, We~, FOR r.o‘ = 10

ZD’
tD 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0
22 12.07 12,04 11.74 11.21 10.56 9.865 9.449
24 12.88 12,33 12.62 11.97 11.29 10.55 10.12
26 13.65 13.62 13.29 12.72 12.01 11,24 10.78
28 14.42 14.39 14.04 13.44 12,70 11.90 11.42
TABLE 4—DIMENSIONLESS INFLUX, W.D, FOR r~’=S SO 15.17 15,13 14.77 14.15 13.36 12.55 12.05
32 15.91 15.87 15.49 14.85 14.05 13.16 12.67
‘D ‘ 34 16.63 16.59 16.20 15.54 14.71 13.81 13.26
‘D 0.05 0.1 0,3 0.5
_—_— 0.7 0.9 1.0 36 17.33 17.29 16,89 16.21 15.35 14.42 13.67
38 16.03 17.99 17.57 16.S6 15.98 15.02 .14.45
9 6.301 6.27S 6,066 5.756 5.350 4.924 4.675
40 18.72 18.6S 18.24 17.51 16.60 15.61 16.02
10 6,628 6.807 6.574 6.205 5.763 5.336 5.072
11 7,250 7.229 7,026 6.650 6.204 5.732 5.456 42 19.38 19.32 16.89 18.14 17.21 16.19 15.58
12 7.725 7,700 7,477 7.0S6 6.621 6.126 5.S36 44 20.03 19.99 19.5S 1S.76 17.60 16.75 16,14
13 8.173 8,149 7.919 7,515 7.029 6.514 6.210 46 20.67 20.62 20.15 19.36 16,3S 17.30 16.67
48 21.30 21,25 20,76 19.95 16,95 17.84 17.20
14 .9.619 8.594 8.355 7,937 7.432 6.895 6.578
50 21.92 21,87 21.S6 20.5S 19.51 1S.36 17.72
15 9,056 9,032 8.723 6.351 7.828 7,270 6.940
16 9,485 9,45S 9.202 8.755 8.213 7.634 7.293 52 22.52 22.47 21.95 21.10 20.05 16.69 18.22
17 9.907 9.879 9.613 9,153 8.594 7.997 7.642 54 23.11 2S.06 22.53 21.66 20.59 19.40 1S.72
18 10.32 ,10.29 10,01 9.537 6.961 6.343 7.979 56 2S.70 23.64 23.09 22.20 21,11 19.S9 19.21
58 24.26 24.21. 23.65 22.74 21.63 20.39 19.68
19 10,72 10.69 10.41, 9.920 9,326 8,691 8.315
60 24.62 24.77 24.19 23.26 22.13 20.87 20.15
20 11.12 11.08 10,80 10.30 9.687 9.031 8.645
22 11.69 11.86 11,55 11.02. 10.38 9.686 9.280 65 26.18 26.12 25.50 24,53 23.34 22.02 21 .2S
24 12.63 12,60 12.27 11.72 11.05 10.32 9.896 70 27.47 27.41 26.75 25.73 24.50 2S.12 22.36
28 13,36 13.32 12.97 12,40 11.70 10.94 10.49 75 28.71 28.55 27.94 26,66 25.60 24.17 23.39
60 29.89 29.82 29.0S 27,97 26.65 25.16 24.36
23 14.06 14.02 13.65 13.06 12.33 1i.53 11.07
S5 31.02 S0,95 30.17 29.01 27,65 26.10 25.31
30 14,73 14,69 14.30 13.68 12.93 12.10 11.62
34 16,01 15,97 15.54 14.S6 14.07 13,18 12.67 90 32.10 32.03 31,20 30.00 28.60 27.03 26.25
38 17.21 17.17 16,70 15.99 15.13 14.18 13.85 “ 95 33.04 32.96 32.14 30.95 29.54 27,9S 27.10
40 17,80 17.75 17,26 1&52 15.64 14,66 14.12 100 3S,94 33.85 33.03 31.85 30.44 26.82 27.96
110 35.55 35.46 34.65 33.49 S2.06 S0.47 29.62
45 19,15 19.10 18.56 17.76 16,83 15.77 15.21
120 S6.97 36.90 36,11 S4.98 3S,56 31 .9S 31.14
50 20.42 20.3’6 19,76 16.91 17.93 16.80 16.24
55 21.46 21.39 20,80 19.96 18.97 17.83 17.24 130 38.28 36.19 s7.44 36.23 .34.96 33.3S 32.55
60 22.40 22,34 21.75 20.91 19.93 18.78 16.79 ?40 39.44 39.37 38.64 37.56 36.23 34.67 33.65
70 23.97 23,92 23,36 22.55 21.58 20.44 19.86 150 40.49 40.42 39.71 38.67 37.S8 35.S8 35.04
170 42,21 42.15 41.51 40,54 39.33 37.89 S7.11
60 25.29 25,23 24.71 23,94 23.01 21.91 21,32
190 43.62 43.55 42.98 42.10 40:97 39.62 38.9o
90 26.39 26.33 25.86 25.12 24.24 23.18 22.61
100 27.30 27.25 26.81 26,13 25.29 24.29 23.74 210 44.77 44.72 44.19 43.40 42.36 41.11 40.42
120 26,61 28,57 28.19 27.63 26.90 26.01 25.51 230 45.71 45.67 45.20 44.48 43.54 42.S6 41.74
140 29,55 26.51 29.21 2S.74 28.12 27.32 26.90 250 46.48 46,44 46.01 45.36 44.53 43.47. 42.87
160 30.23 30.21 29.96 29.57 29.04 26.37 27.99 270 47.11 47.06 46.70 46.13 45.36 44.40 43.34
290 47.61 47.58 47.25 48.75 46.07 45.19 44.66
180 30.73 30.71 30,51 30.i8 29.75 29.18 2S.84
200 31.07 31.04 30,90 30.63 30.26 29.79 29.51 310 48.03 46.00 47.72 47.26 46.66 45.67 45.41
240 31.50 31.49 31,39 31.22 30.98 30.65 30.45 3S0 48.38 48.S5 48.10 47.71 47.16 46.45 46.03
280 31,72 31.71 31.66 31.56 31.39 31.17 31.03 35o 46.66 46.64 4S.42 46.08 47.59 48.95 46.57
320 31.65’ 31.34 31.80 S1 .74 31.64 31.49 31.39 400 49.15 49.14 43.99 46.74 4S,36 47.39 47.60
360 31.90 31.90 31.88 31,85 31.76 31.68 31.61 45o 42:46 49.45 49.35 49.17 43.91. 48.55 48.31
400 31.94 31.94 31,93 31.90 31.86 31.79 31.75 500 49.65 49.64 49.58 49.45 49.26 48.98 46.82
450 31.96 31,96 31,95 31.94 31.91 31.88 31.85 600 49.64 49.84 49.81 49.74 49.65 49.50 49.41
500 31.97 31,97 31,96. 31.96 31.95 31.93 31.90 700 49.91 49.91 49.90 49.67 49.82 49.74 49.69
550 31.97 31,97 31.97 31,96 31,96 31.95 31.94 800 49.94 49.94 49.93 49.92 49.90 49.65 49.S3
900 49.86 49,96 49.94 49.84 49,93 49.91 49.90
600 31.97 31,97 31.97 31,97 31,97 31.96 31,95
700 31.97 31,97 31.97 31.97 31,97 31.97 31.97 1,000 49.96 49.96 49.96 48.96 49,84 49.93 49.93
600 31.97 31.97 31.97 31.97 31.97 31.97 31.97 i ,200 49.96 49.96 49.96 49.96 49.96 49.96 46.96

Nomenclature p = pressom, psia &Pa]

B = water influx constant, bbl/psi [m3 /kPa] pb = ~a~ation preSSU1., pSia Ha]
II. = oil FVF, bbl/STB [m3/stock-tank m3] pi = nutd presure, psia l’kpa]
Boi = initial 01 FVF, bbl/STB [m3 /stock-tank m3.] PdW = average PIeSSUm at OWwater c0nt2ct, psia tkpal
Bw = water FVF, bbl/STB [m3 /stock-tank m3] pR = average reservoir pressure, psia &Pa]
c = effective aquifer compressibility, psi-1 [kPa - 11 Ap = pressure increment, psia NPa]
Ce = effective reservoir compressibility, psi -1 [kPa -11 APD = dmensiodess pressure increment
co = 01 compressibility, psi-l @-1] ApR = reservoir pressure increment, psia NPa]
r = radius, R [m]
ew = rate of water infhx, B/D [m3 /d]
Fk = ratio of verticti to horizontal pcrmeabili~, rD = dimensionless radius
dimensionless rD = ~ensionless mdius comtmt
h = aquifer thickness, ft [m] r, = aquifer rzdius, * [m]
k = horizontal permezbili~, dzrcies rR = reservoir rdus, ft [m]
N = initial oil in place, m31
STB [stock-@k t = time, days
NP = cumulativeoil production, STB [stock-tankm3] tD = dmensiordess time

373
 TABLE 6-SAMPLE CALCULATION

Sy2tem Par2meter2
r., ft 2,000
.
:ft 200
k, dxcies 0.050
F, 0.04
d 0.10
p, Cp 0.395
c, psi’1 6X I0-6
co, psi-l .15x10-6
co, psi-t 22 XIII-6
p,, psia 3,000
pb, psia 1.000
Bw, bbl/STS 1.0
Bd, bblLSTS 1.432
N, MMBTB 25
Oimenslonlezs C0n8tants
rO’=-
ZD’ = 0.5
tD = o.25t
S=716 STS/psi
Water Influx Calculation
SOttOmwater
Radial Model Simulator

Pd. mol.
(d:ys) Q (psia) (psla) Wm (M%) (M%B)
30 7.5 2,956 22,0 6.028 110
60 15.0 2.917 41.5 9.949 3% 314
90 22.5 2;877 39.5 13.439 678 606
120 30.0 2,644 36.5 16.472 1,103 964
150 37.5 2,811 33.0 i 9.676 1,594 1,362
160 45.0 2,791 26.5 22.897 2,126 1.629
210 52.5 2,773 19.0 25.627 2.676 2:295
240 60.0 2,755 16.0 28.691 3:250 24.726 2:782 2.785
Material-Salance Calculation
Bottomwater
Model

(d;ys) (;&) $%) (MM{TS)

7 2,950 7 46.3
60 2,908 37.0
90 2,661 1$ 33.5
120 2,625 175 31.6
150 2,768 212 1,082 1.4256 - 5.9 30.2
160 2,766 232 1,403 1.4371 -15.0 27.4
210 2,749 251 1,730 1.4875 -22.5 27.1
240 2,729 271 2,090 1.4272 -26.7 26.1

At = time increment, days 3. SCbilibuis, R.J.: “Active Oil and Rtsenoir Energy,,, Tm., AJME
AtD = dimensionless time inorement (1936) 118,37-52.
We = cumulative water infiux, bbl [m3] 4. Fe!kovich, M.J.: “A 3implified Apprcach to Water Inilux CakukatioII—
Finite Aquifer Sysmns,,, JPT (July 1971) 814-28.
W,D = dimensionless curmdative water influx
5. Muskal, M.: The Flowof Homo~eneomFluidsZhmugk PomuJMedia,
2 = verf-ic8J distaoce coordinate, ft [m] J.W. 2dwards fllC., Ann Arbor (1946).
ZD, = dimemiouless vertical distance ~oor~~ 6. Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F. Jr.: AppliedPetroleumReservoirEngi-
neeting, Premice.Hafi fro., Englewcd Cliffs, NJ (1959) 205-24,
ZD = tiemionkss thi&h5.2s cOnsMt
~ = fmation water viscosity, Q Pa. S1 7. D&e, L. P.: Fmdmrenrah ofRe.w,-voirEn@zeetig, Elsevier Sciendlic
FubtiSbiD8Co., New York City (1978) 315-24,
+ = formation porosity, fraction
S1 Metric Conversion Factors
Acknowledgments
bbl X 1.589873 E–OI = m3
We thank Joy A. Ostmnder for typing tie manuscript and GuJfCana-
Cp x 1.0* E–03 = Pas
da Resources Ltd. for ~rmission to publish this paper.
ft X 3.(248* E–01 = m
psi X 6.894757 E+OO = kPa
References
psi-l x 1.450377 E–01 = kFa-l
1. vanEverdigen, A.F. and Hurst, W.: “Application of the LaplaceTmn.?-
fo~on to Flow Problems in Resavoirs,” Tram., AfMS (1949) 186, .Convmbn facm Is exact, SPERJ3
305-24.
2. tiati. K. H.: “A MatbematicaJ Mcdel for Water Movement About Oligl”dSPE nmn”s?iPt ,ocdved b, IWOW S,F,L 16,1984 P.w.er accqtti for Publiw-
m. March 3!, 1987. Revised man!mrlp mmived Aug. 11,1927. Paper (SPE131 70) firs!
Bg;-Z-Drive Reservoirs,” SPEJ (March 1962)44-5% Trans., Pmen:ed at the 1934 SPE Annual Technlm Con ferenc@ and Exhlbiilon held In Houston,
,. sem. 16-19.
. .

8PE Reservoir En.gineeriIIE,May 1988 379