MODULE 2.

2 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION

Moments that cause a member to twist about its longitudinal axis is called torsional moments or torques.

1. Cracking Torque:

∅√𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑐𝑝 )2
𝑇𝑐𝑟 =
3𝑃𝑐𝑝

∅ = 0.85

Where:

Acp = cross sectional area of the beam

Pcp = perimeter of the beam

a. For rectangular beams:

Pcp = (300 + 500) 2 = 1600

Acp = 500 (300) = 150,000

b. For beams with overhang:

x = length of overhang

1. x = 4 t
x = 4 (100) = 400
2. x = h = 500
Use x = 400 mm (smallest value)
Pcp = 300 + 600 + 700 + 100 + 400 + 500
Pcp = 2,600
Acp = 300 (600) + 100 (400)
Acp = 220,000

2. Conditions under which Torsion can be neglected:

When actual torsion is less than this value, torsion can be neglected.
∅√𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑐𝑝 )2
𝑇𝑢 =
12𝑃𝑐𝑝
3. Area of stirrups required for shear
𝑉𝑢
= 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐
∅
1
𝑉𝑠 = √𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠
=
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑
𝑆𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑

4. Area of stirrups required for torsion:

𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑢
=
𝑆 2∅𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑆𝑇𝑢
𝐴𝑡 =
2∅𝑓𝑦𝑣𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝜃 = 45𝑜 if not specified
Ao = 0.85 x1 y1
5. Total area of stirrups required for shear and torsion:
𝐴𝑣 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑣 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝐴𝑣 2𝐴𝑡
= +
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
6. Min. area of transverse closed stirrups:
𝑏𝑤 𝑆
𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 =
3𝑓𝑦𝑣

7. Max. spacing of stirrups

 𝑃ℎ
Max. S =
8
Ph = 2 (x1 + y1)

8. Area of longitudinal steel required for torsion:

𝑃ℎ 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑆 𝑓𝑦
𝜃 = 45𝑜 if not specified

9. Min. area of longitudinal steel required for torsion:

5√𝑓𝑐 ′𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = − 𝑃ℎ
12𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑆 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑡
shall not be less than
𝑆
10. Compressive torsional moment strength of the concrete shall be such:
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐 2√𝑓𝑐 ′
√( 𝑢 ) + [ 2 ] ≤ ∅[ + ]
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
A o = x 1 y1
Ph = 2 (x1 + y1)
√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 =
6

SHORT COLUMNS
Columns
Columns are members that carry load mostly in compression that is purely axial but they also carry
bending moments as well especially for exterior columns and that bending action may produce tensile
forces over a part of the cross section.

There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members:

1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties called tied columns.
2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals called spiral columns.
3. Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe or
tubing, with or without longitudinal bars and various types of lateral reinforcement.
Short Tied Columns

1. Capacity

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

∅ = 0.70
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑔 =
𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝑃𝑔 𝐴𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 𝐴𝑔 ]

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅𝐴𝑔 [0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(1 − 𝑃𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 ]

𝑃𝑢
𝐴𝑔 = ′
(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
0.80∆[0.85𝑓𝑐 (1 − 𝑃𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 ]

2. Limits of reinforcement for tied column

𝑃𝑔 = 0.01 𝑡𝑜 0.08
𝐴𝑠
𝑃𝑔 = (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
𝐴𝑔

NSCP Specs: The area of longitudinal reinforcement for non-composite compression members shall not
be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 times gross area Ag of section.

As = PgAg

3. Minimum number of bars

Min. numbers of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be four (4) for bars within
rectangular or circular ties.
4. Tie reinforcements for compression members shall conform to the following:
a. All non-prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties at least 10 mm diameter in size for
longitudinal bars 32 mm in diameter.
b. 12 mm diam. in size for 36 diameter bars and bundled longitudinal bars.
 c. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall be permitted.
5. Spacing of tie wires
Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
a. 16 longitudinal bar diameters
b. 48 tie bar or wire diameter
c. Least dimension of the compression member
6. Arrangement of ties
a. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall not have
lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135
degrees and a bar shall be not farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such
a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a
circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted.
b. Ties shall be located vertically not more than one half a tie spacing above the top of footing
or slab in any story and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one half a tie
spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab or drop panel above.

Short Spiral Column

1. Capacity

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

∅ = 0.7
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑔 =
𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝑃𝑔 𝐴𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 𝐴𝑔 ]
 𝑃𝑢 = 0.80∅𝐴𝑔 [0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(1 − 𝑃𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 ]
𝑃𝑢
𝐴𝑔 = ′
(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
0.80∆[0.85𝑓𝑐 (1 − 𝑃𝑔 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔 ]

2. Limits of reinforcement for tied column

𝑃𝑔 = 0.01 𝑡𝑜 0.08

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑔 = (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
𝐴𝑔

3. Minimum number of bars

Min. numbers of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be six (6) for bars within
rectangular or circular ties.
4. Spiral reinforcements
a. For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not be less 10 mm. diameter
b. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25 mm
c. Ratio of spiral reinforcement 𝜌𝑠 shall not be less than the value given by:
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑠 = 0.45 [ − 1]
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦

Where:

𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more than 415 MPa

𝑓𝑐′ = specified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 MPa

𝐴𝑔 = gross area of column

𝐴𝑐 = area of core of spirally reinforced compression member measured to outside diameter of spiral

D = diameter of column

dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire closest
thereto
 𝜋
𝐴𝑔 = 𝐷 2
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐 2
4

db = diameter of spiral wire

𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝐴𝑠 𝜋(𝐷𝑐 −𝑑𝑏 )
𝜌𝑠 = 𝜋 2
𝐷 𝑆
4 𝑐

4𝐴𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 −𝑑𝑏)

𝑆=
𝐷𝑐2 !𝑠

S = spacing of spiral

As = area of spiral

db = diameter of spiral

Dc = core diameter

Dc = D – 80

𝜌𝑠 = spiral ratio
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑠 = 0.45 [ − 1]
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
 5. Spacing of spiral reinforcement

Lap splices not less than the larger of 300 mm and the length indicated

a. Deformed uncoated bar or wire … 48 d b

b. Plain uncoated bar or wire … 72 db
c. Epoxy coated deformed bar or wire … 72 d b
d. Plain uncoated bar or wire with standard stirrup or tie hook at ends of lapped spiral
reinforcement. The hook shall be embedded within the core confined by the spiral reinforcement
… 48 db
e. Epoxy coated deformed bar or wire with a standard stirrup or tie hook at the ends of lapped spiral
reinforcement. The hook shall be embedded within the core confined by the spiral reinforcement
… 48 db
6. Arrangement of spirals
a. Spirals shall extend from top of footing or slab in any story to level of lowest horizontal
reinforcement in members supported above.
b. Where beams or brackets do not frame into all sides of a column ties shall extend above the
termination of spiral to bottom of slab or drop panel
c. In columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of
capital is two times that of column.

Effective Slenderness Ratio

Short Columns

1. Unbraced members
𝐾𝐿𝑢
< 22
𝑟
2. Braced members
𝐾𝐿𝑢 𝑀1
< 34 − 12 ( )
𝑟 𝑀2
𝑀1
is positive if bent in single curvature
𝑀2

𝑀1 𝑀1
is negative if bent in double curvature but should not be less than (-0.5)
𝑀2 𝑀2

Where:

K = effective length factor

Lu = unsupported length member, it is the clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or other members
capable of providing lateral support

r = radius of gyration of cross section of column associated with axis about which bending is occurring
r = 0.3 times depth of section in direction of bending for rectangular sections

r = 0.25 times the diameter for circular sections

M1 = smaller end moment of column

M2 = larger end moment of column

Effective Length Factors for Concrete Columns

Unsupported Length of Compression Members

Lu = unsupported length of compression members

Lu = clear distance between floor slabs, beams or other member capable of providing lateral support in
the direction being considered

Radius of gyration:

r = 0.3 times overall direction of the direction stability

r = 0.25 times diameter for circular compression members

It shall be permitted to use the following properties for both non sway and sway frames.

a. Modulus of elasticity

For values of Wc between 1500 – 2500 kg/m3

Ec = Wc1.5 0.043 √𝑓𝑐 ′ MPa

Ec = 4700 √𝑓𝑐 ′

b. Moment of inertia

Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis neglecting reinforcement

1. Beams = 0.35 Ig
2. Columns = 0.70 Ig
3. Walls: Uncracked = 0.70 Ig Cracked = 0.35 Ig
4. Flat plates and flat slabs = 0.25 Ig
5. Area = 1.0 Ag

For non-sway frames, slenderness effects maybe ignored if the following expression is satisfied
𝐾𝐿𝑢 𝑀1
≤ 34 − 12 < 40
𝑟 𝑀2
M1 = smaller factored end moment
M2 = larger factored end moment
𝑀1
is positive if member is bent in single curvature
𝑀2

𝑀1
is negative if member is bent in double curvature
𝑀2

For compression members not braced against sidesway, effects of slenderness maybe neglected when
𝐾𝐿𝑢
≤ 22
𝑟

LONG COLUMNS (Eccentrically Loaded Columns)

Magnified Moment

1. Compression members not braced against sidesway

𝐾𝐿𝑢
When > 22
𝑟
2. Compression members braced against sidesway

𝐾𝐿𝑢 𝑀1
When > 34 − 12 ( ) < 40
𝑟 𝑀2

Where:
𝑀1
is positive for single curvature
𝑀2

𝑀1
is negative for double curvature
𝑀2

For compression members in non-sway frames, the effective length factor K shall be taken as 1.0, unless
analysis shows that a lower value is justified.

M1 = smaller factored end moment on a compression member

M2 = larger factored end moment on a compression

Moment magnification factor: (Non-sway frames)

 𝐶𝑚
𝛿= > 1.0
𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75𝑃𝑐

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
(𝐾𝐿𝑢 )2
Relative stiffness of a column:
0.2𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒
𝐸𝐼 =
1 + 𝛽𝑑
0.4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
𝐸𝐼 =
1 + 𝛽𝑑
𝛽𝑑 = 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1.4𝑃𝐷𝐿
𝛽𝑑 =
1.4𝑃𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑃𝐿𝐿
Values of CM:

1. For members without transverse loads between supports

𝑀1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
𝑀2

𝑀1
is positive if bent in single curvature
𝑀2

𝑀1
is negative if bent in double curvature
𝑀2

2. For members with transverse loads between supports

Cm = 1.0

Magnified moment:

1. Long column without sidesway:

Factored moment to be used for design of compression member (non-sway)
Mc = 𝛿 M2
Where:
𝐶𝑚
𝛿= > 1.0
𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75𝑃𝑐

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
(𝐾𝐿𝑢 )2
2. For long column with sidesway:
𝑀1 = 𝑀1𝑛𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 𝑀1𝑠
𝑀2 = 𝑀2𝑛𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 𝑀2𝑠
 1
𝛿𝑠 = > 1.0
Σ𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75Σ𝑃𝑐
Where:
𝛿𝑠 = moment magnifier
Σ𝑃𝑢 = summation of all the factored vertical loads in a story
Σ𝑃𝑐 = summation of all sway resisting columns in a story
𝑀1𝑛𝑠 = factored end moment on compression number at the end which M1 acts due to loads that
cause appreciable sidesway
𝑀1𝑠 = factored end moment on compression member at the end which M1 acts due to loads that
cause appreciable sidesway
𝑀2𝑛𝑠 = factored end moment on compression member at the end which M2 acts due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway
𝑀2𝑠 = factored end moment on compression member at the end which M2 acts due to loads that
cause appreciable sidesway
𝑀2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum value of M2

𝑀1 = 𝑀1𝑛𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 𝑀1𝑠
𝑀2 = 𝑀2𝑛𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 𝑀2𝑠
Slenderness ratio:
𝐾𝐿𝑢
𝑟
r = 0.3t for tied columns
r = 0.25D for spiral columns
t = side parallel to the eccentricity

Unsupported Length Lu:

Modes of Failure in Eccentrically Loaded Columns

Two initial conditions of failure are as follows:
 1. Tension failure by initial yielding of steel at the tension side
2. Compression failure by initial crushing of the concrete at the compression side

Balanced condition:

Balanced condition occurs when failure develops simultaneously in tension and in compression. At this
𝑓𝑦
condition failure is reached when the tension steel reaches its yield strain 𝜀𝑦 = at precisely the same
𝐸𝑠
load level as the concrete reaches its ultimate strain 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 and starts crushing.

If Pn is the nominal axial load and Pb is the axial load corresponding to the balanced condition, then:

Eccentricity Loads Type of Failure

e > eb Pn < Pb Tension failure
e = eb Pn = Pb Balance failure
e < eb Pn > Pb Compression failure

Two cases of Tension failure:

1. Tension steel yields and compression steel yields

2. Tension steel yields but compression steel does not yield

Case of Compression Failure:

1. Tension steel will not yield but compression bars will yield. In all these cases the strain-
compatibility must be maintained
 𝜀𝑠 ′ 0.003
=
(𝑐𝑏 − 𝑑′) 𝑐𝑏
0.003(𝑐𝑏 − 𝑑′)
𝜀𝑠′ =
𝑐𝑏
If 𝑓𝑠′ > 𝑓𝑦 use 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦

T + Pb = C1 + C2

As fy + Pb = 0.85 fc’ ab b + As’ fy

A s = As ’

Pb = 0.85 fc’ ab b
CE Board Nov. 2011

Girder AB is subjected to torsional moment in addition to the flexural moment and shear from the heavy
loads at the cantilever frames. From analysis, the following factored design forces result: Mu = 440 kN-m,
Vu 280 kN, Tu = 180 kN-m., width of beam. “b” = 400 mm. total depth of beam, “h” = 500 mm, fc’ = 20.7
MPa, fyv = 275 MPa, fyt = 415 MPa, concrete cover to the centroid of tension steel = 65 mm, steel ratio at
balanced condition, 𝜌b = 0.02, allowable concrete shear stress = 0.76 MPa, lateral ties are 12 mm
diameter.

1. Which of the following gives the tension reinforcement required for factored movement, M u.
2. Which of the following gives the spacing of transverse reinforcement for factored shear, Vu.
3. Which of the following gives the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, T u. Assume 40
mm clear cover to lateral ties.

Solution

1. Tension reinforcement required:

𝑎
Mu = ∅ C (𝑑 − )
2

C = 0.85 fc’ ab

C = 0.85 (20.7)(a)(400)

C = 7038 a
𝑎
Mu = ∅ C (𝑑 − )
2

𝑎
440 x 106 = 0.90 (7038) a (435 − )
2

69464.18 = 435a – 0.5a2

𝑎2 – 870a + 138928.36 = 0
870 ±448.54
a=
2
a = 210.73 mm

C=T

0.85 fc’ ab = As fy

0.85 (20.7)(210.73)(400) = As (415)

As = 3574 mm2

Check: if steel yields

a=𝛽c

210.73 = 0.85 c

c = 247.92
𝜀𝑠 0.003
=
252.08 247.92

𝜀𝑠 = 0.00305
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠

415
𝜀𝑦 =
200,000

𝜀𝑦 = 0.002075

Steel yields: 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦

Use As = 3574 mm2

2. Spacing of transverse reinforcement for factored shear Vu.

Vc = 0.76 bw d

Vc = 0.76 (400)(435)

Vc = 132 240 M
𝑉𝑢
= Vc + Vs
∅

280
= 132.24 + Vs
0.85

Vs = 197.172 kN
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑
S=
𝑉𝑠
 𝜋
Av = (12)2 (2)
4

Av = 226.2 mm2
226.2 (275)(435)
S=
197172

S = 137 mm
435
Max. S = = 217.5
2

Use S = 137 mm

3. Longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion:

x1 = 400 – 80 – 12

x1 = 308

y1 = 500 – 80 - 12

y1 = 408

A° = 0.85 x1 y1

A° = 0.85 (308) (408)

A° = 106814.4
𝐴1 𝑇𝑢
=
𝑆 2∅ 𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑡 45𝑜

𝐴1 180 𝑋 106
=
𝑆 2 (0.85)(275)(106814.4)(1)

𝐴1
= 3.61
𝑆

Steel area required for torsion:

𝐴1 𝑓𝑦𝑣
AL = Ph Cot2 45o
𝑆 𝑓𝑦
Ph = 2 (x1 + y1)

Ph = 2 (308 + 408)

Ph = 1432
𝐴1 𝑓𝑦𝑣
AL = Ph Cot2 45o
𝑆 𝑓𝑦

3.61 (1432)(275)(1)
AL =
415

AL = 3426 mm2

Problem

A spiral column carries a dead load of 1070 kN and a live load of 980 kN. If f c’ = 27.50 MPa Fy = 413.50
MPa. Using a steel ratio of 0.03.

1. Which of the following gives the value of the diameter of spiral column.
2. Which of the following gives the number of 28 mm∅ main reinforcement.
3. Which of the following gives the possible gives the possible spacing of the 10 mm∅ spirals.

Solution

1. Value of the diameter of spiral column

Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL

Pu = 1.4 (1070) + 1.7 (980)

Pu = 3165.7 kN

𝑃𝑢
Ag =
∅(0.85)[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1− 𝑃𝑔)+𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑔]

3165700
Ag =
0.75(0.85)[0.85(27.50)(1−0.03)+413.50 (0.03)]

Ag = 141562 m𝑚2
𝜋 𝐷2
= 141562
4

D = 425 ay 430 mm

2. Number of 28 mm∅ main reinforcement:

𝜋 (430)2
Ag = = 145220 mm2
4

Pu = 0.85(0.75) [0.85 fc’ (Ag – As) + fy As]

3165700 = 0.85(0.75)

[0.85(275)(145220 – As) + 413.50 As]

As = 4027.6 mm2

No. of 28 mm ∅ bars
𝜋
(28)2 N = 4027.6
4

N = 6.54 say 7 bars

Use 7 – 28 mm ∅

3. Possible spacing of the 10 mm∅ spirals:

Dc = 430 – 80

Dc = 350 mm
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
Ps = 0.45 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
𝜋
(430)2 27.50
4
Ps = 0.45 [ 𝜋 − 1]
(350)2 413.50
4

Ps = 0.015
4 𝐴𝑠 ( − )
S=
𝜌𝑠 𝐷2
𝑐

𝜋
4 ( 4 ) (10)2 (350−10)
S=
0.015 (350)2
S = 58.13 say 58 mm

S > 75 mm ok

S < 80 mm ok

Use S = 58 mm

CE Board May 2012

To comply with architectural requirements, a column in a non-sway frame is of T-section.

Given data:

Longitudinal bars:

As1 = 6 – 20 mm ∅ bars in compression

As2 = 4 – 28 mm ∅ bars in compression

fy = 415 MPa
Lateral ties:

10 mm ∅ bars with fyv = 275 MPa

Clear concrete cover to the ties = 40 mm

Dimensions:

h1 = 250 mm 𝑏1 = 150 mm

ℎ2 = 350 mm 𝑏2 = 300 mm

Concrete fc’ = 27.5 MPa

Consider bending about line 1. Neglect the concrete area displaced by the compression steel.

1. Which of the following gives the location of the geometric centroid of the section from line 1
along the x-axis.
2. Which of the following gives the location of the plastic centroid of the section from line 1 along
the x-axis. For all bars fs = fy.
3. If the T-section is reinforced such that the plastic centroid of the section falls at 280 mm from
the line 1 along the x-axis, determine the bending moment Mu, induced by a factored load Pu =
3200 kN acting along x-axis at 400 mm from the line 1.

Solution

1. Location of the geometric centroid of the section from line 1 along the x-axis.
A1 = 300 (250) = 75000 mm2

A2 = 150 (350) = 52500 mm2

A = 127500 mm2

Ay = A1 y1 + A2 y2

127500 y = 75000 (125) + 52500 (425)

y = 248.53 mm

2. Location of the plastic centroid of the section from line 1 along the x-axis. For all bars fs = fy.

𝜋
As1 = (20)2 (6)
4

As1 = 1885 mm2

 𝜋
As1 = (28)2 (4)
4

As1 = 2463 mm2

C1 = 0.85 fc’ (250)(300)

C1 = 0.85 (27.5)(250)(300)

C1 = 1753125

C2 = As1fy

C2 = 1885 (415)

C2 = 782275

C3 = 0.85 (27.5)(150)(350)

C3 = 1227187.5

C4 = As2 fy

C4 = 2463 (415)

C4 = 1022145

R = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4

R = 1753125 + 782275 + 1227187.5 + 1022145

R = 4744732.5

R𝑥̅ = C1 (125) + C2 (125) + C3 (425) + C4 (536)

4744732.5 𝑥̅ = 1753125 (125) + 782275 (125) + 1227187.5 (425) + 1022145 (536)

1386349408
𝑥̅ =
4744732.5

𝑥̅ = 292 mm

3. Bending moment Mu1 induced by a factored load Pu = 3200 kN acting along x-axis at 400 mm
from line 1.

Mu = Pu (0.12)

Mu = 3200 (0.12)

Mu = 384 kN.m

Problem

A tied column 350 mm x 600 mm in cross section is reinforced with 6 – 28 mm ∅ bars arranged as shown
in the figure. It is assumed that the column section has a strain on its compression edge equal to – 0.03
and has a tensile strain of + 0.02 on its outer edge. f c’ = 27.6 MPa. fy = 414.6 MPa.
 1. Determine the total compressive force of the steel reinforcement considering that its
compressive stress is reduced by 0.85 fc’ to account for the holes in the concrete.
2. Determine the nominal axial load that causes this strain distribution in the column section.
3. Determine the nominal moment that causes this strain distribution in the column section.

Solution

1. Total compressive force of the steel reinforcements considering that its compressive stress is
reduced by 0.85 fc’ to account for the holes in the concrete.

0.003 0.002
=
𝑐 600−𝑐

0.005c = 0.003(600)

c = 360
600 – c = 240
𝜀𝑠 ′ 0.003
=
297.50 360

𝜀𝑠 ′ = 0.0024792
𝑓𝑦
𝜀y =
𝐸𝑠

414.6
𝜀y =
200 000

𝜀 y = 0.0020730
𝜀𝑠 0.002
=
177.50 240

𝜀𝑠 = 0.0014792 < 𝜀𝑦

Tension bars did not yield:

Compression bars yield:

𝜀𝑠 ‘= 0.0024792 > 𝜀𝑦

To account for the holes in the concrete:

fs’ = fy – 0.85 fc’

Total compression force of the steel reinforcements:

Cs = fs’ As’

Cs = (fy – 0.85 fc’) As’

𝜋
Cs = [414.6 – 0.85(27.6)] (28)2 (3)
4

Cs = 722536 N

Cs = 722.54 kN

2. Nominal axial load that causes the strain distribution in the column section.
a=𝛽c

a = 0.85(360)

a = 360

C = 0.85 fc’ (a)(b)

C = 0.85 (27.6) (306) (350)

C = 2512566 N

T = f s As

T = 𝜀 s Es As

T = 0.0014792 (200,000) (𝜋/4) (28)2 (3)

T = 546, 480 N

Σ Fv = 0

T + Pn = C + Cs

546,480 + Pn = 2512,566 + 722536

Pn = 2688622 N

Pn = 2688.62 kN

3. Nominal moment that causes this strain distribution in the column section.

Mn = T (237.50) + Cs (237.50) + C (147)

Mn = 546480 (237.50) + 722536 (237.50) + 2512566 (147)

Mn = 370738502 N.mm

Mn = 670.74 x 106 N.mm

Mn = 670.74 kN.m