CENTRE FOR RESEARCH (PHD)

Guidelines for preparing

PhD Synopsis and Thesis

CENTRE FOR RESEARCH

CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
BENGALURU, INDIA

2018
 Guidelines for Preparation of PhD Synopsis
1. ORGANISATION OF THE PARTS OF SYNOPSIS

The sequence in which the synopsis material should be arranged and bound as follows:

1. Title page
2. TABLE OF CONTENT (Title in Upper Case)
3. Chapters
4. References
5. List of Publications

The size of Synopsis should not strictly exceed 50 pages of typed matter reckoned from
the first page to the last page including the List of Publications.

Title Page

This shall be the first printed page of the synopsis and shall contain the submission
statement: submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree, PhD., the
name and Reg No. Of the candidate, name(s) of the supervisor and co-supervisor(s) (if
any), Department, Institute and year of submission (sample enclosed).

Table of Contents

The contents shall enlist the headings of the section and sub-section using decimal
notation, as in the text, with corresponding page number against them, flushed to the
right. (Refer attached sample)

Chapter

The synopsis shall be presented in a single chapter; however, it may be divided in suitable
sections again subdivided into sub-sections and sub-sub-section so as to present the
content discretely and with due emphasis. Tables and Figures should be included at
appropriate places in the text of the dissertation. Indicative sections are given below:

1. Background /Introduction
2. Need for the study
3. Review of related literature
4. Objectives of the study
5. Variables of the study / Parameters of the study
6. Operational Definitions
7. Hypothesis / Assumptions made
8. Design of the study /Technique used
9. Sampling technique
10. Tools for collecting the data
11. Validation procedures
12. Experimentation/Field work details
13. Tools for analysis/statistical techniques/
14. Findings / Discussions
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 15. Implications / Suggestions
16. Recommendations for further Research
17. Limitations of the study
18. Conclusions
19. Tentative structure of dissertation (Brief descriptions of the chapters)
References

The candidates shall follow the style of citation and style of the subject area (as
prescribed by the University) consistently throughout his/her dissertation. However, the
names of all the authors along with their initials and the full title of the
article/monogram/book etc. have to be given; in addition to the journals/publisher,
volume, number, page(s) and year of publication.

Citation from websites should include the name(s) of author(s) (including the initials),
full title of the article, website reference and when last accessed. Reference to personal
communications, similarly, shall include the author, title of the communication (if any)
and date of receipt.

List of Publications

Provide the list of publications and presentations in the same format prescribed for
referencing
2. SYNOSIS FORMAT
2.1 Paper

The synopsis shall be printed or Xeroxed on white paper, weight 80 gram or more per
square meter (GSM). The size of the paper shall be standard A4; height 297 mm, and
width 210 mm.
2.2 Printing & Binding

The text shall be printed employing LaserJet the text having been processed using a
standard text processor. The pages till the beginning of chapters shall be printed on single
side. All the other pages shall be printed on both sides of the paper.

The synopsis shall be spiral bound in white colour, lettering in Black.

In addition to the white sheets (binding requirement) two white sheets shall be put at the
end of the synopsis.
Front Cover
The front cover shall contain the following details:

Full title of dissertation in 6 mm 22 points size font properly centered and positioned at
the top. Full name of the candidate in 4.5 mm 15 points size font properly centered at the
middle of the page. A 40 mm dia replica of the Institute emblem followed by the name of
the Department, name of the Institute and the year of submission, each in a separate line
and properly centered and located at the bottom of the page.

2
2.3 Margin
The printed sheets shall have the following writing area and margins:

The title page shall be printed on single side and rest of the content shall be printed on
both sides of the paper. However, the first page starting with Introduction will begin in a
new page on the right side.
For Single side printing:
Top edge: 30mm
Bottom edge: 30 mm
Left: 40 mm
Right: 30 mm

For both side printing use Mirrored Margin as

Top edge: 30mm
Bottom edge: 30 mm
Inside: 40 mm
Outside: 30 mm

Additional top margin of about 15 mm to be added at the beginning of chapter. (15 +

30 mm = 45 mm from the top).
2.4 Page Numbering

Page numbering in the text of the synopsis shall be Hindu-Arabic numerals at the center
of the footer starting from the starting of the first page of the content (No page number for
title page and table of contents). Page number shall appear 20 mm from below.
2.5 Paragraph format
The line spacing of the body text should be 1.5 line.
Vertical space between paragraphs shall be about 1.5 line spacing.
The first line of each paragraph should normally be indented by 15 mm.

A paragraph should normally comprise more than one line. A single line of a paragraph
shall not be left at the top or bottom of a page (that is, no widows or orphans should be
left).

The word at the right end of the first line of a page or paragraph should, as far as possible,
not be hyphenated.
Single spacing should be used for typing references.
2.6 Font style and size
Heading = Times New Roman (TNR), 18 pt Bold
Sub Heading 1 = TNR 14 Pt Bold, All Caps
Sub Heading 2 = TNR 14 pt Bold, Capitalise Each Word
Sub Heading 3 = TNR 14 pt Bold, Sentence Case
Sub Heading 4 = TNR 13 pt Bold, Sentence Case Italic

3
Body Text = TNR 13 Pt
Table & Figure Captions = TNR 13 pt Bold
2.7 Section format

The word synopsis without punctuation should be centered 45 mm down from the top of
the page. Two spaces below, the Sub heading of the section should be typed. The
paragraph shall be started another two spaces below the sub heading with a intend of
15mm

A synopsis can be divided into Sections, Sub-sections and Sub-sub-sections so as to

present different concepts separately. Sections and sub-sections can be numbered using
decimal points, e.g., 2.2.

The Sections and Sub-sections titles along with their numbers in 4 mm (14 pt) fonts, in
bold face shall be flushed to the left (not centered). The typed material directly below
division or sub-division heading should commence 1.5 line spaces below it and should be
offset 15 mm from the left hand margin.
2.8 Table / Figure Format

As far as possible, tables and figures should be presented in portrait style. Small size table
and figures (less than half of writing area of a page) should be incorporated within the
text, while larger ones may be presented in separate pages. Table and figures shall be
numbered continuously.

Table number and title will be placed above the table while the figure number and caption
will be located below the figure. Reference for Table and Figures reproduced from
elsewhere shall be cited in the last and separate line in the table and figure caption.
2.9 Equations

Equations appearing in each Chapter or Appendix should be numbered serially, the

numbering should commence afresh for each Chapter or Appendix. Thus for example, an
equation appearing in Chapter 4, if it happens to be the second equation in that Chapter
should be numbered as (4.2) thus:

(4.2)

While referring to this equation in the body of the Thesis it should be referred to as
Equation (4.2).
2.10 Referencing
Citation and Bibliography should follow APA referencing Style.

4
 COVER PAGE
PAPER SIZE: A4
TITLE
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 18, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Synopsis of the PhD Thesis

(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Submitted by
(Times New Roman, Font Size 14, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Name of the PhD Scholar

(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)
Research Scholar
Department of ………….

Register Number
…………………..
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 14, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Research Supervisor
Name of Supervisor
Designation and Department

Centre for Research

Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
( Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)

MONTH& YEAR
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)
 INNER PAGE
PAPER SIZE: A4
TITLE
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 18, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Synopsis of the PhD Thesis

(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 18, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Submitted by
(Times New Roman, Font Size 14, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Name of the PhD Scholar

(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)
Research Scholar
Department of ……………….

Register Number
…………………….
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 14, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Signature of the Research Scholar Signature of the Research Supervisor

(Times New Roman, Font Size 12, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Centre for Research

Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
( Times New Roman, Font Size 18, Centre Alignment, Bold)

MONTH& YEAR
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2

2.1 Institutional Isomorphic Pressure in ERP

4
Adoption

2.2 Benefits of ERP Adoption 4

2.3 Challenges of ERP Adoption 5

2.4 Organizational Complexity 5

2.5 ERP Adoption 6

3 METHODOLOGY 6

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 7

4.1 Testing the Measurement Model 7

4.2 Testing the Structural Model 9

4.3 Testing the Mediation Effect 10

5 DISCUSSIONS 11

6 CONCLUSION 11

REFERENCES 12

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 15
 Guidelines for Preparation of PhD Thesis
1. ORGANISATION OF THE CHAPTERS OF THESIS

The dissertation shall be presented in a number of chapters, starting with Introduction

and ending with Summary and Conclusions. Each of the other chapters will have precise
title reflecting the contents of the chapter. A chapter can be subdivided into sections, sub-
sections and sub-sub-section so as to present the content discretely and with due
emphasis.

1.1 Introduction
The title of Chapter 1 shall be Introduction. It shall justify and highlight the problem
poser and define the topic and the aim and scope of the work presented in the dissertation.
It may also highlight the significant contributions from the investigation.

1.2 Review of Literature

This shall normally form the Chapter 2 and shall present a critical appraisal of the
previous work published in the literature pertaining to the topic of the investigation. The
extent and emphasis of the chapter shall depend on the nature of the investigation.

1.3 Research Methodology

The reporting on the investigation shall be presented in one or more chapters with
appropriate chapter titles.

Due importance shall be given to experimental setups, procedures adopted and techniques
developed, methodologies developed and adopted.

While important derivations/formulae should normally be presented in the text of these

chapters, extensive and long treatments and information, detailed results in tabular and
graphical forms may be presented in Appendices. Representative date in table and figures
may, however, be included in appropriate chapters.

Figures and tables should be presented immediately following their first mention in the
text. Short tables and figures (say, less than half the writing area of the page) should be
presented within the text, while large table and figures may be presented in separate
pages.

Equations should form separate lines with appropriate paragraph separation above and
below the equation line, with equation numbers flushed to the right.

1.4 Results and Discussions

This shall form the penultimate chapter of the dissertation and shall include a thorough
evaluation of the investigation carried out and bring out the contributions from the study.
The discussion shall logically lead to inferences and conclusions as well as scope for
possible further future work.

1.5 Summary and Conclusions

This will be the final chapter of the dissertation. A brief report of the work carried out
shall form the first part of the Chapter. Conclusions derived from the logical analysis
presented in the Results and Discussions Chapter shall be presented and clearly
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enumerated, each point stated separately. Scope for future work should be stated lucidly
in the last part of the Chapter.

1.6 Appendix
Detailed information, lengthy derivations, raw experimental observations etc. are to be
presented in the separate appendices, which shall be numbered in Roman Capitals (e.g.
‘Appendix IV’). Since reference can be drawn to published/unpublished literature in the
appendices these should precede the ‘Reference’ section.

1.7 References
The candidates shall follow the style of citation and style of listing in one of the standard
journals in the subject area consistently throughout his/her dissertation. However, the
names of all the authors along with their initials and the full title of the
article/monogram/book etc. have to be given; in addition to the journals/publisher,
volume, number, page(s) and year of publication.

Citation from websites should include the name(s) of author(s) (including the initials),
full title of the article, website reference and when last accessed. Reference to personal
communications, similarly, shall include the author, title of the communication (if any)
and date of receipt.

Single spacing should be used for typing references.

1.8 Publications by the Candidate

Articles, technical notes etc. on the topic of the dissertation published by the candidate
may be separately listed after the literature cited. This may also be included in the
Contents. The candidates may also include reprints of his/ her publications after the
literature citation.

2. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONTENTS OF THE THESIS

The sequence in which the THESIS material should be arranged and bound as follows:

1. Title page
2. Dedication sheet (OPTIONAL)
3. DECLARATION (Title in Upper case)
4. CERTIFICATE (Title in Upper Case)
5. ABSTRACT (Title in Upper Case)
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (Title in Upper Case)
7. TABLE OF CONTENT (Title in Upper Case)
8. LIST OF TABLES (Title in Upper Case)
9. LIST OF FIGURES (Title in Upper Case)
10. LIST OF SYMBOL AND ABBREVIATIONS (Title in Upper Case)
11. Chapters
12. Appendices
13. References
14. List of Publications
15. Curriculum Vitae

9
The Tables and Figures should be included at appropriate places in the text of the
dissertation

3. THESIS FORMAT

3.1 Paper

3.1.1 Quality
The dissertation shall be printed or Xeroxed on white bond paper, weight 80 gram or
more per square meter.

3.1.2 Size
The size of the paper shall be standard A4; height 297 mm, and width 210 mm.

3.1.3 Type-Setting, Text Processing and Printing

The text shall be printed employing LaserJet or Inkjet printer, the text having been
processed using a standard text processor. The standard font shall be Times New Roman
of 13 pts with 1.5 line spacing. Except for the first page (Title page) and the Approval
page, all other pages should be printed on both sides of the paper.

3.1.4 Page Format

Pages from Title to Certificate shall be printed on single side and rest of the content shall
be printed on both sides of the paper. However, the first page starting with Introduction
will begin in a new page on the right side.

For Single side printing:

Top edge: 30mm

Bottom edge: 30 mm
Left: 40 mm
Right: 30 mm

For both side printing use Mirrored Margin as

Top edge: 30mm

Bottom edge: 30 mm
Inside: 40 mm
Outside: 30 mm

Additional top margin of about 15 mm to be added at the beginning of chapter. (15 +

30 mm = 45 mm from the top).

3.1.5 Pagination
Page numbering in the text of the dissertation shall be Hindu-Arabic numerals at the
center of the footer. Page number ‘1’ for the first page of the Introduction chapter shall
not appear in print, only the second page will bear the number ‘2’.

10
The subsequent chapters shall begin on a fresh page. Pagination for pages before the
Introduction chapter shall be in lower case Roman numerals, e.g., ‘iv’. Page number shall
appear 20 mm from below.

3.1.6 Paragraph format

Vertical space between paragraphs shall be about 1.5 line spacing.

The first line of each paragraph should normally be indented by 15 mm.

A paragraph should normally comprise more than one line. A single line of a paragraph
shall not be left at the top or bottom of a page (that is, no windows or orphans should be
left).

The word at the right end of the first line of a page or paragraph should, as far as possible,
not be hyphenated.

3.1.7 Font style and size

Heading = Times New Roman (TNR), 18 pt Bold

Sub Heading 1 = TNR 14 Pt Bold, All Caps
Sub Heading 2 = TNR 14 pt Bold, Capitalise Each Word
Sub Heading 3 = TNR 14 pt Bold, Sentence Case
Sub Heading 4 = TNR 13 pt Bold, Sentence Case Italic
Body Text = TNR 13 Pt
Table & Figure Captions = TNR 13 pt Bold

3.2 Chapter and Section format

3.2.1 Chapter
Each chapter shall begin on a fresh page with an additional top margin of about 15 mm
(15 + 30 mm = 45 mm from the top). Chapter number (in Hindu- Arabic) and title shall
be printed at the center of the line in 6 mm font size (18 pt) in bold face using both
upper and lower case (all capitals or small capitals shall not be used).

The format for typing Chapter heading is explained by the following illustrative example.

Chapter heading:
Chapter 1

Introduction

The word Chapter without punctuation should be centered 45 mm down from the top of
the page. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed centrally using both
upper and lower case capital letters. The text should commence 4 spaces below this title,
the first letter of the text starting 15 mm inside from the left hand margin.

11
3.2.2 Sections and Sub- sections
A chapter can be divided into Sections, Sub-sections and Sub-sub-sections so as to
present different concepts separately. Sections and sub-sections can be numbered using
decimal points, e.g., 2.2 for the second Section in Chapter 2 and 2.3.4 for the fourth Sub-
section in third Section of Chapter 2. Chapters, Sections and Sub-Sections shall be
included in the Contents with page numbers flushed to the right. Further subsections need
not be numbered or included in the contents.

The Sections and Sub-sections titles along with their numbers in 4 mm (14 pt) fonts, in
bold face shall be flushed to the left (not centered).The typed material directly below
division or sub-division heading should commence 1.5 line spaces below it and should be
offset 15 mm from the left hand margin.

2.2.3 Table / Figure Format

As far as possible, tables and figures should be presented in portrait style. Small size table
and figures (less than half of writing area of a page) should be incorporated within the
text, while larger ones may be presented in separate pages. Table and figures shall be
numbered chapter-wise. For example, the fourth figure in Chapter 5 will bear the number
Figure 5.4 or Fig.5.4

Table number and title will be placed above the table while the figure number and caption
will be located below the figure. Reference for Table and Figures reproduced from
elsewhere shall be cited in the last and separate line in the table and figure caption.

2.2.4 Equations
Equations appearing in each Chapter or Appendix should be numbered serially, the
numbering should commence afresh for each Chapter or Appendix. Thus for example, an
equation appearing in Chapter 4, if it happens to be the second equation in that Chapter
should be numbered as (4.2) thus:

(4.2)

While referring to this equation in the body of the Thesis it should be referred to as
Equation (4.2).

3 AUXILIARY FORMATS

3.1 Binding

The dissertation shall be soft bound in maroon colour, 270 GSM Board with yellow
letters.

3.2 Front Cover

The front cover shall contain the following details:
Full title of dissertation in 6 mm 22 points size font properly centered and positioned
at the top.
Full name of the candidate in 4. mm 14 points size font properly centered at the
middle of the page.
12
 A 40 mm dia replica of the Institute emblem followed by the name of the Department,
name of the Institute and the year of submission, each in a separate line and properly
centered and located at the bottom of the page.

3.2.1 Lettering
All lettering shall be in White.

3.2.2 Bound back

The degree, the name of the candidate and the year of submission shall also be embossed
on the bound (side) in White letters.

3.3 Blank sheets

In addition to the white sheets (binding requirement) two white sheets shall be put at the
beginning and end of the dissertation.

3.4 Title sheet

This shall be the first printed page of the dissertation and shall contain the submission
statement: The Dissertation, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the
Degree, Doctor of Philosophy in ....., the name and Reg No. of the candidate, name(s) of
the supervisor and co-supervisor(s) (if any), Department, Institute and year of submission
(sample enclosed).

3.5 Dedication sheet (optional)

If the candidate so desires (s)he may dedicate his/her dissertation, which statement shall
follow the title page. If included, this shall form the page 1 of the auxiliary sheets but
shall not have page number.

3.6 Declaration sheet (Refer attached sample)

3.7 Certificate Page (Refer attached sample)

3.8 Abstract
The 500 word abstract shall highlight the important features of the dissertation and shall
correspond to the electronic version to be submitted to the Library for inclusion in the
website. The Abstract in the dissertation, however, shall have two more parts, namely, the
layout of the dissertation giving a brief chapter -wise description of the work and the key
words.

3.9 Acknowledgements
The acknowledgements by the candidate and will be signed personally.

3.10Table of Contents
The contents shall follow the Acknowledgement and shall enlist the titles of the chapters,
section and sub-section using decimal notation, as in the text, with corresponding page
number against them, flushed to the right. (Refer attached sample)

3.10.1 List of Figures and Tables

Two separate lists of Figure caption and Table titles along with their numbers and
corresponding page numbers against them shall follow the Table of Contents.

13
3.10.2 Abbreviation Notation and Nomenclature
A complete and comprehensive list of all abbreviations, notations and nomenclature
including Greek alphabets with subscripts and superscripts shall be provided after the list
of tables & figures. As far as possible generally accepted symbols and notation should be
used (Refer attached sample).

Auxiliary page from dedication (if any) to abbreviations shall be numbered using Roman
numerals in lower case, while the text starting from the Introduction shall be in Hindu-
Arabic. (The first pages in both the cases shall not bear a page number).

14
 COVER PAGE
TITLE
(Caps Times New Roman, Font Size 16, Centre Alignment, Bold)

Thesis submitted to the CHRIST (Deemed to be University)

for the award of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN ……………………… (Discipline)

by

NAME OF THE SCHOLAR

Under the supervision of

NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Designation

CENTRE FOR RESEARCH

CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
BENGALURU

MONTH, YEAR
 DECLARATION

I ………………… (Name of the candidate) …. hereby declare that the

dissertation, titled …………………… (Title of Dissertation)
………………………………………………………. is a record of original
research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in ………… (Subject) ………………. . I have completed this study
under the supervision of Dr./Mr./Ms. ……………… (Name of the Guide),
………….(Designation), Department of …………. (Name of Department).

I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any
degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. I hereby confirm the
originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the
dissertation.

Place: Bengaluru
Date: …………………
Signature of the candidate
Name of the candidate
Reg No.……………..
Department of ……………
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by ……...... (Name of the

candidate) ……. (Reg. No. ………) titled ‘………………
(Title)……………………..………………………….........
………………………………………..’ is a record of research work done by
him/her during the academic year 2011-2012 under my/our supervision in partial
fulfilment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in …… (Subject) …….

This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma,
associateship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or
presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is
no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.

Place: Bengaluru
Date: …………………
Signature of the Guide
Name of the Guide
Designation
Department of ……………
Christ (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru

Signature of the Additional Director

Centre for Research
Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xxi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1TEXTILES AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY 1
1.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS FACED
BY THE INDUSTRY 5
1.2.1 Strength 5
1.2.2 Weakness 6
1.2.3 Opportunity 7
1.2.4 Threats 8
1.3 IMPLICATION OF THE PROBLEM 8
1.4 ERP ADOPTION IN THE INDUSTRY 10
1.4.1 Present Situation of ERP Adoption 12
1.4.2 Challenges in Adoption 13
1.5 INSTITUTIONAL ISOMORPHISM 14
1.6 NEED FOR THE STUDY 16
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
2.1 Theories used in individual and organisational
IT adoption research 40
2.2 Quality parameters for a conceptual model
evaluation 82
2.3 First set of hypotheses on the initial model
proposed for the study 84
2.4 Second set of hypotheses on the mediation
effect 86
2.5 Third set of hypothesis on the multiple
mediation effect 86
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
1.1 Tirupur knitwear cluster map 22
2.1 Model of the motivation process 52
2.2 Units of the conceptual research model on
motives that drive the ERP adoption 54
2.3 The laws of interaction of conceptual research
model on motives that drive the ERP adoption 76
2.4 Boundary of the theory 78
2.5 System state of the conceptual model 79
2.6 Proposed conceptual research model and
hypothesised relationships 87
3.1 Mediation model 112
3.2 The multiple mediator model 115
3.3 t-distribution and lower and bound upper bound
limits 118
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AGFI Adjusted Goodness of Fit

AITUC All India Trade Union Congress
ANCOVA Analysis of Covariance
AMOS Analysis of Moment Structures
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
AEPC Apparel Export Promotion Council
ATDC Apparel Training and Design Institute
ATO Assemble to Order
BWW Bunge, Wand and Weber ontology
BDS Business Development Services
BPR Business Process Reengineering
CSED Centre for Social Education and Development
CEO Chief Executive Officer
Use ‘Tab’ for indentation and don’t use repeated spacebar

Use spacing option in Paragraph setting for paragraph spacing,

before and after sub headings and Table and figure captions. Don’t
give paragraph spacing by pressing ‘enter’