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Ideal Computer CCC Notes

This document provides an introduction to computers including: 1. A definition of a computer as an electronic machine that can perform tasks based on instructions. Charles Babbage is considered the father of the modern computer. 2. Computers are divided into hardware and software. Hardware are the physical parts like monitors and CPUs, while software are sets of instructions like operating systems and programs. 3. A computer system includes input, output, memory, a control unit, and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Early computers evolved from mechanical devices to use vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
390 views15 pages

Ideal Computer CCC Notes

This document provides an introduction to computers including: 1. A definition of a computer as an electronic machine that can perform tasks based on instructions. Charles Babbage is considered the father of the modern computer. 2. Computers are divided into hardware and software. Hardware are the physical parts like monitors and CPUs, while software are sets of instructions like operating systems and programs. 3. A computer system includes input, output, memory, a control unit, and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Early computers evolved from mechanical devices to use vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits.

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Ideal Computer
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1 -FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

I NTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Definition: A computer is a programmable and an electronic machine which can perform specific task based on your
instructions. They take instructions (inputs) and after the processing the data, they provide result very fast.
Computer word came from a Latin word ‘Compute’ which means calculate.“Charles Babbage” is known as the father
of modern computer.
CPU
LCD CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
FULL FORM OF COMPUTER MONITOR

C - Commonly
O- Operated
M- Machine
P - Particularly UPS
U - Used for
T - Technical
MOUSE
E - Education and
R - Research KEYBOARD

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Computer system is divided into two parts –
(a) - Hardware
(b) - Software

Hardware – All the physical components of the computer is known as hardware. We can touch or break these
hardware parts.
Ex- Monitor , Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, C.P.U. etc

Software – A software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
Opposite of hardware. We cannot touch or break these software parts.
Ex- M.S.Office , Photoshop, Tally , Games, Paint ,Notepad, etc

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

Memory

Input Unit Control Output Unit


Unit

ALU
(Arithmetic & Logical

Secondary Memory

1. Input Device – An input device is hardware device or peripheral device used to put data in the
computer . Ex- Keyboard, Joystick, Scanner, Camera, Light pen, Touch screen, mouse etc
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2. Output Device – An output device is also hardware device that throws the data from outside the computer as
result . Ex- Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc
3. Memory - Memory is a storage device that is used to store data or programs.
4. C.U. Control Unit - A control unit coordinates how data moves around a CPU. The control unit (CU) is a
component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It tells the
computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's
instructions.
Function Of Control Unit (CU के कार्य)
a- यह memory से instruction read करता है ,उन्हे Decode करता है I
b- यह data को process या store नहीं करता है I
ू र की सभी Units को Manages और Coordinates करता है I
c- यह कम्प्यट
5. A.L.U.( Arithmetic & Logical Unit ) - An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a major component of the central
processing unit of a computer system. It does all processes related to arithmetic and logic operations that need
to be done on instruction words. In some microprocessor architectures, the ALU is divided into the arithmetic
unit (AU) and the logic unit (LU).
a. AU- Arithmetic Section – ( Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division etc
b. LU - Logic section – ( Comparing, Selecting, Matching and Merging
6. Secondary Memory - Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from
primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses
its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfer the desired data to primary storage.
Secondary storage is non-volatile (retaining data when power is shut off).
Ex - Hard Disk Drive , Pan Drive etc.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT


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(a) ABACUS - (Abundant Beads, Addition and Calculation Utility

System.)

(i) Father- Lee Kie Chain


(ii) Time - 1600
(iii) Place - China
(iv) Uses - For Addition , Subtraction

(b) Napier’s Bones -


(i) Father- John Napier
(ii) Time - 1617
(iii) Place - Scotland
(iv) Uses - For Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
(c) Slide Rules -
(i) Father- William Autred
(ii) Time - 1620
(iii) Place - Germany
(iv) Uses - For Square root, Logarithm, Trigonometric Function

(d) Pascaline
(i) Father- Blaise Pascal
(ii) Time - 1642
(iii) Place - France
(iv) Uses - For Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

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(e) Jaquard Loom (Mechanical Calculator)
(i) Father- Joseph Meri Jaquard
(ii) Time - 1801
(iii) Place - France
(f) Difference Engine
(i) Father- Charles Babbage
(ii) Time - 1822
(iii) Place - England
(g) Analytical Engine
(i) Father- Charles Babbage
(ii) Time - 1833
(iv) Place - England

(h) Tabulating Machine


(i) Father- Herman Hollerith
(ii) Time - 1880
(iii) Place - America
(iv) Storage - Punched Cards
(v) Transformation - IBM(1924)
(i) Mark – 1
(i) Father - Haward Icon
 World’s first Electromechanical Calculation Machine

(j) ENIAC – (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

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(i) Father - J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
 World’s first electronic computer
(h) EDSAC – ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator )
(i) Father - Maurice Wilkes
(ii) Time - 1949

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Generations Of Computer (कम्प्यट
ू र की पीढ़ियाँ)
Basically, The generations of the computer are divided into five parts :-

(1) First Generation (1940 – 1954)


 Hardware Technology - Vacuum Tubes (by – Lee DeForest in 1908)
 Storage - Magnetic Drums Magnetic Core
 Input Devices - Punched Cards Paper Tapes
 Output displays as Printouts - Punched Cards Paper Tapes
 Language - Binary Language ( 0’s to 1’s )
 Examples - ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701,IBM-605
 Disadvantages - Bulky Size, Very Expensive, Heat , High Electric Consumption ,Slow Speed ,
Difficult to use, Frequently faults, Large Room to install etc.

(2) Second Generation (1956 – 1963) (Transistors replaced Vacuum Tubes)


 Hardware Technology - Transistors (by - William Shockley in 1947)
 Primary /Secondary Memory Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Tapes
 Input Devices - Punch Cards Paper Tapes
 Output displays as Printouts Punched Cards Paper Tapes
 Language - HLL – FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1960), COBOL(1960-61)
 Example - IBM1620, IBM7094, CDC1604, CDC3600, UNIVAC11108
 Disadvantage - Big Size, High Cost, Heat, Slow speed etc.

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(3) Third Generation (1963 -1971) ( IC replaced Transistors ) Silicon Chip
 Hardware Technology - Integrated Circuits (IC) (by – Jack Kilby in 1959)
 Primary Memory - Magnetic Cores
 Secondary Memory Magnetic Disc
 Input Devices - Keyboard, Mouse
 Output displays as Printouts Monitor
 Language - HLL – FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1960), COBOL(1960-61), BASIC
 Example - IBM360 series, Honeywell-6000, PDP(Personal Data Processor,
IBM370/168, TDC-316
 Disadvantage - IC chips are difficult to maintain.

(4) Fourth Generation (1971-1980 ) (LSI & VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration )
 LSI and VLSI technology were used in computers .
 MS-DOS and MS Windows developed during this time .
 All the High-Level Language like C, C++,DBASE etc
 GUI –Graphical User Interface Technology was developed.
 Example - IBM4341, DEC10, STAR1000, PUP 11 etc
(5) Fifth Generation (1980 – Till Now ) (ULSI - Ultra Large Scale Integration , Artificial Intelligence (AI) )
 64 bit microprocessor have been developed at this time .
 All the high level language were developed very properly.
 Advancement in parallel Processing
 Storage - Optics Disc
 Information Natural Processing System
 Example - Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultra Book, Chrome Book etc
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Function of a Computer System- कम्प्यूटर सिस्टम की कार्य

Input Processing Outpu Storag

Features of a Computer (कम्प्यट


ू र की विशेषताएँ)

1. Speed (गति) – Computers are very fast, they can calculate millions of calculation in a second .Computers works in Nano Second. (Nano Second = 1 X 10 -9 )
कम्प्यूटर प्रॉसेसर की गति को ( Megahertz MHz) OR ( Gigahertz GHz) मे मापते हैं I
2. Automation (स्वचालित) – कम्प्यूटर एक स्वचालित मशीन है जिसमे गणना के दौरान मानवीय हस्तक्षेप की संभावना नगण्य रहती है I कम्प्यूटर को कार्य करने के लिए एक
बार आदे श मनुष्य ही दे ता है लेकिन एक बार आदे श मिलने के बाद वह बिना रुके काम करता है I

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3. Accuracy ( शुद्धता , त्रटि
ु रहित कार्य ) – Computer calculates without any fault . It based on your input. GIGO – ( Garbage In Garbage Out ) . कम्प्यूटर की गणनाएँ
लगभग त्रटि
ु रहित होती है I यदि डाटा और प्रोग्राम सही है तो कम्प्यट
ू र हमेशा सही परिणाम दे ता है I
4. Storage Capacity (भण्डारण क्षमता ) – कम्प्यूटर मे प्रयुक्त मेमोरी को डाटा, सूचना और निर्देश के स्थायी भंडारण के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है I
5. Versatile (बहुउद्देशीय) – कम्प्यट
ू र की सहायता से विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यों को किया जा सकता है I आधनि
ु क कम्प्यट
ू र मे एक ही समय पर अलग-अलग प्रकार
के कार्य को करने की क्षमता होती है I
6. Secrecy ( गोपनीयता) – कम्प्यूटर मे पासवॉर्ड का उपयोग करके हम अपने डाटा को सुरक्षित रख सकते है I
7. Diligence ( सक्षमता) – कम्प्यूटर किसी भी काम को बिना रुके बिना थके लाखों या करोड़ो बार कर सकता है I

Application of Computer (कम्प्यूटर के अनुप्रयोग)


1. Exchange Of Media or Information
2. Scientific Field
3. Education
4. In Hospitals
5. In Railway Station And Airports
6. Defence
7. Business/Trade
8. Agriculture
9. Administration
10.Entertainment

Limitations Of Computers (कम्प्यट


ू र की सीमाएं)
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 No Intelligence Quality ( बद्धि
ु हीन) – कम्प्यूटर मे स्वयं की सोचने और निर्णय लेने की क्षमता नहीं होती है I यह केवल दिये गए दिशा – निर्देश
के अंतर्गत कार्य कर सकता है I अत: यह बुद्धिहीन है I
 कम्प्यूटर के हार्डवेयर और सॉफ्टवेयर काफी महं गी होती है तथा इन्हे समय-समय पर आवश्यकतानुसार बदलना भी पड़ता है I
 कम्प्यूटर मे virus का खतरा बना रहता है जो सूचनाओं को दषि
ू त या समाप्त कर सकता है I ये भंडारण क्षमता को प्रभावित करते है I
 कम्प्यूटर एक यांत्रिक मशीन है जिस कारण कम्प्यूटर को क्रियाशील करने के लिए electricity की आवश्यकता होती है I विद्युत के अभाव मे
कम्प्यट
ु र एक डिब्बे के समान होता है I

Classification Of Computers
According to the given points computers are classified. Computers are classified into three
Categories:-
1- According to Application (अनप्र
ु योग के आधार पर)
2- According to Size (आकार के आधार पर)
3- According to the purpose (उद्देश्य के आधार पर)

Classification Of Computer

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अनुप्रयोग के आधार पर (Application) आकार के आधार पर (Size) उद्देश्य के आधार पर (Purpose)
अनप्र
ु योग के आधार पर – Based On Application

1- Analog Computer – ये ऐसे कम्प्यट


ू र हैं जो भौतिक मात्राओं (Physical Quantities) जैसे – दाब, तापमान, लंबाई, ऊंचाई,चाल, दरू ी आदि को
मापकर उन्हे परिमाप अंको मे व्यक्त करते हैं I ये कम्प्यट
ू र किसी राशि का परिमाप तल
ु ना के आधार पर करते हैं I
Ex- Thermometer, Speedometer etc
2- Digital Computer – ये वो कम्प्यूटर होतें हैं जो बाइनरी नंबर सिस्टम पर कारी करते हैं इसका प्रयोग अंको की गणना के लिए किया जाता है I
इनपुट किए गए डाटा और प्रोग्राम को 0 और 1 मे परिवर्तित करके इन्हे इलेक्ट्रोनिक रूप मे प्रयुक्त करते हैं I
Ex - (Desktop, Laptop, Mobile etc)
3- Hybrid Computer – इसके द्वारा भौतिक मात्राओं कों अंकों मे परिवर्तित करके उन्हे डिजिटल रूप मे प्रोसेस करने का कार्य किया जाता है
Ex- ECG, Dialysis Machine etc

आकार के आधार पर – According to size


1- Micro Computer - ये कम्प्यूटर आकार मे छोटे होते हैं, कम-लागत वाले और Single User डिजिटल कम्प्यूटर होते हैं I इनमे CPU ,Input Unit,

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Output Unit, Storage Unit और सॉफ्टवेयर होते हैं I Ex- PC, Laptop, Notebook Computer, Smart Phone, Palmtop etc
2- Mini Computer - यह micro computer से आकार मे बड़े होते हैं और multi-user होते हैं I इनमे एक साथ 200 से अधिक user काम कर
सकते हैं I इनका प्रॉसेसर micro-computer से अधिक तेज होता है I
3- Mainfarme Computer – ये कम्प्यूटर आकार मे बहुत बड़े और महं गे होते हैं I इसमे एक साथ सैकड़ों या हजारों user तक काम कर सकते हैं I
इसका प्रयोग बड़ी कंपनियाँ server कम्प्युटर के रूप मे करती है I (IBM ने सर्वप्रथम इसे बनाया था )
4- Super Computer – ये कम्प्यूटर वर्तमान का सबसे तेज और महं गा कम्प्यूटर होता है I इसका प्रयोग विशेष कार्यो के लिए किया जाता है जैसे –
मौसम पूर्वानुमान, वैज्ञानिक सिमल
ु ेशन, हाइ ग्राफिक्स , परमाणु ऊर्जा अनुसंधान और भूवैज्ञानिक डाटा का विश्लेषण मे प्रयोग किए जाते हैं I
 दनि
ु या का सर्वप्रथम Super Computer ‘Cray1’ Cray रिसर्च कंपनी द्वारा 1976 के विकसित किया गया था I
 भारत मे निर्मित प्रथम Super Computer PARAM 8000 है जो सीडैक कंपनी ने 1991 मे बनाया था I
उद्देश्य के आधार पर – Based On Purpose –
1- सामान्य उद्देश्य कं प्यूटर ( General Purpose Computer ) – इन कं प्यूटरों में अनेक प्रकार के कार्य करने की क्षमता होती है I जैसे Word Processing, Docoment
Printing, Database Management etc.
2- विशिष्ट उद्देश्य कं प्यूटर ( Special Purpose Computer ) – ऐसे computers को किसी विशेष प्रकार के कार्यों को करने के लिए बनाया जाता है I ऐसे computers के CPU को उस
कार्य को करने के लायक बनाया जाता है जिसके लिए इसे बनाया गया है
Ex – उपग्रह संचालन, चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में, यातायात नियंत्रण में, इंजीनियरिंग आदि में इन कं प्यूटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है I

IT Gadgets and their application : - एक IT divice का प्रयोग information और Communication Technology के लिए किया जाता है
ऐसे gadgets का उपयोग laptop , Tablet, TV, Mobile, आदि में किया जाता है I

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