Unit 1: Nature of Research

Lesson 2
Research Process and Ethics

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
What are the
processes
involved in
doing
research?

Fig. 1. Different steps in research

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 ● Recognize the characteristics of
Learning research.
Objectives ● Enumerate the steps involved in
At the end of the
the research process.
lesson, you should ● Explain the importance of ethics
be able to do the
following: in research.

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1. What are the characteristics of
research?

1. What are the steps involved in the

research process?

1. Why is ethics important in

research?
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 Research is controlled
and manipulated to
Characteristics
of Research understand the
relationship between
two or more variables.

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 Research follows
stringent procedures to
Characteristics find out the answers to
of Research questions that are
relevant and
appropriate in nature.

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 Research is
systematic as it
Characteristics
of Research follows a step-by-step
procedure to answer
research questions.

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 Data are correct and
verifiable by the
Characteristics researcher and
of Research
eventually, by the
readers of the
research work

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 Research must be
totally based on hard
Characteristics evidence gathered
of Research from observations
and real-life
experiences.

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 Foundation of Knowledge

● Research is the foundation of knowledge for

the purpose of knowledge and an important
source for providing guidelines or norms for
solving different social, business, or
governmental problems.

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 The Research Process
● The research process refers to the overall
steps needed to accomplish the entire
research according to the principles of the
scientific method.
● The research process can be divided into the
research proposal, research activity, and the
written content phase.
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 The Research Process

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 The Research Process

Phase 1

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 Identifying the General Study Area

● A researcher needs to select a research

topic that is within his or her subject area of
interest.
● It is important for the researcher to pick a
specific branch to explore that will serve as
the general field of focus of the research.

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 Choosing a Research Topic

● In identifying a research topic, it is important

that the researchers choose a topic that can
address real-life problems they usually
encounter in the academe and society in
entirety.

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Formulating Research Methodology
● Research methodology refers to the set of
methods, procedures, or techniques that
will be used for the overall handling of
data about a topic .
● The research methodology is highly relevant
in a study as it serves as the blueprint in
the conduct of the study .
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 The Research Process

Phase 2

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 Data Collection

● Data collection is a critical step as this

provides the framework for the conclusion
of the study.

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 Data Analysis
● Data analysis refers to the process of
extracting the essential information
needed to answer the research questions
from the collected data.
● The results of the analysis must then be
interpreted and discussed with the support
of related literature.
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 The Research Process

Phase 3

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 Writing Conclusions

● Conclusion is the part of the study

derived from the analysis and
interpretation of the collected data.

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 Writing Conclusions

● This serves as the direct answer to the

research questions posed at the start of
the project. In this step, the researchers
need to generalize the essential
information to form the final conclusion
of the research.

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 Sharing Publication
● Researches can be presented in the form
of a poster or oral presentations during
organized conferences.
● Researchers may also publish their works
in journals or any form of media that
allows their work to be accessed by other
people.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Practical Research 2
Senior High School Applied - Academic
● Research ethics refers to all the
practices followed by the researcher
in order to ensure that all steps of
the research process will be adhered
to with utmost integrity, following
the set standards agreed upon by the
community of researchers all over
the world.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Honesty All researchers must honestly present

information on data, results, research
methods and procedures, and status of
work. Researchers must not falsify and
distort the data to deceive the public.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Objectivity Research should remove any form of

bias in all stages of research. All
observations and data collected must
not be changed in any way to agree with
the wants of the researchers.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Prudence Researchers must be careful in

evaluating their own work.

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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Responsible Researchers must publish their

results and share it to other
publication
people for the sake of science and
the pursuit of knowledge.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Confidentiality Researchers must save and secure

confidential information of anyone
involved in the research project,
especially the respondents for their
target samples.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Respect for The researchers must respect

patents, copyright rights, and other
Intellectual
forms of intellectual property. It is a
Property
criminal act for anyone to plagiarize.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Social Researchers must conduct

research studies that could be
responsibility
beneficial to the entire society.

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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Definition
Principles

Anti- Researchers must avoid

discrimination against any form of
discrimination
social labels like sex, gender,
religion, and etc.
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Remember

The research process is an endless

cycle. It does not stop when the
results are published and shared to
the rest of the community.

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What can be the consequences if
the research does not comply with
the ethical standard?

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Practice

Based on your understanding of the discussed

principles of research ethics, try to cite scenarios where
you can apply each principle as a student of research.
Ethical Principles Use for Student Researchers

Honesty

Objectivity

Prudence

Responsible publication

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 Quick Check

This is the step where the researcher must do

keen observation of his or her surrounding to
find possible subject areas to study.

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 Quick Check

This the step that involves the process of

drafting detailed procedures for data collection
and analysis.

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 Quick Check

Evaluate which research ethics principle can be

applied in this scenario:

The researcher tried to fabricate data for his

or her research.

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 Wrap Up

Research ethics refers to all the practices

being followed by the researcher in order
to make sure that all steps of the research
process will be done with high integrity and
followed the set standards by the
community of researchers all over the
world.

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 Wrap Up

Research process refers to the

overall steps needed to accomplish
the entire research according to the
principles of the scientific method.

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 Wrap Up
The Research Process

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 Bibliography

Ackoff, Russell L. Scientific Method. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1962.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.
3rd edition. California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2009.

Hillway, Tyrus. Introduction to Research. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1964.

Kothari, Crisan R. Quantitative Techniques. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., 1984.

Leavy, Patricia. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and
Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York: The Guilford Press,
2017.

Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th
ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.

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