DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

INTRODUCTION TO SELF-
• Environmental Factors of Personality.
UNDERSTANDING The surroundings of an individual
compose the environmental factors of
personality
• Understanding oneself is essential to • Biological Factors of Personality.
understand behaviors and beliefs that affects
ourselves and others specifically in becoming 1) hereditary factors or genetic make-up of the
effective and successful person in life, work, person that inherited from their parents. This
and relationship. describes the tendency of the person to
appear and behave the way their parents are;
Moreover, self-understanding
• (1) provides a sense of purpose; 2) physical features include the overall physical
• (2) leads to healthier relationships; structure of a person: height, weight, color, sex,
• (3) helps harness your natural strength; and beauty and body language
(4) promotes confidence.
3) brain. The preliminary results from the
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
research gives indication that better
PERSONALITY understanding of human personality and
• The etymological derivative of personality behavior might come from the study of the
comes from the word “persona”, the theatrical brain.
masks worn by Romans in Greek and Latin • Situational Factors of Personality.
drama. Personality also comes from the two Although these factors do not literally
Latin words “per” and “sonare”, which literally create and shape up an individual’s
means “to sound through”. personality, situational factors do alter a
• Personality is that it is a relatively permanent person’s behavior and response from time to
traits and unique characteristics that give both time.
consistency and individuality to a person’s • Cultural Factors.
behavior (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). Culture is traditionally considered as the
• Personality plays a key role in affecting how major determinants of an individual’s
personality.
people shape their lives. It involves the
complex relationship of people with their
environment, how they cope and adjust
through life, and how they respond to PERSONALITY TRAITS
demands of physical and social challenges.
The most widely used system of traits is called
• Personality is the overall pattern or integration the Five-Factor Model. This system includes five
of a person’s structure, modes of behavior, broad traits that can be remembered with the
attitudes, aptitudes, interests, intellectual acronym OCEAN: Openness,
abilities, and many other distinguishable Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
personality traits. Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

PERSONALITY TRAIT – reflects people’s

characteristic, patterns of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors.
 EXAMPLE BEHAVIORS FOR THOSE SCORING
O.C.E.A.N. LOW AND HIGH FOR THE BIG 5 TRAITS
THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Big 5 Example Behavior Example
- Most widely used system of traits Trait for LOW Scorers Behavior for HIGH
Scorers
- Each of these major traits can be divided into
O. Prefers not to be Enjoys seeing
facts to give a more fine-grained analysis of exposed to people with new
someone’s personality. In addition, some trait alternative moral types of haircuts
theories argue that there are other traits that systems; narrow and body
cannot be completely captured by Five-Factor interest; inartistic; piercing; curious;
Model. not analytical; imaginative;
down-to-earth untraditional
- Critics of the trait concept argue that people
do not act consistently from that one situation
C. Prefers spur-of-the- Never late for a
to the next. And that people are very
moment action to date; organized;
influenced by situation of forces.
planning; hardworking;
- One major debate in the field concerns the unreliable; neat,
relative power of people’s trait versus the hedonistic; careless; persevering;
lax punctual; self-
situations in which they find themselves as
disciplined
predictors of their behavior.

DESCRIPTIONS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS E. Preferring a quiet Being the life of

evening reading to the party’ active;
Big 5 Trait Definition a loud party; sober; optimistic; fun-
aloof; loving;
Openness The tendency to
unenthusiastic affectionate
appreciate new art, ideas,
values, feelings, and
behaviors. A. Quickly and Agrees with other
confidently asserts about political
Conscientiousness The tendency to be
own rights; irritable; opinions; good-
careful, on-time for
manipulative; natured;
appointments, to follow
uncooperative; forgiving; gullible;
rules, and to be hard
rude helpful; forgiving
working
Extraversion The tendency to be
talkative, sociable, and to
enjoy others; the N. Not getting irritated Constantly
tendency to have a by small worrying about
annoyances; calm, little things;
dominant style.
unemotional; hardy; insecure;
Agreeableness The tendency to agree secure; self-satisfied hypochondriacal;
and go along with others feeling
rather than to assert one inadequate
owns opinions and
choices.
Neuroticism The tendency to be
frequently experience
negative emotions such as
anger, worry, and
sadness, as well as being
interpersonally sensitive.
WHO AM I?
Understanding of who you are as a
person is called self-concept and
understanding what your motives are when
you act is called self-understanding.

In definition, self-concept is generally

thought of as our individual perceptions of our
behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics.
For example, beliefs such as "I am a good
friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an
overall self-concept. —a mental picture of who
you are as a person.

Self-concept tends to be more

malleable when people are younger and still
going through the process of self-discovery
and identity formation.

As people age, self-perceptions

become much more detailed and organized
as people form a better idea who they are
and what is important to them.

ACCORDING TO THE BOOK ESSENTIAL

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BY RICHARD CRISP
AND RHIANNON TURNER:
• The individual self consists of attributes and
personality traits that differentiate us from other
individuals. Examples include introversion or
extroversion.

• The relational self is defined by our

relationships with significant others. Examples
include siblings, friends, and spouses.

• The collective self reflects our membership in

social groups. Examples include British,
Republican, African-American, or gay.
 THE SELF ACCORDING TO • *According to St. Augustine, the human
nature is composed of two realms.
PHILOSOPHY a. God as the source of all reality and
truth.
SOCRATES b. The sinfulness of man.
• A philosopher from Athens, Greece and
THE ROLE OF LOVE
said to have the greatest influence on
European thought. 1. Love of physical objects lead to the sin of
• Socratic Method. Socratic Method or greed
dialectic method involves the search for 2. Love for the other people is not lasting
the correct/proper definition of a thing. and excessive love for them is the sin of
• Socrates' influence was reflected in his jealousy
famous statement which he fully lived by, 3. Love for the self leads to the sin of pride.
"the unexamined life is not worth living. “ 4. Love for God is the supreme virtue and
• Every man is composed of body and soul, through loving god can man find real
Body- imperfect and impermanent; Soul- happiness.
perfect and permanent. • All things are worthy of love but must be
PLATO love properly. St. Augustine contends that
if the man loves God first and everything
• Athenian Philosopher
else to lesser degree then all will fall to into
• Student of Socrates and mentor of
its rightful place.
Aristotle
• Plato’s real name is Aristocles RENE DESCARTES
• A student of Socrates, who introduced • A French philosopher, mathematician,
the idea of a three-part soul/self. and considered the founder of modern
a. The Reason enables human to think philosophy.
deeply, make wise choices and
• “cogito, ergo sum— “I think, therefore I
achieve a true understanding of eternal
exist” established his philosophical views
truths. Plato also called this as divine
on “true knowledge” and concept of self.
essence.
b. The physical Appetite is the basic • He explained that in order to gain true
biological needs of human being such knowledge, one must doubt everything
as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. even own existence. Doubting makes
c. The spirit or passion is the basic someone aware that they are thinking
emotions of human being such as love, being thus, they exist.
anger, ambition, aggressiveness and JOHN LOCKE
empathy
• An English philosopher and physician and
ST. AUGUSTINE famous in his concept of “Tabula Rasa” or
• He is considered as the last of the great Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side
ancient philosophers whose ideas were of human development.
greatly Platonic. In melding philosophy • Locke discussed the reflective analysis of
and religious beliefs together, Augustine how an individual may experience the
has been characterized as Christianity’s self in everyday living in his essay, Essay
first theologian. Concerning Human Understanding. He
provided the following key points:
 1. To discover the nature of personal relationships, but because they are
identity, it is important to find out derivative copies of impressions, they
what it means to be a person. are once removed from reality
2. A person is a thinking, intelligent
SIGMUND FREUD
being who has the abilities to reason
and to reflect. • A well-known Australian psychologist
3. A person is also someone who and considered as the Father and
considers themself to be the same Founder of Psychoanalysis. His influence
thing in different times and different in Psychology and therapy is dominant
places. and popular in the 20th to 21st century.
4. Consciousness as being aware that • The dualistic view of self by Freud
we are thinking— always involves the *conscious self and
accompanies thinking and is an unconscious self.
essential part of the thinking process’ • According to Freud, there are two kinds
5. Consciousness makes possible our of instinct that drive individual behavior
belief that we are same identity in – the eros or the life instinct and the
different times and different places. Thanatos of the death instinct. The
• States that “Nothing Exists in The Mind energy of eros is called libido and
That Was Not First in The Senses” includes urges necessary for individual
• *The bottom line of his theory on self is and species survival like thirst, hunger,
that self is not tied to any particular and sex.in cases that human behavior is
body or substance. It only exists in other directed towards destruction in the form
times and places because of the of aggression and violence, such are
memory of those experiences the manifestations of Thanatos.
DAVID HUME • The three levels of the mind are:
• He was a Scottish philosopher and also 1. Id This is primarily based on the
an empiricist. pleasure principle. It demands immediate
• Hume’s claim to self became satisfaction and is not hindered by societal
controversial as he said I his essay expectations.
entitled “On Personal Identity” (1739) 2. Ego The structure that is primarily
that, if we carefully examine the based on the reality principle. This mediates
contents of [our] experience, we find between the impulses of the id and
that there are only two distinct entities, restraints of the superego.
"impressions" and "ideas". Hence, saying 3. Superego This is primarily dependent
there is no self. on learning the difference between right
• Impressions are the basic sensations of and wrong, thus it is called moral principle.
our experience, the elemental data of
our minds: pain, pleasure, heat, cold,
happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration, and
so on.
• On the other hand, ideas are copies of
impressions that include thoughts and
images that are built up from our
primary impressions through a variety of
 comprehensible because it is responsible
for synthesizing the discreet data of sense
experience into a meaningful whole.
• It is the self that makes consciousness for
the person to make sense of everything. It
is the one that help every individual gain
insight and knowledge. If the self-failed to
do this synthesizing function, there would
be a chaotic and insignificant collection of
sensations.
• The self is the product of reason, a
regulative principle because the self
regulates experience by making unified
experience possible and unlike Hume,
Kant’s self is not the object of
GILBERT RYLE consciousness, but it makes the
• A British analytical philosopher. He was an consciousness understandable and
important figure in the field of Linguistic unique.
Analysis which focused on the solving of PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
philosophical puzzles through an analysis of • An American philosopher interested in the
language.
fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of
• “The self is best understood as a pattern of science, cognitive neurobiology,
behavior, the tendency or disposition for a epistemology, and perception.
person to behave in a certain way in • Churchland’s central argument is that
certain circumstances.”
the concepts and theoretical
• He opposed the notable ideas of the vocabulary that people use to think
previous philosophers and even claimed about the selves— using such terms as
that those were results of confused belief, desire, fear, sensation, pain, joy—
conceptual thinking he termed, category actually misrepresent the reality of
mistake. minds and selves. He claims that the self
• The category mistake happens when we is a product of brain activity.
speak about the self as something • Patricia Churchland claimed that man’s
independent of the physical body: a brain is responsible for the identity
purely mental entity existing in time but known as self. The biochemical
not space. properties of the brain according to this
philosophy of neuroscience is really
IMMANUEL KANT
responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings,
• A German Philosopher who made great and behavior.
contribution to the fields of metaphysics,
epistemology, and ethics. Kant is widely MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
regarded as the greatest philosopher of • A French philosopher and phenomenologist.
the modern period.
• He took a very different approach to the
• Kant maintained that an individual self self and the mind/body “problem.”
makes the experience of the world According to him, the division between
 the “mind” and the “body” is a product of + Carver and Schier identified (2) Two types of
confused thinking. The self is experienced self that we can be aware of
as a unity in which the mental and 1. Private self – your internal standards a
physical are seamlessly woven together. private thoughts and feelings.
This unity is the primary experience of 2. Public self – your public image commonly
selves and begin to doubt it when an geared toward having a good
individual use their minds to concoct representation of yourself to others.
abstract notions of a separate mind and
Self-schema of self-awareness
body.
1. Actual self – who you are at the moment
2. Ideal self – who you like to be
3. Ought self – who you think you should be
THE SELF ACCORDING
STAGES OF SELF FORMATION – GEORGE MEAD
TO SOCIOLOGY 1. The Preparatory Stage - at this stage,
SOCIOLOGY children’s behavior is primarily based on
imitation; symbols (verbal and non-verbal are
• one of the disciplines in the social the bases of communication.
sciences which aims to discover the ways 2. The Play Stage - At this stage, the children will
by which the social begin to role play and pretend to be other
surrounding/environment influences people. Realizes that he is not alone and that
people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. there are others around him.
• presents the self as a product of modern 3. The Game Stage - The child begins to
society consider several tasks and various types of
• the science that studies the development, relationships simultaneously. The child now
structure, interaction, and collective begins to see not only his own perspective
behavior of human being but at the same time the perspective of
GILBERT HERBERT MEAD others around him
• Mead was born on February 1863 in STAGES OF SELF FORMATION
Massachusetts, USA.
• Mead is an American philosopher,
sociologist, and psychologist. He is
regarded as one of the founders of
social psychology and the American
sociological tradition in general. Mead is
well-known for his Theory of Self.
MEAD’S THEORY OF SELF
MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF
• The self is not present at birth but begins
Social Behaviorism - The approach Mead used
as a central character in a child’s world
to describe the power of the environment in
shaping human behavior. He describes the self • Family play major role in the formation of
as a dimension of personality that is made up the self. They are the significant others
of the individual’s self-awareness and self- who strongly influence his development.
image. • The formation of the self is not the end of
the process of socialization. Socialization
Self-awareness - when we aware of our self-
concept. continue continues for as long as the
person is alive
HOW FAMILY STORIES SHAPE OUR GENERALIZED OTHER
IDENTITIES: • Mead used to explain the behavior of the
SHARING STORIES: Thread of Family Identity person when he sees/considers other
Rachel Coleman people in the course of his actions.
• Why do family stories matter? They • the person realizes that people in society
directly impact how we see ourselves, our have cultural norms, beliefs and values
ability to succeed, and even our level of which are incorporated into each self. This
resiliency. realization forms basis of how the person
evaluate themselves.
“Let me tell you a story about when I was
your age.” How many of us remember • The self, according to Mead is not merely
hearing this from our parents at bedtime a passive reflection of the generalized
when we were children? How many of us other. The responses of the individual to the
have said this to our own children or social world are also active, it means that a
grandchildren? Besides the quality bonding person decides what they will do in
time that sharing family stories can provide reference to the attitude of others but not
to your relationship, experts and mechanically determined by such
researchers have discovered a host of attitudinal structures.
additional benefits, both for the listener as Here, Mead identified the two phases of
well as the storyteller. self:
Establish Our Core Identity 1. the phase which reflects the attitude of
• Family stories directly impact how we see the generalized other or the “me”; and
ourselves because they give us an idea of 2. the phase that responds to the attitude
where we come from and how we fit into of generalized other or the “I” In Mead’s
our family. Think of each family story as a words, the "me" is the social self, and the "I"
single thread in a tapestry woven with is a response to the "me".
beautiful, complex patterns, colors, and
Mead defines the "me" as "a conventional,
designs. Like the tapestry, we are a
habitual individual and the “I” as the “novel
combination of the culture, history, and
reply” of the individual to the generalized
traditions we inherited from our own
other
families.
Family narrative researcher Robyn Fivush CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
found that sharing family stories contributes • An American sociologist who made use
to kids’ emerging sense of self, both as an of the sociopsychological approach to
individual and as a member of a unified understanding how societies work.
family. Adolescents who are able to • In his written work, Human Nature and the
recount specifics and details of family Social Order (1902), he discussed the
stories have higher self-esteem and greater formation of the self through interaction.
resilience. Our family stories give us a sense
of belonging and create a core identity • Cooley stated that people learn who
that can be a great source of they are through their social interaction
empowerment. with other people. Although seeing oneself
is based on contemplating one’s personal
qualities, the view of the self is also
significantly influenced by the impression
and perception of others. Cooley called
this the looking glass theory – the self that is
a product of social interaction.
 • Cooley believed that the process of present ways of how people conduct their
developing a self has three phases: daily lives.
1. People imagine how they present BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Focus on how
themselves to others. the human body adapts to the different earth
2. People imagine how others evaluate environments.
them. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY - Focused on
3. People develop some sort of feeling using language as means to discover a group’s
about themselves as a result of those manner of social interaction and their
impressions. worldview.
• Cooley uses the word “imagine”. This may CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Focused in
mean that there is a possibility that the knowing what makes one group’s manner of
people develop self-identities based on the living forms an essential part of the member’s
wrong perception of how others see them. personal and societal identity
SELF ESTEEM & SOCIAL COMPARISON CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Our group identity and self-awareness • Symbols. These are the words, gestures,
also have a great impact on our self- pictures or objects that have recognized or
esteem, one of the common concepts accepted meaning in a particular culture.
associated with the self. It is defined as our Example: colors have similar meaning
own positive and negative perception or across all cultures.
evaluation of our selves.
• Heroes. These are persons from the past
• One of the ways in which our social or present who have characteristics that
relationship affects our self-esteem is are important in culture. They may be real
through social comparison. of work of fictions.
• Downward social comparison – when we Example: Fiction –Thor, Captain America;
create a positive self-concept by Real – Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini.
comparing ourselves with those who are • Rituals. These are activities participated
worse than us. by a group of people for the fulfilment of
• Upward social comparison – comparing desired objectives and are concerned to
ourselves with those who are better off than be socially essential.
us Example: Wedding, fiesta, Christmas
celebration, graduation, etc.
• Values. These are considered to be the
THE SELF ACCORDING core of every culture. These are
unconscious, neither discuss or observed,
TO ANTHROPOLOGY and can only be inferred from the way
people act and react to situations.
ANTHROPOLOGY Example: hospitality, respect for elders etc.
• Is a field of the social sciences that focus on
the study of man.
The field of Anthropology offers another
• The four subfields of anthropology namely, way by which a person can view
Archeology, Biological, Anthropology, themselves. As self is formed or determined
Linguistics, and Cultural Anthropology. by the past and present condition, by
ARCHEOLOGY - Focus on the study of the past biological characteristics, the
and how it may have contributed to the communication and language use, and
the lifestyle we choose to live.
 THE SELF ACCORDING • James made a clear distinction between
ways of approaching the self – the knower
TO PSYCHOLOGY (the pure or the I – Self) and the known (the
objective or the Me – Self). The function of
the knower (I Self) according to James must
PSYCHOLOGY be the agent of experience. While the
• is a scientific study of mental processes known (Me-Self) have three different but
and human behavior. It aims to interrelated aspects of empirical self
describe, analyze, predict, control (known today as self-concept): The Me
human behavior in general. viewed as material, the Me viewed as
social, and the Me viewed as spiritual in
• Psychology is the field of the social
nature.
sciences that deals with the description,
explanation, prediction, and control of
behavior. THREE COMPONENTS OF “ME” SELF
• MATERIAL SELF - consists of everything an
THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION individual call uniquely as their own, such as
the body, family, home or style of dress.
• According to the psychologist Dr. Bruce
A. Bracken in 1992, there are six specific • SOCIAL SELF- refers to the recognition an
domains that are related to self-concept individual gets from other people.
these are: • SPIRITUAL SELF - refers to the individual
1) the social domain or the ability of the inner or subjective being
person to interact with others;
2) the competence domain or the ability to CARL ROGERS
meet the basic needs;
Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of
3) the affect domain or the awareness of client centered therapy and considered as
the emotional states; one of the prominent humanistic or
4) the physical domain or the feelings existential theorists in personality. His
about looks, health, physical condition, and therapy aimed to make the person achieve
overall appearance; balance between their self-concept (real-
self) and ideal self.
5) academic domain or the success or
failure in the school; and • THE REAL SELF includes all those aspects of
one's identity that are perceived in
6) family domain or how well one function
awareness. These are the things that are
within the family unit
known to oneself like the attributes that an
individual possesses.
WILLIAM JAMES AND THE ME-SELF AND I- • THE IDEAL SELF is defined as one’s view of
SELF self as one wishes to be. This contains all the
• William James is a well-known figure in aspirations or wishes of an individual for
themselves
Psychology who is considered as the
founder of functionalism. He brought
prominence to U.S. psychology through the
publication of The Principles of Psychology
(1890) that made him more influential than
his contemporaries in the field.
MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF Winnicott claimed that true self can be
achieved by good parenting that is not
• According to Multiple Selves Theory,
necessarily a perfect parenting
there are different aspects of the self-exist in
an individual. From here, we can say that
self is a whole consist of parts, and these
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
parts manifest themselves when need arise.
(ALBERT BANDURA)
• Gregg Henriques proposed the Tripartite
• Albert Bandura is a psychologist and
Model of Human Consciousness, wherein
Professor Emeritus of Social Science in
he described that self is consist of three
Psychology at Stanford University. He is
related, but also separable domains these
known for his theory of social learning by
are the experimental self, private self, and
means of modeling. He is famous for his
public self
proposed concept of self-efficacy.
• THE EXPERIENTIAL SELF or the theater of
• His personality theory, The Social
consciousness is a domain of self that
Cognitive Theory asserts that a person is
defined as felt experience of being
both proactive and agentic, which means
• THE PRIVATE SELF consciousness system or that we have the capacity to exercise
the narrator/interpreter is a portion of self control over our life. This theory emphasized
that verbally narrates what is happening that human beings are proactive, self-
and tries to make sense of what is going on. regulating, self-reflective, and self-
• THE PUBLIC SELF OR PERSONA, the domain organizing.
of self that an individual shows to the FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
public, and this interacts on how others see
In Social Cognitive Theory;
an individual.
• Unified being is essentially connected to 1.) Intentionality – the actions performed
consciousness, awareness, and agency. A by the person intentionally or with full
awareness of his behavior.
well-adjusted person is able to accept and
understood the success and failure that 2.) Forethought – the person’s anticipation
they experienced. They are those kinds of of likely outcomes of his behavior.
person who continually adjust, adapt, 3.) Self-reactiveness - the process in which
evolve and survive as an individual with the person is motivated and regulates his
integrated, unified, multiple selves. behavior as he observes his progress in
DONALD WINNICOTT (TRUE VS FALSE SELF) achieving his goals.
• Donald Winnicott was a pediatrician in 4.) Self-reflectiveness - the person looking
London who studied Psychoanalysis with inward and evaluating his motivations,
Melanie Klein, a renowned personality values, life goals, and other people’s effect
theorist and one of the pioneers in object on him.
relations and development of personality in
childhood.
• FALSE SELF is an alternative personality
used to protect an individual’s true identity
or one’s ability to “hide” the real self.
• TRUE SELF has a sense of integrity and
connected wholeness that is rooted in early
infancy. The baby creates experiences of a
sense of reality and sense of life worth living.
 Collectivist characteristics are often
associated with women and people
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND in rural settings.

ORIENTAL/EASTERN • Asian countries are known to be

collective in nature.
THOUGHT THE SELF IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT

INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF VS COLLECTIVE • Confucius was born in the period of the

Zhou Dynasty in 551 BCE in the state of Lu.
SELF
He grew up poor although he was
INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF descended from scholarly family.
• Example of the description would • Confucius philosophy is known as
include an individual identifies primarily humanistic social philosophy which focuses
with self, with the needs of the individual on human beings and the society in
being satisfied before those of the general.
group. Looking after and taking care of • Confucianism is centered on ren which
ourselves, being self-sufficient, can be manifested through the li
guarantees the well-being of the group. (propriety), Xiao (filiality), and Yi (rightness).
Independence and self-reliance are For Confucius, ren reflects the person’s own
greatly stressed and valued. understanding of humanity. It is found within
• In general, people tend to distance each person and can be realized in one’s
themselves psychologically and personal life and relationship. Ren guides
emotionally from each other. One may human actions that makes life worth living
choose to join groups, but group which can be realized through li, Xiao, and
Yi:
membership is not essential to one’s
identity or success. Individualist • Li the propriety. Rules of propriety should
characteristics are often associated with be followed to guide human actions. These
men and people in urban settings. rules are the customs, ceremonies, and
traditions that forms the basis of li.
• Western cultures are known to be
individualistic • Xiao the filiality. This is the virtue of
reverence and respect for the family.
COLLECTIVE SELF Parents should be revered for the life they
• Examples of the collectivist thinking and given. Children show respect to their
is when our identity is in large part, a parents by exerting efforts to take care of
function of our membership and role themselves.
in a group, e.g., the family or work • Yi the rightness. The right way of behaving
team. The survival and success of the which is unconditional and absolute. Right
group ensures the well-being of the is right, and what is not right is wrong
individual, so that by considering the
needs and feelings of others, one
protects oneself. Harmony and the
interdependence of group members
are stressed and valued. Group
members are relatively close
psychologically and emotionally, but
distant toward non-group members.
 PHYSICAL SELF ➢ Girls reached puberty earlier than boys
and experience menarche which is her
THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY first menstrual flow.
➢ Boys two to three years later,
experience spermarche or semenarche
GROWING UP
which is his first ejaculation or nocturnal
➢ As children advance in age, their emission (wet dreams)
interest change and with these come ➢ Santrock further explained that puberty
changes in their bodies. is a brain-neuroendocrine process
➢ At this stage that parents should respect occurring primarily in early adolescence
their teenager’s privacy and allow them that triggers the rapid physical changes.
enough space to grow, let them know ➢ The pituitary gland is the master
that their parents are always there endocrine gland that controls growth
ready to LISTEN and to provide SUPPORT. and regulates the functions of all other
➢ The physical self refers the concrete endocrine glands, including the gonads
dimensions of the body, the tangible (ovaries for girls and testes for boys).
aspects of the person which can be ➢ These hormones (oestrogen for girls)
directly observed and examined. promote physical changes such as
➢ Physical characteristics defining traits or increase in height, widening of the hips
features of the person’s body. and increases in fatty tissues in the
➢ Erik Erikson believed in the importance breast.
of the body from development. The
physical as well intellectual skills serve a
basis to a person has achieved a sense BODY IMAGE
of competence and be able to
manage and face the demands of life ➢ BODY IMAGE refers to the way one sees
complexities. himself/ herself or the way he/she
imagines how he/she looks.”.
➢ According to healthy children.org ➢ Young adolescents usually experience
adolescence is divided into three “imaginary audience “which refers to
periods: an egocentric state where the
1. The first is early adolescence (from 11 to individual imagines and believes that
14 years old). many people are actively listening to or
2. The second is middle adolescence watching him or her.
(from 15 years to 17 years old). ➢ In social psychology, this phenomenon is
3. The last stage is the late adolescence called “spotlight effect” which refers to
(from 18 to 21 years old). the belief that others are paying more
attention to the person’s appearance
and behavior than they really are.
PUBERTY: A PERIOD OF RAPID PHYSICAL
CHANGES
➢ According to Santrock (2016), puberty is
not the same as adolescence because
puberty ends prior to the end the
adolescent period. Puberty as the most
essential marker of the beginning of
adolescence.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PERCEPTION OF THE ➢ SOCIAL FACTORS
PHYSICAL SELF a. ATTACHMENT PROCESS AND SOCIAL
➢ PERSONAL FACTORS APPRAISAL
According to Bowlby (1969), people learn
a. INTROSPECTION AND SELF- REFLECTION about their value and lovability when they
Looking inward is one of the simplest experience how their mothers or caregivers
ways to achieve self-knowledge. care for them and respond to their needs.
According to Hewstone, et al., (2015), b. MAINTAINING, REGULATING AND
introspection is the process by which EXPANDING THE SELF INTERPERSONAL
one observes and examines one’s RELATIONSHIP
internal state (mental and emotional). Aside from the attachment developed
when individuals are still young, the sense of
b. SELF- PERCEPTION THEORY the self is continuously shaped through on-
As stated by Hewstone (2015), Bem in going interaction with others or with
1972 self-perception theory explains that significant relationships partners.
since one’s internal states is difficult to
interpret, people can infer their inner c. THE LOOKING- GLASS SELF THEORY
states by observing their own behavior – Charles Horton Cooley stated that a
as if they are an outside observer. person’s self grows out of society’s
Physical perception includes all aspects interpersonal interactions and the
of a person’s perception of his physical perception of others. The view of oneself
self. comes from a compilation of personal
qualities and impressions of how others
c. SELF – CONCEPT perceive the individual.
Is a cognitive representation of self-
d. SOCIAL COMPARISON
knowledge which includes the sum total
Hewstone et.al (2015) cited the work of
of all beliefs that people have about
Leon Festinger in 1954 introduced another
themselves. Physical self-concept is the
way of understanding oneself by
individual’s perception or description of
comparing one’s trait, abilities, or opinions
his physical self, including his physical
to that of others. Social comparison is a
appearance.
process of comparing oneself with others in
order to evaluate one’s own abilities and
d. PERSONAL IDENTITY
opinions.
Is the concept a person has about
himself that develops over the years. This - UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON
includes aspects of his life that he was Happens when an individual compare
born into like family, nationality, gender, himself to others who are better than him.
physical traits as well as the choices he
- DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON
makes, such as what he does for a
Happens when an individual compares
living, who his friends are and what we
himself to someone who is in a worse
believe.
situation than he is especially when he is
feeling so low.

e. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (COLLECTIVE

IDENTITY)
- it was formulated by Tajfel and Turner
in1979 which provides a framework about
how people achieve understanding about
 themselves by being a member of their ➢ Being fair-skinned gives the
group impression of beauty, health and
- it will enhance their self-esteem because wealth.
they feel secured with the shield of group ➢ Dark-skinned Filipino tend to have
membership where they belong negative body image.
- The message that society gives is
- social groups include gender, ethnicity,
that flat noses and dark complexions
religion, profession, political membership,
do not define beauty.
and business organization
- Eurocentrism and colorism indeed
have significant effects on the body
image and identities of the common
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE Filipino.
AND SELF-ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF
BEAUTY
➢ CULTURE is defined as a social system SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE
that is characterized by the shared ➢ Hewstone et al., (2015) defines self-
meanings that are attributed to people esteem as the overall evaluation that a
and events by its members (Hewstone, person has of himself which can be
2015) positive or negative, high or low.
➢ A significant aspect of culture that ➢ Self-esteem is a measure of the person's
strongly influences adolescents who are self-worth based on some personal or
in a face-to-face encounter with their social standard.
physical selves in how their culture ➢ According to research, however, the
conceptualizes beauty. level of self-esteem fluctuates across the
➢ Merriam and webster defines that life-span and may not always match will
beauty as the quality of being physically reality (Santrock, 2014)
attractive or the qualities or a thing that
give pleasure to senses or the mind.

ADOLESCENT’S BODY IMAGE INCLUDES THE

FF:
THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
➢ Perception of their physical self when
➢ EUROCENTRISM is defined as
they look in the mirror
tendency to interpret the world in
➢ Feelings of like or dislike about the
terms of European or Anglo-
physical self that they see.
American values and experiences.
➢ Their thoughts and how they relate to
➢ Extant standard of beauty has strong
physical self
implications on how the Filipinos in
➢ Perception of how other people view
the society perceive beauty.
them physically.
➢ The “tisoy” and “tisay” beauty
standard is strongly promoted in
media today by casting actors that
do not physically resemble the
everyday Filipino.
➢ An aspect of Eurocentrism called
colorism is defined as “the
prejudicial or preferential treatment
of same-race people based solely of
the color of the skin”
A person with positive body will have a high Yes, beauty is important. But being beautiful
self-esteem and will often spend more time still depends how a person defines beauty and
taking care of their appearance. Also, the standards he set to meet this definition. It is a
attention that he gets for his physical beauty big mistake to base beauty on someone else’s
elevates the level of his self-esteem. On the standard. PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT AND EACH
other hand, when the person is not satisfied ONE IS UNIQUELY BEAUTIFUL.
with what he sees which affects that he does
not measure up to how his culture defines
beauty then he will have negative beauty
image and a low-self-esteem.

THE FF. ARE SOME ASPECTS IN CULTURE THAT

MAY HAVE LED TO MISCONCEPTIONS
ABOUT IDEAL BEAUTY
➢ Society's ideals of the perfect physical
form which are: for women: white
perfect skin, small waistline, big breast
and behind, long straight hair, long
manicured nails, slender and tall and for
men: tall, tanned perfect skin, muscle
physique, with 6-pack abs.

➢ Images of perfection adolescents see in

all types of media i.e. print, television,
film and internet. Mass media is a
powerful tool that reinforces cultural
beliefs and values. Though young
people may initially disagree with the
set ideals of beauty, repeated exposure
via media lead them to believe in
misconceptions

➢ Since a standard has been set by the

society and reinforce by media, any
characteristic that does not conform to
the standard is labelled as ugly. Body
diversity in size and structure due to
genetic heritability is not tolerated.
Being pretty and white skinned or
tanned and muscular had become
associated with the intelligent,
successful, popular, healthy, and the
disciplined. Opposite characteristics are
associated with the dull, lazy, ugly, and
the weak.
 BIOLOGICAL
SEXUAL SELF
- To know the biological structure and functions
What is sexual self? of the reproductive system is essential to the
understanding of sexuality.
It is designed to discuss facets of human - It is the brain that initiates and organizes
sexuality such as diversity of sexual behavior, sexual behavior.
understanding the human sexual response, - At the start of puberty, changes that happen
identifying sexual orientations and in the bodies of male and females are both
differentiating secondary and primary sexual changes.
love from lust. - Secondary sexual changes are physical
changes that distinguish the
males from females.
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY - Primary sexual changes involves changes in
the reproductive organs for
Sexual selfhood –defined as how one thinks these parts to attain functional maturity.
about himself or herself as a sexual individual.

➢ Historical SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

➢ Biological
➢ Sociobiological/evolutionary For boys, these include
➢ Psychological
● More pronounced body hair
➢ Religious
characteristics (beard, chest, etc.) and
usually more coarse
● Heavier musculature
HISTORICAL ● Angular features (i.e. square jaw, triangular
mid region)
- In ancient Greece it is the male that assumes ● Narrow hips
the dominant role. The only function of a
women was to bear children. ● Muscular pectorals (chest)
- The Greek word for women is “gyne” means ● Less fat tissue overall
bearer of children.
● Deeper voice
- In middle ages (476-1450), the church
decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead
to procreation were considered evil.
- Protestant reformation of the 16th century For girls, these include
(1483-1546), Protestantism believed that
● Less pronounced body hair characteristics
sexuality is a natural part of life and that priest
(mostly in pubic region, hair all over is usually
should be able to marry and have
finer)
families.
- By the 17th and 18th century, the puritans, a ● Lighter musculature
group of people who were discontented with ● Rounded features (i.e. softer facial features,
the church of England rallied for religious, hourglass mid-region)
moral and societal reformation.
- In the Victorian era (1837-1901), ● Wider hips (for child bearing)
homosexuality and prostitution were rampant
● More pronounced breasts with more fatty
to be threats to social order.
tissue
● More fat tissue overall

● Higher voice
 2. Internal Structure
The MALE reproductive system essential
parts are as follows: a. Vagina – a stretchable canal in the female
1. Penis – a male sexual organ consisting of the that opens at the vulva and extends about
internal root and external shaft and glans. four inches into the pelvis.
2. Root – the portion of the penis that extends b. Rugae – the folds of tissue in the vagina.
internally into the pelvic cavity. c. Cervix – the small end of the uterus, located
3. Shaft – the length of the penis between the at the back of the vagina. d. Uterus – a pear
glans and the body. shaped organ inside the female
4. Glans – the head of the penis; richly pelvis, within which the fetus develops.
endowed with nerve endings. e. Fallopian tubes – two tubes in which the egg
5. Cavernous bodies – the structures in the and sperm travel, extending from the sides of
shaft of the penis that engorge with blood the uterus.
during sexual arousal. f. Ovaries – female gonads that produce ova
6. Foreskin – a covering of skin over the penile and sex hormones.
glans.
7. Corona – the rim of the penile glans.
8. Frenulum – a highly sensitive, thin strip of skin TWO KINDS OF REPRODUCTION
that connects the glans to the shaft on the
underside of the penis. 1. Asexual reproduction
The simplest form of reproduction that literally
means without sex. A single celled animal
The FEMALE reproductive system essential grows to a certain stage or size and divides
parts are as follows: into two identical organisms. Multi-celled
asexual organisms have developed several
1. Vulva – encompasses all female external
unique reproductive strategies. For example,
genital structures – the hairs, fold of skin, and
the jellyfish reproduces by budding, a process
the urinary and vaginal openings.
where a new individual begins to grow (bud)
from the original organism and is eventually
a. Mons Veneris – a triangular mound over the
released as a small, free swimming organism.
pubic bone above the vulva.
b. Labia majora – the outer lips of the vulva.
2. Sexual reproduction
c. Labia minora – the inner lips of the vulva,
In organisms that reproduce sexually, there are
one on each side of the vaginal opening.
males and females and reproduction occurs
d. Prepuce – the foreskin or fold of skin over the
when partners come together. This also
clitoris.
involves reproductive cells, including a female
e. Clitoris – a highly sensitive structure of the
ovum (egg) and a male’s sperm.
female external genitals, the only function of
which is sexual pleasure.
f. Shaft – the length of the clitoris between the
glans and the body. SOCIOBIOLOGICAL / EVOLUTIONARY
g. Glans – the head of the clitoris; richly
endowed with nerve endings. - Studies how evolutionary forces affect sexual
h. Cruca – the innermost tips of the cavernous behavior.
bodies that connect to the pubic bones.
i. Vestibule – the area of the vulva inside the - On the basis of human’s sexual behavior, it all
labia minora. begins with physical attraction. Beauty is more
j. Urethra – the tube through which urine passes than just a cultural standard. It is primarily an
from the bladder to outside the body. evolutionary standard for attracting the best
male of female in the lot to ensure that one’s
genetic characteristic will be passed on to the
next generation.
- Survival is the goal of the evolutionary Freud also regarded personality as
perspective, physical attraction composed of three structures:
which ends in sex does not mean that the
attraction will be lasting. Id – the part that always seeks for pleasure and
aggression.
Ego – follows the analytical principle. It
PSYCHOLOGICAL analyses the need of
the id and its consequences as dictated by the
- Rosenthal (2013), explained that sexuality is superego.
not a mere response, it also involves emotions, Superego – the person’s sense of morality. It
thoughts and beliefs. follows moral
principle whose role is to restrict demands of
- According to Sigmund Freud one of the most the id.
prominent person to explain sexuality that
human beings are faced with two forces – sex
RELIGIOUS
instinct or libido(pleasure) and death or
aggressive instinct harm toward oneself or
- Judaism holds a positive and natural outlook
toward others.
toward marital sex which they consider as
blessed by God.
- A person’s libido or sexual energy is located in
- In Islam, sex is permitted only within marriage
an area of the body at different psychosexual
and extramarital sex is penalized.
stages. These areas for pleasure are called
- In Taoism, sex is not only natural and healthy,
erogenous zones.
but a sacred union necessary to people’s
physical, mental and spiritual being.
- In Hinduism, sexuality is seen as spiritual force,
Men and women ranked each of their body and the act of ritual lovemaking is a means of
parts on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the most both celebrating and transcending the
arousing). physical.
- For the Roman Catholic Church, marriage is
purely for intercourse and procreation.
FIVE STAGES OF FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT …

➢ Oral stage, the child erogenous zone is ❖ The word “sex” is derived from the Latin
the mouth which receives gratification word secare which means to “divide”
through eating and sucking. while the word sexuality means to
➢ Anal stage, the erogenous zone is the “unite”
anus in which sexual gratification is
derived from defecation. ❖ According to the contemporary
➢ Phallic stage, the erogenous zone is the psychologist Shirley Feldman of Stanford
genitals. University, sexual arousal has emerged
➢ Latency stage, sexual impulses lie as new phenomenon in adolescence
dormant as the child occupied by social and that is important that sexually be
activities. viewed as a normal aspect of
➢ Genital stage, sexual attraction is adolescence development.
directed towards others, usually one of
the opposite sex. ❖ According to Sandrock (2004) gender
refers to the characteristic of people as
males or females.
 ❖ Masculine refers to the qualities and THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE &
behaviors judged by a particular culture ATTACHMENT
to be ideally associated with or
especially appropriate to men and ➢ Attraction – characteristic that causes
boys. pleasure or interest by appealing to a
person’s desire or taste
❖ Feminine can be described as qualities ➢ Human societies greatly value physical
of women and girls. beauty. “A desire for beauty lies within
the brain”
❖ There are also those who have both ➢ Criteria of beauty are subjective and
masculine and feminine traits, feelings vary over time in different cultures
and qualities which referred as
androgyny.
WHAT IS LOVE?
❖ Asexuals are the persons who do not
experience sexual drives or attraction to ➢ Love is an emotion or drive?
either sex ➢ Love is a drive not an emotion.
➢ According to Fisher, rather than defining
❖ Hypersexual are persons with an love as an emotion, “being in love” can
excessive interest in sex to the point be considered as strong motivation and
where it can cause problems in one’s an addictive craving to be with the
life other person
➢ The emotions associate w/ love –
elation, anxiety, joy, fear – may come
THE PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
and go but the motivation to be with
Stage Description beloved – remains

Excitement • This is the body’s initial

physical response to sexual
3 PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE
arousal.
• It is characterized by an (HELEN, FISHER AND COLLEAGUES, 1998)
increase in heart rate and
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS HORMONES &
blood pressure as well as NEURAL
heightened muscle tone. PATHWAYS
INVOLVED

Plateau • This is period of sexual

LUST PHASE Describes as Androgen
excitement prior to orgasm.
an intense and Estrogen,
• It is characterized by
craving Pheromones
intensification of the changes
for sexual and the
begun during the excitement
contact senses
phase.
ATTRACTION Period of High
Orgasm • This is characterized by
PHASE time during dopamine
waves of intense pleasure
(climax), often associated w/c couples and
with vaginal contractions in are norepinephrin
females and ejaculation in infatuated e; low
males. and pursue a serotonin
relationship
Resolution • In this phase of the body ATTATCHMENT A long-time Oxytocin,
PHASE bond Vasopressin
returns to its non-excited state.
between
partners
JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLE Steinberg also described several types of love
based on the components mentioned earlier.
• Eros (EH-ros) – Love is based on strong sexual
and emotional component. 1. Liking (intimacy) – This only involves
• Agape (AH-gah-pay) – This is an altruistic emotional intimacy and has no passionate
love. The person shows his love without intention for long term commitment.
expecting to receive the same in return.
• Storge (Store-gay) – A love related friendship 2. Infatuation (passion) – This is associate with a
and based on nonsexual affection. high degree of physiological arousal.
• Ludus – For ludic lover, love is just a game,
3. Empty love (commitment) – Involves only
something for fun or entertainment.
commitment.
•Mania – This is characterized by an intense
feeling which may lead to obsessive and 4. Romantic love (passion and intimacy) -
possessive love towards the loved one. Characterized by emotional intensely and
• Pragma – This is the practical and business- sexual excitement. Stenberg also described
like love. Pragmatic lover may plan the best several types of love based on the
time to get married, have children, and other components mentioned earlier.
future plans.
5. Companionate love (intimacy and
commitment) – Experience in long deeply
SIX LOVE STYLES committed friendship where passion has
faded.
➢ Agape (agapic) - kind, unselfish love
➢ Storge (stordic) – love as friendship or 6. Fatuous love (passion and commitment) –
companionship experience by a couple who spent in a short
time in courtship and decided to get married.
➢ Pragma – very pragmatic / practical
approach to love
7. Consummate love (passion, intimacy,
➢ Eros (erotic) – passionate, romantic love commitment – Exist a healthy balance of
➢ Mania (manic) – obsessive, jealous, and passion, intimacy a commitment.
addictive
➢ Ludus (ludic) – love as a game
THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE

THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE • Why do people fall in love?

(BY ROBERT STENBERG, 1986) • From a biological perspective, there is a part
of the brain that is active when people are
1. Intimacy – Desire to give and receive truly, deeply and madly in love.
emotional closeness, passion, caring and • The activity of the brain in the areas of
sharing. positive emotions, motivational drives and
reward increases whereas brain activities in
2. Passion - The hot component of love which the areas related negative emotion, fear,
can be described as intensely romantic or aggression and social judgement decreases.
sexual desire for another person. The chemistry of love explains how several
chemical substances in the body have been
3. Commitment – The cold component of love. found to naturally influence the experience of
It is the decision to maintain the relationship love.
through good and bad times.
1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)
2. Serotonin
3. Phenylethylamine
4. Oxytocin and vasopressin
5. Endorphins
The psychology of love shows that there are ▪ Also, it improves man’s fertility because
psychological theories that would explain why ejaculation flushes out the old, less
people fall in love motile sperm
▪ And it lowers a man’s chance at getting
1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory. When prostate cancer
someone received a reward such as free ride ▪ Erotic dreams are involuntary images
or other favours from another. when people are asleep, teenage most
likely.
2. Physiological Arousal Theory. The bodies ▪ But having intercourse indiscriminately
experience a physiological change first, then may lead into acquiring sexual diseases
people assign an emotion to that physical and engage into paraphilic behavior.
sensation.

3. Evolutionary Theories. This explains that love

DIFFERENT SEXUAL ORIENTATION
arose due to some sociobiological need.
(Rosenthal, 2013)

1. Homosexual – refers to a person whose

Based on social psychological data, the
sexual orientation is toward another of the
factors that would determine with whom
same sex. It is the attraction to members of the
people fall in love are (Rosenthal, 2013)
same sex.
1. Physical attractiveness (through beauty is in
It is characterized by two:
the eye of the beholder)
2. Reciprocity (people tends to like an ➢ Lesbian – is the term used to describe a
individual who also like them) woman whose sexual and romantic
3. Proximity (being around physically or attraction to toward women,
virtually)
➢ Gay – is a man whose sexual and
4. Similarities (same age, religion, education,
romantic attraction is toward other men.
race, physical attractiveness, intelligence and
socio-economic class) 2. Heterosexual – it is the attraction to
members of opposite sex.
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 3. Bisexual – is a person who may be sexually
oriented to both men and women
1. Sociosexual behavior – Involving more than
one person. 4. Transgender / Transexual – these are people
2. Solitary behavior – Self masturbation or self- experience a gender identity that is
stimulation with the intention of causing sexual
inconsistent with, or not culturally with, their
arousal, a feeling of pleasure and often result
assigned sex, and desire to permanently
in orgasm.
transition to the gender with which they
identify, usually seeking medical assistance.
❖ According to Rosenthal, children may
masturbate at a very young age w/c
may be spontaneously expressed unless SEXUALLY RANSMITTED INFECTIONS
or until the child is taught to repress or
inhibit these behaviours. 1. HIV/AIDS – human immunodeficiency
• Sexual pleasure syndrome/acquired immunodeficiency
• Relieve stress syndrome. (ART or antiretroviral does not cure
• Lower blood pressure HIV but it can prevent it.)

2. GENITAL HERPES – sexually transmitted

infection caused by a large family of viruses of
different strains.
3. GENITAL WARTS – caused by human c) Outercourse – It is a sexual activity that
papillomavirus, it is contagious and 15-24-year- does not include the insertion of the
old are the most prone into this case. penis into the vagina.

4. GONORRHEA – sexually transmitted infection

d) Withdrawal – it happens when a man
caused by a bacterium called “Neisseria
removes his penis from vagina and
gonorrhea”.
ejaculate outside of the woman’s body.
5. SYPHILIS – cause by bacterium “treponema
4. Sterilization - procedures that make an
pallidum” if not treated it may progress into
individual permanently incapable of
four cases
conceiving or fertilizing a partner
• Primary – chancre sore appears
• Secondary – general skin rashes occur a. Tubal Ligation /Sterilization – It is a
• Latent – a period that can last for several surgery for women in which fallopian
years with no overt symptoms tubes are tied to prevent eggs from
• Tertiary – cardiovascular disease, blindness, travelling to the uterus so a woman
paralysis, skin ulcer, liver damage, mental cannot get pregnant.
problem and even death.
b. Vasectomy – It is an operation in which
6. CHLAMYDIA – most common sexually
the surgeon makes a small cut in the
transmitted infections.
upper part of the scrotum then ties or
blocks the vas deferens. Men can still
have orgasm or ejaculation after the
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION operation.
(artificial and natural)
5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) – It is a small device
1. Hormonal method of contraception that is placed in the uterus by a doctor to
> Oral contraceptives (pills) prevent pregnancy.
> the patch
> the ring 6. Emergency Contraception - It is a measure
> implants that protects against pregnancy after
> injectable unprotected sex has already occurred. It could
be through IUD or higher dosage of pills.
2. Barrier Methods
> Diaphragm
> Cervical Caps “God did not create you to become one flesh
> Male and Female condoms with several different people. He made One
or spermicides man. One woman. To become One flesh.”
3. Behavioural Methods (Gen.2:18)
a) Rhythm or Calendar Method – It is a way
to determine a woman’s most fertile
and interfile times by charting the
menstrual cycle. It is also known as
natural family planning or fertility
awareness.

b) Abstinence or celibacy – It refers to the

avoidance of sexual intercourse.