1 Read.

Present pe ect simple affirmative

Affirmative

I've (I have) lost it's (it has) lost

• s arted ·n the pas bu hasn't finished.
you've (you have) lost we've (we have) lost
We've been in the canteen for one hour.
he's (he has) lost you've (you have) lost
• has just finished. she's (she has) lost they've (they have) lost
Our break has just finished.
• happened in the past, but we don't know or
we don't say exactly when.
She has been to Ireland.
Remember!
• happened in the past but has a result in
the present. W e use has or have been when someone
went somewhere but has returned. •
I've broken my arm and I can't play in the match.
W e've been to the library. We're home now.
We form the affirmative with have or has and the W e use has or have gone when someone
past participle of the main verb. went somewhere and is still there.
See the list of past participles on page 113. Paul isn't here. He's gone to the cinema.

2 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 The head teacher ----'-"

ha,,.,s,,__._,
ru.....n.!;191 --_ the bell. (ring)
2 a brilliant picture for our project. (find)

3 Someone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my pen from my desk. (take)

4 Harry isn't here. He _ _ __ _ _ _ to the canteen. (go)
5 We _ _ _ _ __ _ the police about the accident. (tell)
6 Sally's cold. She _ __ _ _ _ _ her sweatshirt. (lose)
7 Ann and Bill _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their grandparents three times this month. (visit)
0 TL.. ..... ~ ..... - ,.,..L...-.-
 1 Jack has been on a plane three times this year.
2 My best friends can't come to the party tonight. They on holiday. ~/
3 Terry isn't at home. He to the gym.

4 Mum and Dad to Italy befo re. They went in 2006.

5 Mrs Pearce isn't in the classroom. She _ _ _ _ _ __ 0

6 We on a school t ri p twice this year.

For, since, already, just, never

We use the following time expressions with th e present perfect simple: already, for, just, never, si nce
We use for to talk about a period of tim e and since to show when something started in th e past.
I've spoken English for years.
Clare has been a teacher since 1993.
We use already to show that somethin g has happened and just to talk about a recent event.
I've already spoken to my p arents about the party.
Veronica has just finished school.
We use never to talk about things tfiat 'laven't happened until now. We use never in affirmative
sentences but it has a negative meaf':!"'g.
We've never ridden our bikes to school.

4 Complete the sentences with for, since, already, just or never.

1 Ricky has studied maths for ve years.
2 Mr Stevens has worked at the school _ __ _ _ _ _ ary.
3 Oh, no! I have broken yo ur ruler! Sorry!
4 I don't want an ice cream. I've had one today.
5 Kerrie has done a test befo re.
6 Marie has been at the cafe t wo hours.

5 Choose the correct answers.

1 Vicky has _ _ cheated in a test. 4 Brian has known Tina _ _ two years.
a since a since
@never b for
c for c never
2 Don't worry, I hm1e _ _ cooked dinner. 5 Our break has _ _ finished.
a for a just
b already b never
c never c since
3 We have _ _ had a history test this month. 6 I have known Timothy _ _ last year.
a for a for
b since b already
c already c since

47
6 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple. Use these verbs.

be ~ copy enjoy go hurt

1 ___'v_e~/_h~a~v~e_ _ just broken Dad's digital camera.

2 Cathy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ already _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the

homework from the board.

3 We _________ science sin ce we were very young.

It's great!

4 Jim _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ his knee. e can't play football today.

5 My parents _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ o ome for a few days.

6 _________ toFra I ant to go again.

7 Write sentences with the prese ect simple.

1 they I never I wear
They 've/T a school uniform.

3 crric / j st / s e cil

4 I I look I everywhere I for I your bag

5 we I be I at Toorak College I since 2016

6 Karim I never I fail I a maths exam

8 Say it! Talk to your partner about what you have done. Use already, for, just, never, since and
these suggestions to help you.

I have already
tidied my bedroom. I have never
eaten Chinese food.

• make a cake
• cheat in a test
• gotoazoo
• have piano lessons
• speak English
1 Read.

Present perfect simple negative and questions

In the negative form we use have or has, the word not and
Remember!
the past participle of the main verb.
Jack hasn't played chess fo r two years.
The word ever goes before tne past
In the question form, w e use have or has and the past participle and the word yet goes at
participle of the main ve rb. In short answers, we use have the end of the sentence.
or has. We don't use the main verb. Have you ever been to Berlin?
Has Jerry tidied his room? Yes, he has. We haven't had lunch yet .
•
Ever and yet
We can use the word ever in questions to ask about things that have happe ned up to now,
and the word yet in negat ive sentences and in questions when we mean until now.

fllli~
~ . ....
.,. . ');, ...

I haven't (have not) met Have I met ... ? Yes, I have. I No, I haven't.
you haven't (have not) met Have you met ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven't.
he hasn't (has not) met Has he met ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
she hasn't (has not) met Has she met ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't .
it hasn't (has not) met Has it met ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.
we haven't (have not) met Have we met ... ? Yes, we have. No, we haven't.
you haven't (have not) met Have you met ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven't.
they haven't (have not) met Have they met ... ? Yes, they have. No, they haven't.

49
2 Make the sentences negative.
1 Jack has finished his geography homework.
Jack hasn't finished his geography homework.
2 We've been to the Amazon .

3 They've written an article about our school.

4 I've studied for the maths exam today.

5 The teacher has given Reem a good ark for English.

6 You've found the answer to the pro e .

3 Match.
1 Have Mum and Dad see re a No, I haven't.
2 Has Freddie st b Yes, you have.
3 Have I passea - e c No, she hasn't.
4 ave 'O d Yes, it has.
5 as ec e No, they haven't.
6 Has Kate read tha book? f No, he hasn't.

4 Look at the pictures and complete the questi ons with the present perfect simple and the words
in brackets. Then write short answers.

1 Has Anne seen 2 3

the teacher? (Anne I see) the German test? to the beach?
No. she hasn't. (Sam I study) (Mum and Dad I go)

4 off 5 6
the fence? (cat I fall) food and drinks for the the lemonade? (we I finish)
party? (they I buy)
 1 ? I she I travelled I ever I has I on a ship
Has she ever travelled on a ship_?

2 arrived I my cousins I yet I haven't

3 ? I used I a computer I you I have I ever

4 my morning snack I I I eaten I haven't I ye

5 ? I ever I has I Mum I tried I French fooa

6 haven't I yet I visited I Petra I you

7 ? I he I yet I found I the right answer / nc.s

8 hasn't I Julia I yet I the library '. e£._

6 Complete the dialogue with the present perfect simple. Use the words in brackets.
Paul: Hi, Lisa.
Lisa: Hi, Paul. (1) Have your parents bought (your parents I buy) you that beautiful
kitten we saw in the pet shop last week?

Paul: Yes, they have. They brought it home yesterday.

Lisa: What (2) (you I call) it?

Paul: I (3) (not think) of a name yet.

Lisa: (4) (it I learn) any tricks?

Paul: No, it hasn't. I think it 's afraid of us. It (5) (not eat) anything
all day:
Lisa: Oh dear. (6) (you I try) playing with it?

Paul: Yes, I have. It doesn't want to play.

Lisa: Don't worry, I'm sure it will be OK in a few days.

7 Say it! Ask and answer questions with your partner about what you have or haven't done.
Use ever, yet and these suggestions to help you.

• get a bad mark in a test

Have you ever • use a laptop
visited a zoo?
Yes, I have. • go to the library
• sit next to your best friend in class
• study for an English test
• wear a uniform to school
51
1 Read.

She has lived on the island since she was seven.

Present perfect simple and Ho long

We can use the phrase How long ith t e present perfect simple to ask about the duration of an action
or a situation.
How long has Tim been in the football team ?

2 Put the words in the correct order to make questions.

1 ? I have I you I how long I the truth I known

How long have you known the truth?

2 ? I in Canada I have I lived I how long I they

3 ? I the head teacher I been I Mr Mellis I how long I has

4 ? I worked I in the library I has I Dad I how long

5 ? I English I how long I taught I Mrs May I has

6 ? I our cat I we I have I how long I had

present perrect simple.

How long has Anthony known

1
For a few years. Since I boug h

ennis together? (Lukas and Tom I play)

Since Augu st.

Katia's dog? (you I look after) asleep? (we I be)

~
~~

53
4 Read the answers and then write questions with How long and the present perfect simple.
1 How long have they been married?
They have been married for five years.

2
Agata has worked at this school since 2005.

Mum and Dad have been here since t hree o'clock.

4
Jason has had his car for two months.

5
Susan has known Alex since they ere school.

6
Daria has stud ied Frenc &or a ~ r.

S Answ er t hese qu esti o e fo y ou. Use the present perfect simple.

1 o lo E;

2 o lo g e

3 How long have you had a bike?

4 How long have you wanted a new toy?

5 How long have you studied English?

6 How long have you lived in your home?

6 Say it! Talk to your partner about the following things. Use How long and the present
perfect simple.
• know your teacher
How long have you • do maths
been at this school?
• live here
• play a sport
I've been at this school
for three years.
1 Read.

Past simple and present perfect simple

Remember!
We use the past simple for
• actions or events that started and finished in the past. e
We went to the gym last night.
• actions that happened one after the other in the past.
I drank some juice, got my bag and ran to school.
• habits in the past. •
When my brother was young, he bought comics every
weekend.
We use the following time expressions with the past simple: yesterday, a week/month ago,
five years ago, in August/2014, last night/week/month/year, etc.
We use the present perfect simple to talk about something that
started in the. past and is still in progress.
I've been ill since Monday evening.
has just finished.
She's just won the race.
happened in the past but we don't know or we don't say exactly when.
We've been to Egypt.
happened in the past but has a result in the present.
Sam has hurt his finger and he can't do the test.
We use the following time expressions with the present perfect simple: ever, never,
already, just, for, since, yet.

55
2 Circle the correct words.
1 I never went /~to Japan before.
2 We're thirsty! We didn't drink I haven't drunk anything
since last night.

3 The baby was I has been very noisy yeste rday.

4 Did I Has she hurt her elbow in the race yest erday?

5 Did I Have they just moved to Cairo?

6 I was I have been in big trouble a week ago.

7 Vicky already broke I has already broken on e phone this month.

8 Pau l didn't do I hasn't done his home ror yet.

3 Choose the correct answers.

1 _ _ on safari last July? 4 Three years ago, Uncle Samir _ _ his
@Did you go motorbike.
b Have you been a has fallen off
c You have bee n b hasn't fallen off
c fell off
2 Ni cole and Marco _ _
a haven't bee 5 I _ _ my hair yesterday evening.
b e a haven't washed
c here e-:: b didn't wash
c have washed
3 I can' do e est rs
hand. 6 Cindy _ _ the dog to the park yet.
a didn't hurt a hasn't taken
b just hurt b didn't take
c have just hurt c took

4 Complete the sentences with the past simple or the present perfect simple.
1 Max broke his ankle "O days ago. (break)
2 in a cabin? (you I ever st ay)
3 My family and I to the festival last week. (not go)
4 Mum and Dad yet. (n ot wake up)
5 you this mornin g? (Ben I call)
6 my bike since last month! (not fall off)
7 a sore throat last night? (Sonya I have)
8 on the Internet for an hour. (Thomas I be)
9 a headache since this morning. (have)
10 Jason the show. He was asleep. (not see)
 1 ? I you I ever I paint I your bedroom
Have you ever painted your bedroom?
2 Luke and Jamie I just I come I to the festival

3 ? I they I go I for a walk I yesterday evening

4 the dog I not eat I its food I yet

5 we I not have I dinner I last night

6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the past simple or the present perfect simple.
Use these verbs •

..btte" break not clean not eat not wake '!.!'::l sceal

1 The dog bit 2 Julie _ _ _ _ __ 3

the cat's tail this morning. her teeth ye .. g.

4 Ben his 5 Sandy ~ 6 They their

arm last week. seven o'clock this morning. dinner yet.

7 Say it! Ask and.answer these questions with your partner.

• What did you do last Saturday?

Have you ever • How long have you studied English?

been to England? • How did you go to school today?
• What have you eaten since this morning?
• Who did you sit next to at school today?
Yes, I have.
• Have you ever had a headache?

57
 Lesson 2

1 Read.

Possessive pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to show that so ethin g belongs to someone.

Those clothes are mine.
Possessive pronouns replace the possess ive adjective and Possessive Possessive
the noun. This is our house. It's ours. adjectives pronouns
We can also use possessive pronouns with the ord so to
my mine
agree with someone. 'Alice's ring is beautiful.' 'So is yours.'
your yours
his his
Remember! her hers
our ours
We can't use its as your yours
a possessive pronoun. their theirs

2 Complete the sentences with possessive pronouns.

1 Don't use that thermometer. It's mine . (my)
2 That new computer is . (her)
3 I like our car, but I prefer . (their)
4 We can't use the milk in the fridge because it isn't . (our)
5 I'd like to borrow this book. Is it ? (your)
6 The football boots are . (his)
 1 Is that puppy _ _ ? 4 This isn't _ _ jewellery. Let's take it to the police.
a your a ours
@yours b yours
c you c our
2 Your glasses are broken and so are _ _ . 5 'Ov ~ee: c:.re \•1e~ So are _ __ :
a my a -~::c r

b your --, .- ..
c mine c
3 Give that sweatshirt to Karen. It's _ _ . 6 -5 _ _ .

a hers
b her
c she C ~. NS

4 Complete the short answers. Use these woras.

hers his mine ~ theirs \'ours

1 Are these our clothes? 4 Is this the twins' bedroom?

Yes, they're ours No, it isn't _ _ __
2 Are they your shoes? 5 Is this John's project?
No, they aren't _ _ __ Yes, it's _ _ __
3 Is this my snack? 6 Is this Mandy's report?
Yes, it's _ _ __ No, it isn't _ _ __

5 Complete the sentences wi th mine, yours, his, hers, ours or theirs.

1 Give Mum the money. It's hers
2 Linda, give me t hat hat! It isn't _ _ __
3 'Are these the twins' books?' 'Yes, they're _ _ __
4 We own that blac k cat and th e dog is , too.
5 'Is this Joe's car?" No, it isn't _ __ _
•
6 My bag is blue. The red bag isn't _ _ __

6 Say it! Talk with your partner about the things that belong to you and your family or friends.
Use possessive pronouns and these suggestions to help you.

• car • house
My cousins have got
a cat. It's theirs. • cat • laptop
My brother has just • clothes • jewellery
bought a new laptop.
It's his. • dog • schoolbag

59
1 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 Penny _ _ha_s_h_a_d__ a temperature twice this week. (have)

2 Mum a lovely mirror for my bedroom. (buy)
3 Grandma and Grandpa to Peru. (not be)
4 We the mystery! (not solve)

5 Gerry a bike since he was four years old. (want)

6 You the medicine. not take)

7 They their i er yet. (not finish)

8 He's hot. I think he emperature. (get)

2 Make the sentences into questio • en complete the short answers.

1 I've called e o.
Have I calle ves
I' 4 -have
you
1--- ------

No, ________
3 e s e ee ii.
No, ________
4 We have eaten all the sweets.
Yes, _ _ _ _ _ _ __

5 The dog has hidden its bone.

Yes, _ _ _ _ _ _ __

6 Sally has seen a tiger.

No, ________

3 Circle the correct words.

1 I have9/ since worn this necklace.

2 They haven't found the treasure already I yet.
3 Clara has ever I never had sunburn.
4 Luke has had a cough for I since last Thursday.
5 We've just I yet learnt about ancient mumm ies.
6 The children have been at school for I since eight o'clock.
7 Have you ever /since heard of lbn Battuta?
8 Mary has already I never gone to bed.
 1 How long has he had that car? a Yes, he did.
2 Did Gill break her leg last year? b No, she didn't.
3 Has Neil ever been ice-skating? c For
4 Did Frank come to the party? d No, never.
e S '"'Ce lle "'-'G.S
0

5 How long has he been on the phone?

6 Have the boys gone to the park? f 1 eS, ::::--:= · · -

S Complete the sentences with the present pe rfect sim ple or tne pasts se tne words
in brackets.
1 Natasha lost her rin g last night. (l ose)

2 How long in bed? (she I be)

3 I a famous scientist. (never meet)

4 a temperature yesterday? (the children I have)

5 Rick his pet rabbit to the vet yet. (not take)

6 My uncle us two weeks ago. (visit)

6 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use these words.

hers his mine ours theirs ~

Is this test
[IJ

[IJ

[l]
~

61
7 Complete the dialogue with the past simple and the present perfect simple. Use these words.

have .beaf not go play tell want

Dora: Billy, (1) _ _~h~a~

ve
~_ _ you _ _ _he_a_r_d___ about the volleyball match next week?
Billy: What volleyball match?
Dora: Our teacher (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ us about it last week.
Billy: Really? I (3) to be in a match since I was very young. Are you on the team?
Dora: Yes, but I (4) a bad headache for two days and I (5) _ _ _ _ _ __
to school yesterday, so ...
Billy: Oh, dear. Well, do you want e to play for you? I (6) volleyball for six years
and I'm very good!
Dora: Maybe you are, but you're no a girl! It's a match for girls only!
Billy: Oh, no! I don't believe it!

WRITING PROJECT

8 Look at the project about a lang age sch ool. Complete the project with the past simple or the
present perfect simp le.

Kitson Language Sc oo
is ory
Mary Kitson 1 ope ed en t he school 15 years ago. Since then, 6,000
students from all over the world 2 _ _ _ _____ (learn) languages there.
What can I learn at Kitson?
At Kitson, students can learn Eng li sh, Fre c or German on special summer courses.
They study in the morning and in t he a er oon they go on trips around the local area.
The trips (3) al ays be) very popular with students.
Why is Kitson a good school?
The teachers are all fantastic and they (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (teach) languages
for many years. There are only a few students in each class and so they all get lots of._.....
help from the teacher.
___...,
What do our students say about us?
'I (5) (come) to Kitson
last year and I was really happy with the school,
so I'm back again this year. The teachers are great
and the afternoon trips are fantastic: Pedro, 22
'I (6) (meet) lots of friends
here since I started. I'm learning English and
German and it's great fun!' Helene, 77

9 Now it's your turn to do a project about a language school. Find or draw a picture of
the school and write about it.
1 Read.

Be going to
We use be going to We form questions with am, are or is, going to
• to talk about future plans and intentions. and the bare infinitive. We form short answers
We're going to visit our grandparents on with am, are or is. We don't use going to and the
Saturday. main verb.
Are you going to take the train? Yes, I am.
• to predict that something is going to happen
when we have some proof or some Time expressions
information. We use the following time expressions with
Look at those dark clouds. It's going to rain. be going to: tomorrow, in the morning/
Be going to is followed by the bare infinitive. afternoon/evening, this week/weekend, next
Nelly and I are going to play tennis this afternoon.
week/month/year, in a week/month/year, etc.

We form the affirmative with am, are or is, going

to and the bare infinitive. Remember!
Ben is going t<> buy a present for his friend. •
We form the negative with am, are or is, the We can use the present continuous
word not, going to and the bare infinitive. (future meaning) or be going t o fo r
Ann and Ben are not going to play football things t hat we have 01anned.
this evening.

.. .,.,re ..... -
Short .~nswers ·

I'm going to do I'm not going to do I Am I going to do ...? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
you're going to do you aren't going to do Are you going to do ... ? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
he's going to do he isn't going to do Is he going to do ... ? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
she's going to do she isn't going to do Is she going to do ... ? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
it's going to do it isn't going to do Is it going to do ... ? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
we're going to do we aren't going to do Are we going to do ... ? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
you're going to do you aren't going to do Are you going to do ... ? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
they're going to do they aren't going to do Are they going to do ...? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.

63
 - - - - - - - - - ---

2 Complete the sentences with be going to. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 Mum and Dad are going to go to the farm on Sunday. (go)
2 lunch with Conrad today. (not have)
3 Leon and I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rubbish at the beach this afternoon. (collect)
4 It's only eight o'clock! We late for school! (not be)
5 Harry at the zoo this summer. (not work)
6 Look! The lion is chasing the zebra. It it! (catch)

3 Look at Tim's diary for next week and complete the questions using be going to. Then write
short answers.
Are Tim and his dad going to clean the car
on Monday?
Monday Yes, they are.
my dad and I clean the car
2 for an
Tuesday English test on Tuesday?
study for a moths test

Wednesday
watch a DVD 3 TVon
Thursday ednesday?
Fred and I play e

Friday
go tennis on
ursday?

Sunday d
5 skiing on
my grandparents on
1have lunch
~rid ay ?

6 Maxine
on Saturday?

7 lunch
w ith Uncle Roy on Sunday?

4 Match.
1 Are they going to have lunch with us? a No, she isn't.
2 Is she going to go to the supermarket? b No, I'm not.
3 Am I going to be on your team? c No, it isn't.
4 Are we going to spend the afternoon together? d Yes, we are.
5 Are you going to help me? e Yes, they are.
6 Is it going to snow? f Yes, you are.
 We use the future simple We form the a ffirmative w ith will and the
• for predictions for the future. bare 'nfinitive.
Natalie will like her new house in the village.
for decisions we make at the time of speaking.
I'll have a cheese sandwich.
• for promises, threats and warn ings.
Don't move! They'll find us.
to ask somebody to do something fo r us.
Will you help me with my homework ~
't.
• after phrases such as I think, I'm sure, I hope, I bet, etc.
I'm sure Louise will look after your cat.

Bll#;'tffil~ :. -1,I ~ I r;;u.ia.1iw.1:u1

I'll (I will) see I won't (will not) see Will I see ... ? Yes, I will. No, I won't.
you'll (you will) see you won't (will not) see Will you see ...? Yes, you w ill. No, you won't.
he'll (he will) see he won't (will not) see Will he see ...? Yes, he will. No, he won't.
she'll (she will) see she won't (will not) see Will she see ... ? Yes, she will. No, she won't.
it'll (it will) see it won't (will not) see Will it see ... ? Yes, it will. No, it won't.
we'll (we will) see we won't (will not) see Will we see ... ? Yes, we will. No, we won't.
you'll (you will) see you won't (will not) see Will you see ...? Yes, you will. No, you won't.
they'll (they will) see they won't (will not) see Will they see ...? Yes, they will. No, they won't.

5 Complete the sentences with the future simple. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 I'm sure we 'II/will visit the zoo. (visit)
2 Don't turn on the TV. You the baby. (wake)
3 I all the cake, I promise. (not eat)
4 It's a beautiful day. I think I for a sw im. (go)
5 The dog you. Don't worry. (not hurt)

Time expressions

We use the following time expressions with the future simple: tomorrow, in the morning/afternoon/
evening, this week/weekend, next week/month/year, in a week/month/year, etc.

6 Complete the questions using the future simple and the words in brackets. Then complete the
short answers.

1 Will )'OU hel~ me choose some flowers, please? (you I help) Yes, I will
2 the pool t his afternoon? (he I clean) No,
3 the radio, please? (you I turn off) Yes,
4 a sunny day tomorrow? (it I be) No,
5 dinner for us tonight? (they I cook) Yes,

65
7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the future simple or be going to. Use the verbs
in brackets.
1 I spoke to Carl last night and we 're/are going to go hiking in the hills this afternoon. (go)
2 Let's take lots of sandwiches on the picnic. I'm sure Dad and Jake _ _ _ _ _ _ __
them all! (eat)
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ me carry thi s bag, please? It's very heavy. (you I help)
4 Let's hide behind that tree! I don't thin k they us there. (see)
5 Oh, no! That bag the seat! (fall off)
6 Wait! I you o the swimming pool. (drive)
7 I think I o e Internet. (look)
8 It . I listened to the weather forecast this morning. (snow)

8 Choose the correct answ ers.

1 Relax, you're ired. I _ _ din er. 4 We bought a beautiful house, but we _ _
@will make in yet.
b am going t o make a will move
c won't make b aren't going to move
,...,, _ c are going to move
2 It's freezing! I th ink I _ _ a O ~-

a am going to st ay 5 Sarah loves animals. I'm sure she _ _ a

b is going t o stay good vet.
c will stay a is going to be
b won't be
3
c will be
afternoon. e 're
friends. 6 This summer, my family and I are staying at
a willgo home. We _ _ around Europe.
b are going to go a will travel
c is going to go b are going to travel
c aren't going to travel

9 Say it! Talk with your partner about what you are and aren't going to do this weekend and
what you think you will and won't do in the future. Use these suggestions to help you.

At the weekend
• go shopping
I'm going to visit
a friend on Saturday. • watch a football match
• make a cake

I think I will travel • tidy my bedroom

abroad in the futu re.
In the future
• go to college
• visit China
• be a doctor
• have children
1 Read.

Watching animals in their natural

:j~~t' • • •
~""'·"~...~· .... ,· .,,_.; ,:. . , '"> . : ,~ r·,hab1tat 1s amazmg!
. .. . -.. " - ·- -..

Gerunds
Gerunds are nouns that w e form from verbs. They end in -ing.
We use gerunds
• as the subject of a se ntence.
Walking in the fields is relaxing.
• as the object of a sent ence.
We love jogging in the p ark.
• after prepositions.
Mike is good at bowling.
• after the following verbs: can't help, can't stand, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love,
(don't) mind, miss and remember.
I enjoy listening to the birds in the morning.

2 Complete the sentences with gerunds. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 Mum and Dad like having breakfast in the garden. (have)

2 Matthew loves photos of squirrels. (take)
3 I remember for walks in the forest. (go)
4 Sarah ran along the muddy path without . (fal l over)
5 We can't stand insects in our house! (find)
6 Are you interested in about wildlife? (learn)

67
3 Complete the sentences with gerunds. Use these verbs.

catch clean _.d..i:aef go play watch

1 My cousin enjoys drawing pictures of rainbows.

2 I remember in the park after school.
3 Oliver misses sailing with his friends.
4 birds fly is interesting.
5 Wow! Look at all those fish. You're very good at _ _ _ _ _ _ fish.
6 They hate the bathroom.

4 Write sentences with gerunds.

1 see I snakes I be I scary
Seeing snakes is scary.
2 hurt I animals I not be I funny

3 eat I good food I keep I us I heal

4 we I love I watch I frogs

6 collect I stamps I no e in eresti g

5 Complete the sentences with gerunds so th at they are true for you.
1 I think is grea
2 I really hate
3 I remember when I was younger.
4 is boring.
5 I'm good at
6 I enjoy in su mmer.

6 Say it! Talk with your partner about the things you like doing and the things you don't like
doing. Use gerunds and these suggestions to help you.

• enjoy • reading books

I enjoy
playing tennis • like • waking up early
at the weekend.
I don't like tidying dislike • running
my bedroom.
• can't stand • playing board games
1 Read.

-'.s ~ain forest is

::::..::..:.::!~!,i s n't it?

Question tags
We use question tags
• to confirm our opinion. Remember!
It's a beautiful day, isn't it?
• when we are fairly sure that what we say is true. Some question tags don't follow
Sweets are bad for you, aren't they? the rules.
I'm funny, aren't I?
We form question tags with the auxiliary verb of the Everyone is watching, aren't they?
main clause and the subject pronoun.
In affirmative sentences we use negative question tags. In negative sentences we use
affirmative question tags.
You haven't seen a snake, have you?
Pete will help the bird, won't he?
But when an affirmative sentence doesn't have an auxiliary verb, we use the verb do in t"e
question tag. For sentences in the present simple, we use do or does and for sentences ·,,
the past simple or with used to, we use did.
Jane reads a lot of books, doesn't she?
Sam saw a rainbow, didn't he?
We can use question tags with all tenses and modal verbs.
He can swim, can't he?
They mustn't swim here, must they?

2 Circle the correct words.

1 Freddy found a rabbit, isn't t@e?
2 You've been to the beach this week, haven't I/ haven't you ?
3 They enjoy walking in the park, aren't I don't they?
4 I can feed the birds today Dad, don't I can't I?
5 Those trees will grow, will/ won't they?
6 Helen is going to the pool tonight,Q t doesn't she?

69
3 The words in bold are wrong. Write the correct words.

1 The monkey isn't eating, isn't it? is

2 Ben and Tim have got a puppy, have they?

3 You used to climb trees, don't you?

4 Josh lived in Italy, doesn't he?

5 We will have fun, we won't?

6 Paul can swim, can't I?

4 Complete the sentences with question tags.

1 Dad dislikes cleaning the rabbit hu ch, doesn't he ?

2 We must water the flowers twice a day, ______ ?

3 Your cousins have got a house ear th e forest, _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

4 They rescued the bird, ______ ?

5 I can send t hese pos ca cs ere, ______ ?

6 You haven't see as e, ______ ?

s Match.

1 We've already planted the seeds, a won'tyou?

2 They saw an elephant at the zoo, b aren't we?

3 You'll give the sick cat its medicine, c didn't they?

4 Vicky and Kelly love living in the village, d haven't we?

5 We're cleaning the pond today, e don't you?

6 You hate mice, f don't they?

6 Say it! Ask and answer questions with your partner. Use question tags and these suggestions
to help you.

• be French I German I Egyptian

• eat healthy food
• go on holiday this summer
• have got a cat I dog I rabbit
• like pets I snakes I horses
Steve hasn't got
a horse, has he? • speak English I French I German
1 Read.

First conditional
We use the first conditional for something which may happen in the present or in the future.
Sentences in the first conditional have two clauses, the if clause and the result clause.
The if clause uses if and the present simple and the result clause
uses the future simple. ·
If we recycle things, we will help the environment. Remember!
We can form negative sentences in the first conditional.
One or both of the clauses can be negative.
When the if clause is before The
result clause, we use a corJ"iQ.
If we don't use rubbish bins, our streets won't be clean.
If you burn these newspapers,
We can forn;i questions in the first conditional with or there'll be lots of sr.-.ol<e.
without question words. When the if clause is after The
Who will see us if we dump the rubbish here? result , we
Will you take the empty bottles to the supermarket if There'll be lots of smoke if you
you have time? burn t hese newspapers.

2 Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 If you leave the rubbish t here, it will smell. (leave)
2 You will get tired if you your bike all day. (ride)
3 If Sarah doesn't need her old clothes, I th em. (take)
4 We wet if it rains. (get)
5 If I your book, I will give it to you. (find )
6 Our streets dirty if we use litter bins. (not be)

71
3 Tick the correct sentences and rewrite the ones that are wrong.
1 If I will go to the forest, I will see some wild animals.
If I go to the forest, I will see lots of wild animals.
2 We will clean our room if we have t ime.

3 If you'll hide in the bushes, they won't fin d you.

4 I show you the treasure if you find the torch .

5 If you put on a jumper, you'll warm up.

6 If we don't go to the beach th is after oo e'l l go on a picnic.

4 Write q uestions.
1 If Fahad opens is bo e ·11 ~ ... -~ ...... 2 =_gs in side.
If Fahad opens some eggs inside?

3 Susan will go o e e ·s • rec.

4 If we have i e, e II go for a walk.

5 Mum and Dad will take us to the beach i i· s a ice day.

6 If Kate makes a cake, we will eat it after din er.

S Choose the correct answers.

1 Mandy won't help us if we _ _ ask her. 4 They _ _ our local park if we stop them.
a won't a destroy
@ don't b won't destroy
c ask c don't destroy
2 Who _ _ breakfast if I don't do it? 5 If it _ _ sunny tomorrow, we'll go swimming.
a will I make a won't be
b will make b is
c doesn't make c will be
3 If Dad _ _ some new batteries, I'll bu y some 6 _ _ if I throw this plastic bottle out of the
from the shop. window?
a doesn't need a What will you do
b will need b Will you do
c needs c You will do
 come have .make meet not study

see
ia New 11:1 Re ply Forward ~ Pr int

Dear Tom,
How are you?

I'm visiting your city next week! If I amve -"' -;:""e -

(1) will you meet me for lunch? I
wildlife club. If you (2) , I will pay for the fooa.

I've got a test to morrow! Mum wants me to study for it thi s time. If I
study for two hours, she (3) me my favourite
food - pizza! But if I (4) , she won't!

I hope you're OK. Will you write to me today if you

(5) time?
Bye for now,
Fred
~

7 Match.
1 If we leave now, a we'll call him Karl.
2 We'll buy a pizza b if they leave now.
3 If we have a boy, c if it's cheaper than the red one.
4 We'll call her Julia d if we get home late.
5 I'll buy the green one e if we have a girl.
6 They'll arrive by six f we'll catch the bus.

8 Say it! What will you do if these things happen? Tell your partner.

If I stay at home,
I'll watch a DVD.
If it doesn't rain
at the wee kend,
we'll go to the par

• you stay at home tonight

• you finish your homework early tonight
• it doesn't rain I it's hot this weekend
• your best frie:nd comes to your house tonight
• someone in your family throws bottles and cans in the litter bin
• someone in your family doesn't turn off the computer at night

73
1 Read.

Second conditional

Remember!

We usually use were instead

a a o~· s e
of was with the first and third
person singular.
in th e prese n or "n - e +: - re.
If I were you, I would take the
If we didn't use cars we wouldn 't pollute --e "'"
1
dog to the vet.
so much.
• give advice.
If I were you, I'd exercise more.
Sentences in the second conditional have t w o cl a uses, th e if clause and the result clause.
The if clause uses if and the past simple, and the res ult cl a use uses would and the bare
infinitive.
If we had a fan, we wouldn't feel hot.
We can form negative sentences with the second conditional. One or both of the clauses can
be negative.
She wouldn't clean the garage if it weren't so dirty.
We can form questions in the second conditional with or without question words.
What would you do if I brought a cat home?
Would they get a dog if they had a garden?

2 Circle the correct words.

1 If people~/ wouldn't drive cars, it would be good for the environment.

2 If the cli mate changed I would change, there would be many problems.

3 If it didn't I wouldn't rain, we wouldn't have any water.

4 Sue would go on a picnic in the park if her mother let/ lets her.

5 You wouldn't throw t hose plastic bags in the sea if you would care I cared about the environment.
 1 Mum would give me money if I cleaned the bathroom. (give)
2 You sunburn if you sat in the shade. (not ge
3 We the air condition ing if we had a fan. (no;: ...:se
4 I everything if there were recycling :::: '"ecycle)
5 If they had a bus stop near their house, they _ _ _ _ __
6 If we collected some money, we s

4 Complete the sentences. Use these phrases.

buy green products collect the rubbish plant trees in

sit on the sand talk to the students 1J 1rn off '/OtJF loptop

1 If you turned off your laptop 4 There would be more oxygen if people
every night, you'd save energy.

2 We if it 5 If the head teacher _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

weren't so dirty. about recycl ing, the· J

3 If we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6 Shelly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
the park would be very nice. if this supermarket sold them .
75
5 Write sentences with the second conditional.
1 if I the rivers I not be I full of rubbish I the fish I not die
If the rivers weren't full of rubbish, the fish wouldn't die.
2 if I I I be I you I I I study I for the test

3 if I you I sit I in the shade I you I not get I sunburn

4 we I save I energy I if I we not use I the washing machine

5 you I write I to the newspaper I if I you I w ant I to help

6 if I I I not have I time I I I not cu f ~ e grass

6 Match.
1 lfwe had an u be la. ---~ a if I weren't scared of snakes.
2 ::::. ,,... - b if it were yours.
3 c if people didn't cut down trees.
4 d we wouldn't get wet.
5 e the air would be cleaner.
6 The fo rest wouldn't disappear f I would plant lots of flowers.

7 Put the words in the correct order to make questions.

1 ? I go I the sea I would I clean I you I if I sailing I were
Would you go sailing if the sea were clean?
2 ? I save I we I had I we I if I would I water I a dishwasher

3 ? I you I had I if I he I help I would I a lot of work I Jamie

4 ? I a computer I if I you I would I use I had I you I one

5 ? I would I the chance I visit I if I China I you I had I you

8 Say it! Complete the sentences to talk about what you would do in these situations.

• If I saw someone polluting the river, I ...

If my brother wasted
• If my best friend wasted lots of paper, I ...
a lo of ater,
I would be angry. • If my brother I sister I friend threw rubbish on the ground, I ...
• If I arrived at the beach and the water was dirty, I ...
ou ld
plant some trees • If my neighbour's litter bin smelt bad, I ...
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of be going to. Use the ve rbs in brackets.
1 1 'm/am not going to waste energy. (not w aste)
2 It's hot. the air condition.inc? Cvc~ I rum on)
3 We on the beacn a
4 Mr Jones us lots o"
5 Salma to work
6 on holiday? (t ne

2 Write sentences with the future simple.

1 I I not help I you I feed I the animals 4 . e party
I won't help you feed the animals.
2 ? I you I look after I the baby 5 com e swi mming I · s

3 Dina/notdrink/thisjuice 6 <. ~:: :t:hm•r'faway / thesebottles

3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of be going to or the
future simple and these verbs.

buy drive fall over open ~ tidy

Where are you going, Ollie?

my room next year

your clothes, Mum!

I'm sure I _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it

a fast red car when I get old! tomorrow on my birthday.

77
r

4 Complete the sentences with gerunds. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 I can't stand walking on wet sand. (walk)
2 I remember the train . (take)
3 My cousins enjoy coins. (collect)
4 James hates in hotels. (sleep)
5 We dislike food. (th row away)
6 Jo loves time in Greece. (spend)

S Circle the correct words.

1 You haven't sold my clothes,~/ you have?
2 Dan didn't break that bottle, didn't I did he?
3 You 'll buy today's newspaper, aren't I won't you?
4 I am taller than him, am not I aren't I?
5 We can recycle cartons, can't co ul dn't we?

6 Complete the first co nditio se ntences with these verbs.

fi nd not v~ si u

1 If i's col - _____e_a_r_ our coats.

2 e e ill ea _ _ _ __ _ too much soil in it.
3 ey _ _ _ _ _ _ to th e sports centre if it rains. They'll drive there.
4 If Dad _ _ _ _ _ _ a new j ob, we'll move house.
5 If Samir _ _ _ _ _ _ us, we won't make a cake.

7 Choose the correct answers.

1 If you are interested, I _ _ you all 4 _ _ come t o th e zoo if I drove there?
about it. a Do you
@will tell b Will you
b would tell c Wou ld you
c tell 5 She will buy a new rabbit hutch if you _ _
2 We would sit by the pond if it _ _ . her.
a doesn't stink a will ask
b stinks b ask
c didn't stink c asked
3 If I get a cat, it _ _ a furry white 6 Our cat w ould climb up the tree if he _ _
one. scared.
a will be a weren't
b ould be b wouldn't be
c is c won't be
 Ben: Dad, if I (1) asked (ask) you some questions about recycling,
(2) (you I tell) me what you think?

Dad: Of course, Ben. Do you want to ask me now?

Ben: OK. First, do you think recycling is important?

Dad: Yes. If we (3) recycle '• .·te .!I (not waste)

lots of money and energy. We must all rec.·c e

Ben: So, if we (S) _ _ __ _ _ __ :::: ~O bad?

Dad: Yes! But we don't have to worry abo· ·•

even clothes!
... e -- er,

Ben: Really? So why did you just throw that plastic bottle in the litte

Dad: That isn't the litter bin! It's our new recycl ing bin . If you (7) _ _ _ _ _ _ __
the labe l, you (8) (know) that!

Ben: Er, OK, yes. Sorry, Dad.

WRITING PROJECT
9 Look at a project about the Grand Canyon. Circle the correct words.

The Grand Canyon

Lot~Lg_eople love nature,
(1 )~/didn't they? If you are one
of them, then you (2) will love / love
the Grand Canyon, in Arizona, USA. It's
a natural wonder and there's a fantastic
view from the top.
People don't only visit the Grand Canyon
for the view. If you (3) visit I visited, you
will see lots of amazing plants and
animals in the area, too. There are even
bears and mountain lions!
The Grand Canyon gets very hot in
summer, so you must take lots of water and a hat with you. If yo u vi site
without a hat, you (4) would feel I felt ill after a few minutes because :r-e s . . r. is s
strong. You can go in winter, too, but it gets very cold then.
So what do visitors think about the Grand Canyon? 'It 's an amaz;ng 0 1cce ' says Budd, 22.
'I came last year and I'm su re I (5) will/ am going to come aga'n ,.,ex:, ear. !<.ate, 43,
agrees. 'It's great, and there are lots of hotels and restaura...,ts. rn .ery sad that I
(6) am going to I will leave tomorrow!'

10 Now it's your turn to do a project about a beautifu l natu ral area in your country. Find or
draw a picture of the place and write about it.

79
1 Read.

Have to
We can use have to to talk about an obligation in Have to is followed by the bare infinitive.
the present, in the future and in the past. You have to help Mum .
I have to go to the library today. We use don't have to for something that isn't
We had to be at school at eight o'clock yesterday. necessary but we can do it if we want to.
Tomorrow they'll have to catch the bus to school. John doesn't have to wake up early today.

... Question Short answers

I have to do I don't have to do Do I have to do ... ? Yes, I do. No, I don't.

you have to do you don't have to do Do you have to do ...? Yes, you do. No, you don't.
he has to do he doesn't have to do Does he have to do ... ? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
she has to do she doesn't have to do Does she have to do ... ? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
it has to do it doesn't have to do Does it have to do ... ? Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.
we have to do we don't have to do Do we have to do ...? Yes, we do. No, we don't.
you have to do you don't have to do Do you have to do ... ? Yes, you do. No, you don't.
they have to do they don't have to do Do they have to do ... ? Yes, they do. No, they don't.

2 Co mplet e the sentences with the correct form of have to or don't have to.

1 ere isn't any food in the fridge! We have to go to the supermarket.

2 You wash the car. I washed it yesterday.
3 Tina w alk to school every day. There isn't a bus stop near her house.
4 We _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ go t o the meeting. It's been cancelled.
5 Paul d rive me to the library. I can walk.
 and these verbs.

go move tidy -Wm- wait wake up

/,/

1 The car has to turn left m ::"'e 4 Grandma ,~, ::: ·;="'"
traffic lights. off th e train.

2 Lucia her room t oday. 5 Jenna her car yesterday.

3 Mr and Mrs Jones •

a long time for the bus last night.

4 Write questions with have to. Then write short answers.

1 ? I Milos I sleep I at eight o'clock X
Does Milos have to sleep at eight o'clock? o. he doesn't.
2 ? I they I go on holiday I w ith their parents X

3 ? I I I stop I at the traffic lights ./

4 ? I we I visit I Aunt Vanessa X

5 ? I Kora I wear I that dress ./

81
 Must
We use must to
• talk about obligation. Remember!
We must study for the test.
We use don't have to to show that it isn't
• say that something is necessary. necessary to do something, but we use
I must go to bed early. mustn't when we want to say that we are not
Must is followed by the bare infinitive. allowed to do something.
You must tidy your room. J ohn doesn't have to buy lunch. He's got
a sandwich.
We use must for the present and the futu re.
You mustn't be late for school.
You must tidy your bedroom.
We must be quiet, the baby is sleeping.
We use mustn't to talk about someth ing tha e are not allowed to do in the present and in the future.
We mustn't walk on the grass.
You mustn't forget to be here at six o'clock ·o
We can't use must for the past. We use had to
Ihad to help my mum with the shopping Jes·e ~ . . .

Short answers

I must sleep Yes, I must. No, I mustn't.

you must sleep you Yes, you must. No, you mustn't.
he must sleep Yes, he must. No, he mustn't.
she must sleeo Yes, she must. No, she mustn't.
i m st s ee::i ~ ~

Yes, it must. No, it mustn't.

e st s ee Yes, we must. No, we mustn't.
you must s eep 1 Yes, you must. No, you mustn't.
t hey must sleep Yes, they must. No, they mustn't.

5 Complete the sentences with m ust o mustn't and these verbs.

go find lock .tat!\ sit ·-e

1 Ssh!We mustn't talk in e library.

2 You in front o your computer all day.
3 We the door at night. It's dangerous here.
4 my school unifo rm. I don't know where it is!
5 Pupils on their desks.
6 Our parents are waiting fo r us. We _ _ _____ home.

6 Match.
1 Must you wear a helmet? a Yes, you must.
2 Must th e animal eat all that food? b Yes, he must.
3 Must th ey be t here before five o'clock? ~-- c Yes, I must.
4 Must I do my homew ork now ? d Yes, we must.
5 Must we recycle t hese batteri es ? e No, it mustn't.
6 Must he come to the head teacher with us? f No, they mustn't.
 1 You _ _ send Sarah an email. I've already 4 You _ _ arrive at school at 8.30 tomorrow.
told her about the party. Don't be late!
a mustn't a don't have to
® don't have to b must
c will have to c won't have to
2 I _ _ go to the dentist yesterday. 5 You _ _ go "ear me river. It isn't safe.
a have to a had to
b must b don't hcr:e -
c had to c mustn-
3 I _ _ finish my homework now. I can do 6 .:"':
it tomorrow.
a mustn't a Must\'.e
b had to b Do we hcr.-e
c don't have to c Did we have

8 Circle the correct words.

Hi Gina!
We (1) must /~at the theatre at six o'clock. It's four
o'clock now and I'm leaving. I (2) must I had to go to the hairdresser's!
The play starts at seven and you (3) don't have to I mustn't be late!
Dad (4) had to I must go to work two hours ago, so he can't drive you.
You'll (5) have to I must get t he bus.
I have already bought t he t icket s, so you (6) don't have to I mustn't
worry about buying them.
See you soon!
Mum

9 Say it! Talk with your partner about the following things.
w hat you have to do thi s wee
wh at you don't have to ee : ~: e-

• what you must e

I must tidy my room s
every Saturday.

83
I

Lesson 2

1 Read.
We could build so me of th e
new houses over th ere.

That's a good idea. Can we

build a car park, t oo?

Can
We use can to We often use can with verbs of feeli ng such as see,
• show ability. hear, smell, etc.
I can skate! I can smell something burning!
• ask for or give permission for something. We usually use can't instead of cannot in everyday
Can I go on the school trip? English, but we sometimes use cannot to give
You can look at my butterfly collection. emphasis.
• talk about what is possible. No, Susan, you cannot go to the party!
We can visit the London Eye today.
Can is followed by the bare infinitive.
Remember!
John can ride a bike.
We use can for the present and for the future. We can't use can with the future
They can speak English. simple or the present perfect simple.
Can Ihave an ice cream, Mum?
We can go to the theatre tonight.

I can ask Can I ask ...? Yes, I can. No, I can't .

you can ask you can't ask Can you ask ... ? Yes, you can. No, you can't.
hecan ask he can't ask Can he ask ... ? Yes, he can. No, he can't.
she can ask she can't ask Can she ask ...? Yes, she can. No, she can't.
it can ask it can't ask Can it ask ...? Yes, it can. No, it can't.
we can ask we can't ask Can we ask ...? Yes, we can. No, we can't.
you can ask you can't ask Can you ask ...? Yes, you can. No, you can't.
they can ask th ey can't ask Can they ask ...? Yes, they can. No, they can't.
 can't do today. Use these phrases.

blly fn 1it gnEI ve~etables buy shoes drive down the road go j ogging in the park
go to the cafe take your dog for a walk in the

~ """ .
1 You can buy fruit and vegetables. 4

2 5
3 6

Could
We use could to talk about ability in the past. Could is followed by the bare infinitive.
Harry could walk when he was a year old. I could talk when I was two years old.

I could make I couldn't make Could I make ... ? Yes, I could.

you could make you cou ldn't make Could you make ...? Yes, you could.
he could make he couldn't make Could he make ...? Yes, he could.
she could make she cou ldn't make Could she make ... ? Yes, she cou ld.
it could make it co uldn't make Could it make ... ? Yes, it cou ld.
we could make we cou ldn't make Could we make ... ? Yes, we cou ld.
you could make you co uldn't make Could you make ... ? Yes, you could.
they could make they cou ldn't make Could they make ... ? Yes, they co

3 Circle the correct words.

1 Yesterday I had no money and I can't /~ind a ban k anywhere!
2 Can I Could anyone here speak German?
3 My little brother can I could ski when he was six years old.
4 We can't I couldn't have lunch yet! It's only eleven o'clock.
5 Uncle Ted can't I couldn't go rock climbing when he was young.
6 Everyone can I could use the library and you don't have to pay.

85
4 Choose the correct answers.

1 _ _ you use a computer when you 4 I _ _ meet you at the museum tomorrow
were fou r years old? morning. I've got a French lesson.
a Can a can't
@ Could b couldn't
c Can't c could
2 Don't give that sweet to the baby! 5 _ _ you speak Japanese now that you live
She _ _ eat it! in Japan?
a can't a Couldn't
b couldn't b Can
c can c Could
3 We were very tired last night. We _ _ 6 We went to New York last year. The restaurants
climb up the steps! were expensive, and so we _ _ eat out every day!
a can't a can
b can b can't
c couldn't c couldn't

5 Complet e th e se ntences wrt h can , c could or couldn't.

1 on my head.

5 Kate _ _ _ _ _ __ . It w as broken.
6 We _______ see th e sea lcony. It was beautiful.
7 We _ _ _ _ _ __ '· I w as sold out.
8 _______ you help me wi- - ·s ework? I _______ do it!

6 Say it! Talk to your partner about the thin gs you can or can't do now and the things you
could or couldn't do when you were yo un ge r. Use these suggestions to help you.

• speak English
I can swim now,
but I couldn't swim • use a computer
when I was a baby. • play all day
I could watch cartoons • wake up late every day
all day when I was young,
but now I can't.
1 Read.

Might
We use might to talk about poss· ........
{:_~

Negati~~ .··.· -~~~l,,.~

We might go sailing this weekend.
Might is followed by the bare infimt lVe. I might like I mig ht not like
I might go to the cinema ton igr~. you might like you might not like
he might like he might not like
she might like she might not like
Remember! it might like it mignt not like
we might like ·g
We usually don't use might in you might like e
questions and we usually say they might like e
might not instead of mightn't .
It's rainin~. We might not go for
a walk this afternoon.

2 Complete the sentences with might or might not.

1 We might not bring our swimming costumes with us. It's very cold today.
2 I come out with you tonight. I'm tired.
3 Take this umbrella with you. It's cloudy and it rain this evening.
4 I visit the museum with Mum and Dad this afternoon. I don't really like museums!
5 Sally go jogging this afternoon. She loves exercising.
6 I buy a new costume for the party. I haven't got much money.

87
3 Complete the sentences with might or might not and these verbs.

be fi nd ..ge- like take visit

1 We _ _m-'-'-Wig,__h~t~g_o__ to the cinema today. There's a great film on.

2 You this programme. It's scary for children .
3 Look on the Internet. You som e interesting information ..
4 _ _ _ _ _ _ Scotland this year. I've always w anted to go.
5 There _ _ _ _ __ a bank here. It's only a small village.
6 The twins the bus to school today. They want to walk.

Should
We use should to ask for or give advice. Should is followed by the bare infinitive.
Should Ibring a camera? You should help your little brother. .
You should take an umbrella with yo u.

Short answers

I should try I should n't try S ould I try ...? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn't.
you should try you shouldn' ry S ould you try ... ? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn't.
he should try he shou ldn' S ould he try ...? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn't.
she should try she should - • S ould she try ... ? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn't.
· should try Shoul d it try ... ? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn't.
Should we try ... ? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn't.
Should you try ...? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn't.
Should they try ... ? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn't.

4 Circle the correct words.

1 ~Should you watch this show.
2 Jane and Paul shouldn't I should play so many video games.
3 We should I shouldn't open the window. It's hot in here.
4 It's late, we shouldn't I should walk home. Let's get a taxi.
5 He should I Should he eat more fruit?
6 You should I shouldn't swim here. It's dangerous.

S Complete the questions and short answers. Use should and the words in brackets.
1 Should I go jogging this afternoon? (I/ go) Yes, you should
2 those pizzas? (we I try) No,
3 th e bus into t own? (they I take) Yes,
4 this bookcase for me? (Dad I paint) No,
5 ano her language? (I learn) Yes,
6 Grand a a book for her birthday? (we I buy) No,
 11.1 n:::n: vt::1 u::..

be buy get spend tidy -Hy-

1 You should try the 2 You really _ _ _ _ __ 3

ice cream. your bedroom, Tommy.

4 I'll take the car today. I 5 Run all the way to school 6
~~~~~~-wet on and you _ _ _ _ _~ the pink top or the blue
my bike. late today! one?

7 Choose the correct answers.

1 You _ _ try the local fish. It's delicious! 3 _ _ take our hats with us? I think it's
@should going to snow.
b might a Should we
c shouldn't b We might not
2 Dan _ _ come cycling this afternoon. c We might
He isn't sure yet. 4 We _ _ go to the exhibition tonight.
a should We don't know yet.
b shouldn't a might
c mig~t not • b should
c shouldn't

8 Say it! Talk to a partner about what you might or might not and should or shouldn't do in the
next month. Use these suggestions to help you.

• go shopping
I might come
play basketball y rri ends
to your party.
• eat lots of chocolate
I should stay at
home and study. • go to tne par
elp at home
• meet my fri end s at the local cafe
• watch TV all evening

89
1 Read.

Present simple passive

We use the present simple passive

• when we want to emphasise the action and not who does it.
This documentary is watched by people all over the world.
• when we don't know who does the action.
The windows are cleaned every week.
• when it's obvious who does the action.
Children are sent to school when they are four years old.
We form the present simple passive with am, is, or are and the past participle of the main verb.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. We use by if we want to
say who or what (the agent) does the action.
The film director pays the actor a lot of money. (active)
The actor is paid a lot of money by the film director. (passive)
See the list of past participles on page 113.

I'm not invited Am I invited ...? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
you aren't invited Are you invi ed ...? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
he isn't invited Is e invi ed ... ? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
Is s e invi ed ... ? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
it's invited Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
we're invited re we invited ... ? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
you're invited Are you invited ... ? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
they're invited Are they invited ... ? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
 1 The front door is locked.
2 Cartoons shown every morning.
3 I given tea and toast every mo rning.
4 Important decisions made by tne ooss.
5 The museum visited by many touns-...s ::v::rv v:=::.
6 The Eiffel Tower photog rap ne

3 Complete the sentences with the presents · e se !tne v .:r=s

1 The school canteen is cleaned
2 Film stars many ::'-£:S:.0."'.S o, re
3 In this office, many emails every day. (write}
4 School uniforms iri the UK. (wear)
5 Many people >:o iom's birthday party every year. (i nvite)
6 Food in restauranLS. (serve)

4 Complete the sentences with the present simple passive. Use these verbs.

drink make not feed not teach recognise .speal\

1 English is spoken a:. over th e w orld.

2 Our dog three tim es a day.
3 Actors by many people.
4 Lots of cars in Japan.
5 A lot of coffee every day.

6 English at our school.

5 Write questions with the present simple passive.

1 ? I the actor I pay I a lot of money
Is the actor paid a lot of money?
2 ? I video games I sell I everywhere

3 ? I this advert I dislike I by lots of people

4 ? I your office I tidy I every day

5 ? I those flowers I water I twice a week

6 ? I energy I often I waste I in the city

91

~
1 Read.

Present simple passive

We use the present simple passive

• when we want to emphasise the action and not who does it.
This documentary is watched by people all over the world.
• when we don't know who does the action.
The windows are cleaned every week.
• when it's obvious who does the action.
Children are sent to school when they are four years old.
We form the present simple passive with am, is, or are and the past participle of the main verb.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. We use by if we want to
say who or what (the agent) does the action.
The film director pays the actor a lot of money. (active)
The actor is paid a lot of money by the film director. (passive)
See the list of past participles on page 113.

Am I invited ...? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.

you aren't invited Are you invited ... ? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
he isn't invited Is he invited ...? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
s e isn't invited Is she invited ... ? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
isn' in ited Is i invited ... ? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
we're invited re w e invited ... ? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
you're invited Are you invited ... ? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
they're invited Are they invited ... ? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
 1 The front door is locked.
2 Cartoons shown every morning.
3 I given tea and toast every morning.
4 Important decisions made by the ooss.
5 The museum visited by many touris-..s E .::..- ·~

6 The Eiffel Tower photograpnec ::=

3 Complete the sentences with the present simple passive. Use tne \~ems
1 The school canteen is cleaned once a day. {cleanJ
2 Film stars many c .... estions by reporters. (as!-'
3 In this office, many emails every day. (write)
4 School uniforms in the UK. (wear)
5 Many people to ""'."em's birthday party every year. (invite)
6 Food in restaurants. (serve)

4 Complete the sentences with the present simple passive. Use these verbs.

drink make not feed not teach recognise spefII\

1 English is spoken all over the world.

2 Our dog three times a day.
3 Actors by many people.
4 Lots of cars in Japan.
5 A lot of coffee every day.
6 English at our school.

5 Write questions with the present simple passive.

1 ? I the actor I pay I a lot of money
Is the actor paid a lot of money?
2 ? I video games I sell I everywhere

3 ? I this advert I dislike I by lots of people

4 ? I your office I tidy I every day

5 ? I those flowers I water I twice a week

6 ? I energy I often I waste I in the city

91
6 Complete the second sentence in each pair with the present simple passive.
1 Sylvia doesn't often eat junk food.
Junk food isn't often eaten by Sylvia.
2 Mrs Vallas drives Giorgio to school every day.
Giorgio to school by Mrs Vallas every day.
3 The children don't use this phone.
This phone by the children.
4 Dad paints our house once a year.
Our house _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by Dad once a year.
5 Paul sends emails from this comput er.
Emails _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by aul from this computer.
6 Students visit this museum.
This museum _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ y students.

7 Circle the correct words.

1 The documentary~/ are fil e retie.
2 The news is shown I are sho

3 Theo ces is d eaned

4 ese - -s is made
5 The frui is sold I are so ld i -~;:~ a ·e-
6 The phones is designed I are designed · ~ r a.

8 Say it! Talk to your partner about the th ings th e people in your family do. Use the present
simple passive and these suggestions to he p you.
· dog / walk
Dinner is cooked he house I tidy
by Mum.
• our computer I use
• pl ants I water
The shopping
is done by Dad. • th e car I wash
• th e windows I clean
1 Read.

Past simple passive

We form the past simple passive with was or were a'lc rh = i;:: ::l:St parti ciple of the main verb.
The statue was stolen last week.
See the list of past participles on page 113.

Affirmative I Negative I
I was asked I wasn't asked was I asked .... ~ =s

you were asked you weren't asked Were you askec .! 'es
he was asked he wasn't asked Was he asked _ -
she was asked she wasn't asked Was she asked -·
it was asked it wasn't asked Was it asked ...~
we were asked we weren't asked Were we asked _ -
you were asked you weren't asked Were you asked _ --;
they were asked they weren't asked Were they askea _ -

2 Complete the sentences with was or were.

1 The reality show was broadcast last week for t he firs\: t: ..... e.
2 The men recognised by the police man.
3 The decision made last night.
4 My little brothers helped by that boy.
5 Three text messages sent this mo rning.
6 My digital camera lost.

93
3 Complete the sentences with the past simple passive. Use the verbs in brackets.

1 These clothes were worn by a famous actor. (wear)

2 My uncle's car last night. (steal)
3 This beautiful painting by Da Vinci. (paint)
4 Th is neckl ace to me by my grandma. (give)
5 Mum and Dad to the exhibition. (not invite)
6 The TV remote control under the sofa. (hide)

4 Complete the sentences with the past simp le passive. Use these verbs.

break .fu:Kt make not drink no dr" e paint

1 4 The car _ _ _ _ _ _ by Dad.

2 The spaghetti _ _ _ _ _ _ by Dad. 5 The plate _ _ _ _ _ _ by my little brother.

3 A beautiful picture _ _ _ _ _ _ by Julie. 6 The lemonade _______ by Lizzie.

 l vvas Tne 1v so1a this morn in g? (the TV I sell)
2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 years ago? (mobile phones I use)
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to t he zoo? <the elephan3 ~a·<e

4
5 ______________ many years ago: ·-
6 ______________ fo r the quiz sno ...

6 Complete the second sentence in each pair with the past simple p
1 Marcia took me to t he radi o st ati on.
was taken to the radio station by Marcia
2 The singer didn't entertain the fans.
The fans
3 Many students disliked the exam.
The exam
4 Did Dad buy these plasma TVs?
these plasma TVs ?
5 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
The telephone
6 Mr Jones didn't inform us.
We

7 Complete the dialogue with the past simple passive. Use the 8 Say it! Talk with your
verbs in brackets. partner about what was
doneornotdone200
Mike: Hi, Tina. years ago. Use these
Tina: Hi, Mike! How are you? suggestions to help yo u.
Mike: I'm fine, thanks. I've just started my project on computer
games for school.
Tina: That sounds really interesting. Computers were'"': ...isc~
Mike: Yes, it is. Did you know that one of the first computer 200 years _""
games (1) was made (make) back in 1961 ?
Tina: Really! (2) (it I play) by many people?
Mike: No, it wasn't, because computers (3) _ _ _ _ __
(not own) by many people then . But in the 1970s, home
computers (4) , (invent) and t hen
e onones I use
compu"ter games (5) (sell)
all over the wo rl d. ats wear
1

Tina: Were they sim ilar t o modern computer games? • cars I drive
Mike: No, they weren't. Only four co lours • letters I write
(6) (used) and
• fax I send
there was no sound.
Tina: How boring! I'm so happy • helicopters I fly
that we have exciting
computer games now.
Mike: Me too!
95
 Review

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of have to or don't have to and the verbs
in brackets.
1 Will/Do you ___h_a_v_e_t_o_w_o_r_k_ _ tomorrow? (work)
2 Matthew _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to school yesterday. It was Saturday. (not go)
3 _ _ _ _ __ _ to the sports centre now? I'm very tired. (walk)
4 Jenny for the theatre tickets. I've already paid. (pay)
5 Mum a he bank this morning. She didn't have·any money. (stop)
6 Karim e road wh en he goes to school next year. It's next to his house.
(not cross)

2 Circle the correct words.

1 You must /~watc
2 Have I Must we turn off
3 We don't have to I must 's new laptop. He'll be very angry.
4 You do ' have to I m he shop. I've already bought some milk.
5 ad to ust - =- -s collect plastic bottles yesterday.
6 do ' t e o e new batteries for my camera. It doesn't work!

3 Comple e can, can't, could or couldn't.

1 'e can't afford a newTV.
2 Oliver _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rid e a bike this time last year, but now he rides every day.
3 Let's meet this afternoo e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ discuss the new advert.
4 Danny write his name before he went to school. His mother taught him!
5 I'm sorry I didn't phone you yesterday afternoon. I find my mobile!
6 Shh, be quiet. I hear the news.

4 Complete the sentences with might, might not, should or shouldn't and these verbs.

ask ..c.Qffte' eat go learn move recognise watch

might not come swimming with us. She's still asleep.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Jim to my party?

- - - - - - - - - t h e new reality show. It's really silly.

- - - - - ----house next year, but I don't know yet.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ me. I've changed a lot.
- - - - - - - - - t o the cinema la er. I've finished my project, so I've got some time.
- - - - - - - - - s o e Frenc before you go on holiday there.
s at least once a week. It's very good for you.
 1 You _ _ shout all the time. It's awful! 4 You _ _ stop en the traffic lights are red.
a should a can'
b might not b must
© mustn't c don't "ave --
2 I _ _ drive to the supermarket last 5 you r homework
night.
a couldn't
b can't
c mustn't c m ust'"' -
3 I think I _ _ sing, but my children don't 6 'Can I hcr>J:e ·::=L: ± er i::e
agree! 'No, you _ _ _
a don't have to a sho
b can b do n'~~

c might c can'

6 Complete the sentences with the present simple passive. Use the brackets.
1 Venice is visited by many people every year. (visit)
2 _ _ _ _ _ many different languages in the
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ toys by my parents. They always buy me
4 _ _ _ _ _ the famous singer often _ _ _ __
5 How many cars in Britain each year? (make)
6 The presenter on TV very often. (not see)

7 Write sentences with the past simple passive.

1 The curry I eat I last night
The curr¥ was eaten last night.
2 ? I lots of clothes I collect

3 the last two tickets I sell

.
4 the visitors I not take I on a tour

5 ? I the jewellery I find I in the park

6 the article I not write I on Sunday

97
8 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with the correct form of the present simple
passive or the past simple passive. Use the words in brackets.

~----

1 Seventy-five years ago, clothes ere not washed in washing machines . (clothes/ not
wash I in washing mach ines)
2 Seventy-five years ago, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ . (lots of letters I write)

3 Seventy-five years ago, . (the radio I

listen to I by every famil
4 Seventy-five years ago _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .(mobile phones I not use)
5 o , . (computers I use)
6 o . (clothes I not wash in buckets)
7 o . (text messages I send)
8 o , . (TV I watch I every day)

WRITING PROJECT
9 Look at a project about a famous city. Complete the project with the present simple passive
or the past simple passive of the verbs in brackets.

Melbourne
Melbourne is in Victoria, Australia. It is a beautiful city with huge parks,
gardens and many amazing buildings. It (1) is visited (visit) by
many people every year.
Melbourne has an interesting history. The first people came in 1835,
and in the 1850s, gold (2) (discover). Because of this,
Melbourne became a very rich city. Many new buildings 3) _ _ _ __
(build) at that time.
Today, Melbourne is one of the world's greatest cities. It (4) (know) for its
beauty, its fantastic universities and its amazing city centre. It is also Australia's top city
for sports. Lots of sports (5) play, but football and cricket are the most
pop lar. In 956, he Olympic Games ca e o the city, and for the first time they
(6) a o nd he world.
Melbourne is a grea ci , a d isi ors always have a wonderful time there.

10 Now it's your turn to do a project about a famous city. Find or draw a picture of the city
and write about it.
 1 Read.

Comparatives
We use the comparative to compare one or more people, an ima:s ~:- ~ ::;5 wi:'l one or more
other people, animals or things. We often use the word than after :-L= c·:::-~:c:rc.: ve.
The girl is taller than the boy.
The lioness is bigger than the cubs.
The tennis balls are smaller than the footballs.
Short adjectives Long adjectives
• We add -er to adjectives with one syllable • We form the co mp
and to some two-syllable adjectives. two-syllable adj e
new newer that have th ree o r ........ =-•=
quiet quieter using the word more h _
• When the adjective ends in -e, we just add -r. We do not add - er.
nice nicer tiring more tiring
• When the adjective has one syllable and relaxing more relax!,...g
ends in consonant+ vowel + consonant, • Some two-syllab le ad lee: ~ __
we double the last consonant and add -er. comparative forms .
big bigger clever cleverer or more c e ~::
• When the adjective ends in -y, we take off
the -y and add -ier.

'
happy happier

Irregular comparatives
There are adjectives that do not follow these rules:
good better many/much more
bad worse Jots of/a lot of more
far further/farther a little less
(not) as ... as
We can use (not) as+ adjective+ as to compare one or more peop le, a nimals or things with
one or more other people, animals or things.
Paul is as fast as James.
These bags are not as expensive as this one.
Cars are not as dangerous as motorbikes.

99
 Superlatives
We use the superlative to compare one person, animal or thing with other people, animals or
things. We usually use the word the before the superlative.
Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world.
Short adjectives Long adjectives
• We add -est to adjectives with one syllable • We form the superlative of some
and to some two-syllable adjectives. two-syllable adjectives and adjectives
long the longest that have three or more syllables by
narrow the narrowest using the words the most before the
• When the adjective ends in -e, we just add -st. adjective. We do not add -iest.
rude the rudest boring the most boring
• When the adjective has one syllable and ends unusual the most unusual
in consonant+ vowel +consonant. e double • Some two-syllable adjectives have two
the last consonant and add -est. superlative forms.
hot the hottest clever cleverest or the most clever
• When the adjective ends in -y, e a e off the
-y and add -iest.
lazy the laziest
Irregular superlatives
There are adjectives that do
good the best any/much the most
bad the worst lo s of/a lot of the most
far the furthes fa est a little the least

2 · h the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.

+. er/farther than the train station. (far)
1 The bus stop is
2 This pond is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the one in the park. (dirty)
3 Playing tennis is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ swimming in the sea. (relaxing)
4 Our caravan is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ yours. (big)
5 Riding a motorbike is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ going by car. (exciting)
6 Bungee jumping is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ diving. (scary)

3 Choose the correct answers.

1 Travelling by car is _ _ travelling by bike. 4 I think eating vegetables is _ _ for you as
@ faster than eating fruit.
b as fast as a as good
c not as fast as b better than
2 I think watching a DVD is _ _ going to the cinema. c not as good as
a e joyable than 5 Is travelling by train _ _ going by coach?
as e joyabl e as a more safe
c ~ ~e e ~o •able b safer
3 a ,·...,; ·s _ _ g. c as safe as
a more-· ...· g 6 Are dogs _ _ than cats?
b not as iri g as a not as friendly as
c as tiring b as friendly as
c friendlier
 forms of these adjectives.
1 that was I loud I scream I I've ever heard
That was the loudest scream I've ever heard.
2 this pool is I deep I in this town

3 we saw I funny I film I last night careful

co ld
4 this city is I polluted I in the world dangerous

5 I ate the I tasty I cake I at the cafe much

silly
6 ? I is the plane I comfortable I means of transport thin
tidy

6 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of
these words.

bad cheap clean ~ olc small

// karen.
-est 5L./%
Tes:
-~-­ -- ---- ::;;;-
~­
""----"-~
--.._

---- ----
__.,.
--=- -
-----=
..-.--= - -
__.............
~
~-----
-----
-~-
-~
-.........-........_
~---

µ •

1 The camera on the right is 2 Wendy's test 3 · --e ,.ont is

the most expensive .
Karen's.

4 The car on the left is 5 The woman on the right is 6

the car on the right. person in the picture.

7 Say it! Talk to your partner about these things using the comparative or superlative form.

• boring I interesting • eating out I eating at home

• cheap I expensive • using the Internet I reading
Learning English • easy I hard books
is easier than
• slow I fast • math s I French
learning Chinese.
• planes I ships

Trains are faster

than buses.
101
 Lesson 2

1 Read.

I do! I want
them both!

Both, e·ther, neit e

E -e bo e· e :: oeople, animals or things.
We use bot e. It means one and the other. It is often followed by
and or of.
Both ice creams are e
Both Mum and Dae "a e =r.
We use either with a singu a c ·:: _ :: - n-ieans one or the other. It is followed by or or of.
We can either walk or take t e -~re
I don't like either of the cars.
Areeitherofthechildren doing tre ·· r " ~e
We use neither with a singular or p •c. he affirmative, but it has a negative meaning. It
means not one and not the other. It is ~o nor or of.
Neither the tram nor the metro is expens e.
Neither of the museums was open.

2 Circle the correct words.

1 The t ram is~/ either slow and old.
2 e can either I neither change the tyre or take a taxi home.
3 Both I Neither of the caravan s in the park w as new.
4 Both I Eith er museums have got very interesting exhibitions.
5 Motorbikes are both I neither fast and cool.
6 Neither I Either the library nor the police station is on this map.
 1 I left both my bag and my passport at home!
2 We can travel by car or by coach.
3 They will take the ferry nor the train to France.
They'll fly there.
4 Paul nor Susie like taking the escalator.
5 inspectors got on the train at the same t ime.
6 You can call or visit the station for information.

4 The words in bold are wrong. Write the correct words.

1 You have to decide which bag you want. You can't have either.
2 Either the museum nor the gift shop is open today.
3 Travelling by plane is both interesting nor relaxing.
4 We can neither watch the new soap opera or go to the theatre.
5 The actress was interviewed by either the local reporter and the
reporter from London .
6 Do you need neither books for your proj ect?

S Match.
1 This seat is neither comfortable a and dangerous.
2 They'll either catch the bus b or get the underground.
3 Neither of the ancient sights c nor near a window.
4 We enjoy swimming both d was visited on the city tour.
5 It's wet outside and the e in a pool and in the sea.
roads are both slippery
6 I don't enjoy watching either f of these quiz shows.

6 Say it! Talk to your partner about the th ings y ou do or don't do. Use both, either, neith e
these suggestions to help you.
· em 4sh I eat meat
I eat both • :J 'Cl:'/ a sport I play a
vegetables and fruit.

We either go to the
theatre or watch TV
on Friday nights. • WOltC to sc- ·a=.:: c::.,:= w school every day

103
 Lesson 3

1 Read.

Too and enough

e of something than we need or want and that it is a

a th ere isn't more than we need or want.

We can also use enough be: ·e _- :: _-:ao e and plural countable nouns to show that there is as much
or as many of something as ·.e -==::. e -..se not enough when there is less of something than we need
or want and that it is a proble .
The children have enough pencils ·o ... :=:. There aren't enough drinks for everyone.
I have enough flour to make a cake. Th ere isn't enough time. Hurry up!

2 Circle the correct words.

1 He won't pass the test. He is~/ too clever.
2 Mum hasn't got time for a break. She's too busy I busy enough.
3 There a re too many I aren't enough seats on t he tube. We'll have to stand.
4 I drank too much I enough lemonade and I fee l sick now.
5 Saskia can't drive home. She's tired enough I too tired.
6 The food isn't warm enough I too warm. We'l l have to warm it up.
 1 Buying a return ticket every day is too expensive . I can't afford it. (expensive)
2 There isn't air in the city. We should move to the countryside. (fresh)
3 Not recycle in Egypt. (people)
4 Rock climbing is for me! (tiring)
5 There isn't on the coach fo r all of us. s:::-c.ce
6 In Africa, the temperature in summer is _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 1 :::::-. e ~o go there
in winter. (high)

4 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with too o r enoug e.se

cold ..f.oo'CJ late loud small time

1 There's enough food for everybody. 4 Is the water ?

2 5 Thea and Gregor were _ _ _ _ _ __ _

j,

3 The music is _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 6 The chair is _ _ _ _ _ _ __

childre ...

5 Say it! Talk to your partner about your town or d ty. Use too, eno ese suggest ions
to help you.
"'"-..;:re$ • schools
There are too many restaurants
cars in my city.
There aren't enough car . par • trees
parks in my town. ~ • people • shops

105
1 Read.

Adverbs of manner
We use adverbs of manner to describe When the adjective ends in consonant+ -y,
how we do something. we take off the -y and add the ending -ily.
easy easily
We usually form adverbs of manner
by adding the ending -ly to the Irregular adverbs
adjective. early early
quick quickly fast fast
nice nicely good well
beautiful beautifully hard hard
high high
When the adjective ends in -le, we take off
late late
the -e and add the ending -y.
right right
gentle gently
wrong wrong

2 Complete the table.

Adjective I Adverb
bad badly
s
fast
sad
noisy r
thirsty
 1 The sailor spoke English very bad/~
2 It was foggy and I couldn't see the skyscraper clear I clearly.
3 I read a really good I well book.
4 The inspector spoke to me very rude I rudely.
5 We tried very hard I hardly but we couldn't do it.
6 The photographer arrived very late/ lately.

4 Complete the sentences with adverbs made from the adjectives in brackets
1 The yacht sailed slowly around the island. (slow)
2 A customer has never shouted at me . (angry)
3 I opened the door and looked inside. (gentle)
4 I yawned and went to bed. (lazy)
5 The children played in the garden. (happy)
6 The chef spoke about his new pizza recipe. (excited)

5 Complete the email with adverbs made from these adjectives.

careful ~ high hungry loud quick

ee Email
~ New d Reply W Fo rwar d 6J Pri nt ~ Delete ~ Sen d & Receive

Dear Tom,
I know you enjoy helping. I'm going out tonight and I won't be back (1) early , so
I
can you please do some things for me? You've got a key, haven't you?
First of all, cook the chicken in the oven. Take care and do it (2) . The kids
like chips with chicken, so buy some at the shop in our street. It's never very busy, so
you'll get back (3) . You must also feed the cat, but be careful! It miaows
(4) and it jumps (5) into the air when it's time for food . It al\V
eats (6) . Give it some waterrtoo.
Well, I'll see you later. Thanks for helping!
Tina
L ,I.

6 Say it! Talk to your partner about how you do or don't do these th ings.

• draw • carefully
I do my homework
carefully. • go to bed • early I late
playfoo I / te:"'~lS easily
• ride a biKe • happily
I don't play basketball
well. I play badly. • speaK Englis • well I badly
• swim slowly I quickly
• wake up in t he morn ing

107
 Lesson 2

1 Read.

Rela ·ve c a ses

e se re · e clauses to give more information about people, animals or things.

relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb that goes after the noun.
e use
· who for people.
That's the photographer who took my picture.
• which for animals and things.
Let's go to the new restaurant which has just opened.
Can we keep the cat which I found in the park?
• where for places.
That's the house where Gina fives.

2 Choose the correct answers.

1 My uncle wrote the book _ _ you liked. 4 Is Amsterdam the place _ _ people often
@which use bicycles?
b who a which
c where b who
2 That's the house _ _ the dangerous
c where
crimi nal was hiding. 5 Dad interviewed somebody _ _ was
a hich looking for a part-time job.
0 a which
c er b who
3 Co see e dog _ _ we rescued.
c where
a ic 6 That's the mouse _ _ was chased by the cat.
b who a who
c where b where
c which
 1 The man who lives next door to me is self-employed.
2 That's the school I used to go.
3 Is that the snake we saw in our garden?
4 I can see the detective spoke to us.
5 Are there any paintings in the castle is ncc.r <:fi e cc-arn.
6 Is this the square the new cafe nos ooenea.

4 The words in bold are wrong. Write the correct words.

1 That's the police officer which helped me.
2 My uncle works in the library which w e do our homework.
3 Is that the sailing boat who I travelled on last summer?
4 Those are the fish who were caught by my father.
5 I can see the cave which the treasure was hidden.
6 Are they the ladies where made the cakes?

5 Match.
1 Is that the employee a which I can use all day?
2 I love the restaurant b where they serve roast chicken.
3 Can you give me a travel pass c where there aren't any cars.
4 That's the island d who were showing off yesterday.
5 There are the school boys e which the mechanic fixed !
6 I can't find the car f who has got a lot of experience?

6 Complete the text with who, which or where. 7 Say it! Talk to your partner about
these things using who, which and
where.
The most difficult job
Nobody in my family does the same job. First of all,
there's my uncle Max, (1) who is a great artist. The person
best is my frie
His job is difficult but very interesting. My aunt Sally is
a photographer. She took the pictures (2) _ _ __
are on display in the local restaurant.
Dad is an office manager. The place (3) _ _ __
he works is in the city centre. There are many people
(4) · he manages every day. Dad's job isn't
easy, but he usually enjoys it.
• food . c isli'.'e
The place (5) Mum
works is the most tiring - our • the house /I live in
house! Mum cooks, cleans and • a 1 v seri es I I watch
helps us with our homework. She's • a subject I difficult
the one (6) has got
• a job I interesting
the most difficult job.
• a sport I I enjoy

109
 Review

1 Choose the correct answers.

1 Martin is _ _ artist I have ever met. 4 The new employee works _ _ me.
a better than a slower than
@th e best b the slowest
c the better c slow
2 Snakes are _ _ than you think. 5 We stayed in _ _ caravan last year.
a as dangerous a more amazing
b the most dangerous b the most amazing
c more dangerous c as amazing as
3 This vet isn't _ _ our local ve 6 The chef's food is _ _ Mum's.
a the nicest a the tastiest
b as nice as b not as tasty as
c nicer c tastier

2 The words in bold are wrong. · e the correct words.

1 is ·s orse an s e e er seen ! the worst
2 sc ool.
3
4 a · s -~ef nnier , <= ; ~ e old me.
5 e doctors are as nicer as - ey can be.
6 I worked as hardly as I co la before the test.

3 Circle the correct words.

1 She's either@tall nor short.
2 Both I Either of my cousins work in a bank.
3 I can either I both study languages or science.
4 Either I Neither our cat nor our dog saw the snake.
5 You can either I both pay me now or later.
6 Both I Neither detectives were in trouble.
 -
1 Jo I Betty I slept on Kim
Both Jo and Be!!Y
2 you can take I the lift I the stairs 3 i:'"'e s ad holes in them

slep_t on Kim.

)t1~Hl11a1 \.\ft!:::

4 the girls I are slower than Ada 5 the necklaces I is cheap 6 London I York is near here

5 Complete the sentences with too or enough.

1 This cake is too big! I can't eat it all.
2 I think it's warm fora swim.
3 This painting is small for our living room.
4 There isn't snow on the mountains today.
5 Uncle Fred is old for bungee jumping.
6 Have we got coins for the ticket machine?

6 Complete the sentences with adverbs fo rmed fr om these adjectives.

easy good happy hard JQte" noisy

1 Sally arrived late and missed the pa

2 We tried very , but we cou ldn't reaa me saeE st; :Ls
3 He's clever so he passed the exam _ _ _ __
4 My parents speak Spanish very _ _ __ _
5 The baby smiled and drank its milk.
6 Adel played the drums . He woke up the neignoours.

7 Match.
1 I bought the caravan a which were in the park yesterday.
2 We spoke to the reporter b which wasn't expensive.
3 They went to a city c wh o live in my street.
4 They are the people d wh o writes interesting articles.
5 These are the birds e where I have never been.
111
 8 Complete the postcard with who, which or where.

Hi Elizabeth!
--- I'm in Montreux, Switzerland. It's the place (1) where Mum
comes from and it's great!
We're staying in a house (2) _ _ _ _ is next to a lake. It's
near the Chillon Castle, (3) _ _ _ _ there is a music festival
every year.
My grandparents live here. Grandad and I go out every day.
We often see a man (4) _ _ _ _ is dressed as a clown in the
street. He's really funny!
There are always lots of people (5) _ _ _ _ sit at the cafes
and drink coffee. The language (6) they
speak is usually French, so I sometimes s ea to
them in French, too. It's fun!
See you soon,
Anna

WRITING PROJECT

9 Look at a project abo ad ge o ·o . Co plete the project with these phrases.

wh ere ere is ~h kh a1 e I ldffi

which protect them o are new to the job

A dangerous job
There are many jobs (1) _----..:.w.:..h=ic=h--=--=a:.
:. re-=---=-h..:..::a=-rd-=--
:. . , but a firefighter's job is very hard
and very dangerous. People (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ save lots of other people
and buildings in their careers, but their own lives are often in danger.
Firefighters (3) must do a lot of training before they can
start work. They learn all about fire and ways of rescuing people; then they go to the
fire station (4) . When they are at work they
wear special clothes (5) from fire, ....
but they can still get hurt sometimes. Firefighters know that
their work is dangerous, but most of them love their job.
They can rescue people from places (6) _ _ _ _ _ _ __
and they can save lives. When they do this, they are happy.

10 Now it's your tum to write a project about a dangerous job. Find or draw a picture of a
person doing the job and write about it.
 Infinitive Past simple Past participle Infinitive Past simple Past participle

be was/were been lie

become became become light
bite - bit - bitten lose
· blow blew blown
~

break broke broken mea r

bring brought brought meet
build -
- built built ---::J pay
·-
burn burnt burnt put
~

buy - bought bought read

catch caught caught ride [1"'10=- riaae
- - ... -.
choose ~
chose - chosen -------·-~-
ring - . ~::.: :±. - rung
come came come run G~ run
cost - -
~

cost - cost say - - .52., : - - sa id

cut
--
cut
--
cut see s=.•••··
- - --· --=--=- - - -
see n
do did done sell - __:~==-~- sold
draw drew drawn send SC·JL: sent
drink -
~

drank -
- drunk shake - - - s;C
-~ --=-
s~, a ken
- JlC:~
- -

drive drove driven shine S i"i G:-L ~ snone

-
eat ate eaten shoot
fall fell fallen show
feed -
- --
fed - - fed
• sing
feel felt felt sit sa-
~

fight fought fought - -- - - -

sleep
find found found smell
fly
-
flew
- flown ---·~··--i
speak
- -
forget forgot forgotten spend spen
-
get got got stand stood
give gave given steal stole
go
-
- went -
-
gone . stink
-------
- sta nk
grow grew grown swim swa m
~ ~
-
have - had - had take took
hear heard heard teach ta ught
- - -
hide - hid - - hidden -·· tear - tore
hit hit hit tell told
~
-
hold - held - held think th OL.19~ -
hurt hurt hurt throw th rev. -;:mown
- -
keep ~
kept ~
kept understand unaerstoc.cf understood
know knew known wake woke w oken
~ -
learn - learnt - learnt wear wore worn
leave left left Win won won
- -- - - -·
let let let · write wrote written

113